Forensic Science Chapter 1 & 2 Review PDF

Forensic Science​ Name: Natalie Levine​ Review: Chapters 1 and 2 Period ​ 1.​ One of the earliest crime laboratories was founded by (a) Albert Osborn (b) Hans Gross (c) Edmond Locard ​ (d) Leone Lattes (e) Francis Galton 2.​ The judici...

Forensic Science​ Name: Natalie Levine​ Review: Chapters 1 and 2 Period ​ 1.​ One of the earliest crime laboratories was founded by (a) Albert Osborn (b) Hans Gross (c) Edmond Locard ​ (d) Leone Lattes (e) Francis Galton 2.​ The judicial case that set forth the current guidelines for determining the admissibility of scientific examinations in the federal courts is (a) Frye v. United States (b) Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals (c) Coppolino v. State of Florida (d) Mapp v. United States (e) People v. Williams 3.​ The case of Frye v. United States deals with the legal issue of (a) admissibility of photographs in court. (b) search and seizure guidelines. (c) defining the term expert witness. (d) general acceptance of scientific principles. ​ (e) admissibility of fingerprint evidence. 4.​ Which of the following services does not normally lie within the expertise of the forensic scientist? (a) drug identification (b) wood comparisons (c) document examination (d) polygraph examination (e) latent fingerprint examination. 5.​ The effectiveness of an expert’s testimony is almost always dependent on (a) the experience of the expert (b) the ability of the expert to talk in clear, concise language. (c) the educational background of the expert (e) all of these 6.​ List the function of a forensic scientist (a) Provides analysis of physical evidence (b) Provides expert testimony. ​ (c) Furnishes training in recognizing, collecting, and preserving physical evidence at crime scenes. 7.​ The application of science to law describes [forensic science]. 8.​ The fictional exploits of [Sherlock Holmes] excited the imagination of an emerging generation of forensic scientists and criminal investigators. 9.​ A system of personal identification using a series of body measurements was first devised by [Al Bertillon]. 10.​ [Francis Galton] is responsible for developing the first statistical study proving the uniqueness of fingerprints. 11.​ The Italian scientist [Leone Lattes] devised the first workable procedure for typing dried bloodstains. 12.​ The comparison microscope became an indispensable tool of firearms examination through the efforts of [Calvin Godert]. 13.​ Early efforts at applying scientific principles to document examination are associated with [Albert Osborn]. 14.​ The Austrian magistrate advocated the application of science to criminal investigation [Hans Gross]. 15.​ One of the first functional crime laboratories was formed in Lyons, France, under the direction of [Edmond Locard]. 16.​ The transfer of evidence expected to occur when two objects come in contact with one another was a concept first advocated by the forensic scientist [Edmond Locard]. 17.​ The first forensic laboratory in the United States was created in 1923 by the [Los Angeles] Police Department. 18.​ The state of [California] is an excellent example of a geographical area in the United States that has created a system of integrated regional and satellite laboratories. 19.​ In contrast to the United States, Britain’s crime laboratory system is characterized by a national system of [Regional] laboratories. 20.​ The increasing demand for [drugs and DNA] analyses has been the single most important factor in the recent expansion of crime laboratory services in the United States. 21.​ Four important federal agencies offering forensic services are [FBI], [DEA], [ATF] and [USPS]. 22.​ A decentralized system of crime laboratories currently exists in the United States under the auspices of various governmental agencies at the [federal], [state], [county], and [municipal] levels of government. 23.​ The application of chemistry, physics and geology to the identification and comparison of crime-scene evidence is the function of the [trace-evidence unit] unit of a crime laboratory. 24.​ The examination of blood, hairs, fibers and botanical materials is conducted in the [biological] unit of a crime laboratory. 25.​ The examination of bullets, cartridge cases, shotgun shells and ammunition of all types is the responsibility of the [firearms] unit. 26.​ The examination of body fluids and organs for drugs and poisons is a function of the [toxicology] unit. 27.​ The [crime scene investigation (CSI)] unit dispatches trained personnel to the scene of a crime to retrieve evidence for laboratory examination. 28.​ The “general acceptance” principle, which serves as a criterion for the judicial admissibility of scientific evidence, was set forth in the case of [Frye v. United States]. 29.​ In the case of [Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmacueticals], the Supreme Court ruled that in assessing the admissibility of new and unique scientific tests, the trial judge did not have to rely solely on the concept of “general acceptance.” 30.​ True or False: The US Supreme Court decision in Kumho Tire Co., Ltd. v. Carmichael restricted a trial judge's “gate-keeping” role to only scientific testimony. 31.​ A Florida case that exemplifies the flexibility and wide discretion that the trial judge has in matters of scientific inquiry is [Coppolino Vs. State of Flordia]. 32.​ A(n) [expert witness]is a person who can demonstrate a particular skill or has knowledge in a trade or profession that will help the court determine the truth of the matter at issue. 33.​ True or False: The expert witness’ courtroom demeanor may play an important role in deciding what weight the court will assign to his or her testimony. 34.​ True or False: The testimony of an expert witness incorporates his or her personal opinion relating to a matter he or she has either studied or examined. 35.​ The ability of the investigator to recognize and collect crime-scene evidence properly depends on the amount of [training they] received from the crime laboratory. 36.​ The obligation to maintain the integrity of evidence belongs to which of the following? (a) the first police officer at the scene. (b) the forensic scientist. (c) the prosecutor. (d) the evidence clerk. (e) all of these. 37.​ The relative evidential value of laboratory test results is almost always dependent on (a) the importance of the case. (b) the quantity of evidence submitted. (c) the way the evidence is collected and presented for examination. (d) the crime laboratory’s caseload. (e) none of these. 38.​ The manner of collecting and preserving physical evidence at a crime scene is determined by (a) the circumstances of the crime. (b) the importance of the case. (c) the number of evidence collectors present at the crime scene. (d) the nature of the evidence. (e) the availability of suitable packaging material. 39.​ Physical evidence may be obtained from (a) the crime scene. (b) the victim. (c) the suspect. (d) all of these. ​ (e) none of these. 40.​ All of the following items may be placed in an airtight container except (a) charred debris recovered from a fire. ​ (b) bloodstained clothing. (c) glass. (d) hairs and fibers. (e) explosive residues. 41.​ The evidence collector is not concerned with (a) maintaining the chain of custody. (b) utilizing the proper packaging material for evidence. (c) labeling evidence. (d) collecting control specimens. (e) determining the natural variations that exist in physical evidence. 42.​ In cooperation with the medical examiner or coroner, what type of evidence is to be retrieved from a deceased victim for examination in the crime laboratory? [clothing, fingernail scrapings, hair samples, swab of the all possible evidence in moist areas] 43.​ The term [physical evidence] encompasses all objects that can establish whether a crime has been committed or can link a crime and its victim or its perpetrator. 44.​ True or false: Scientific evaluation of crime-scene evidence usually can overcome the results of a poorly conducted criminal investigation. 45.​ True or false: The techniques of physical evidence collection require a highly skilled individual who must specialize in this area of investigation. 46.​ All unauthorized personnel must be [excluded] from crime scenes. 47.​ Three methods for recording the crime scene are [sketches ], [taking notes], and [photos and videos]. 48.​ The most important prerequisite for photographing a crime scene is to have it in a(n) [unaltered] condition. 49.​ Photographs of physical evidence must include overviews as well as [closeups] to record the details of objects. 50.​ An investigator need draw only a(n) [rough] sketch at the crime scene to show its dimensions and pertinent objects. 51.​ A detailed search of the crime scene for physical evidence must be conducted in a(n) [systematic] manner. 52.​ Besides the more obvious items of physical evidence, possible [carriers] of trace evidence must be collected for detailed examination in the laboratory. 53.​ Whenever possible, trace evidence (is, is not) to be removed from the object that bears it. 54.​ Each item collected at the crime scene must be placed in a(n) [separate] container. 55.​ True or false: An ordinary mailing envelope is considered a good general-purpose evidence container. (An envelope have an opening and things can fall out) 56.​ An airtight container (is, is not) recommended packaging material for bloodstained garments. 57.​ As a matter of routine, all items of clothing are to be [airdried] before packaging. 58.​ True or false: Charred debris recovered from the scene of an arson is best placed in a porous container. 59.​ The possibility of future legal proceedings requires that a(n) [chain of custody] be established for the possession and location of physical evidence. 60.​ Most physical evidence collected at the crime site will require the accompanying submission of [standard/referecne] material for comparison purposes. 61.​ When [livor mortis] sets in after death, the skin appears dark blue or purple in the areas closest to the ground. 62.​ True or false: One method for approximating the time of death is to determine body temperature.