U.S. History: Progressivism & Immigration (Teacher Notes) PDF

U.S. History: Unit 10: Progressivism,Immigration: TEACHER COPY 24-25 Progressivism -Definition of Progressivism: -​ The government can make society “better” by taking action. -Political Progressivism: ​ - 16th Amendment: (1913) ​ ​ - Federal Incom...

U.S. History: Unit 10: Progressivism,Immigration: TEACHER COPY 24-25 Progressivism -Definition of Progressivism: -​ The government can make society “better” by taking action. -Political Progressivism: ​ - 16th Amendment: (1913) ​ ​ - Federal Income Tax ​ - 17th Amendment: (1913) ​ ​ - U.S. Senators are elected by a popular vote (it was by the State Legislature before) ​ -18th Amendment: (1919) ​ ​ - Prohibition: Bans sale of alcohol nationwide. - Carrie Nation “Hatchet Granny”: She busted up bars and barrels of alcohol. -Temperance Movement Success: Goal was to ban alcohol across the country. ​ -19th Amendment: (Susan B. Anthony Amendment) (1920) ​ ​ -Women Suffrage (right to vote) Public Schools: -​ By 1918 all states have mandatory (compulsory) public schools 1 Progressive Era Movements: -​ Temperance Movement: (Must write) -​ Pressure to ban alcohol nationwide. -​ Succeeded in 1919 with the 18th Amendment: Prohibition ​ -​ Suffrage Movement: (Must write) -​ Goal is to get Women’s Right to Vote -​ Leaders: Susan B. Anthony, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Carrie Chapman Catt, and Alice Paul -​ Succeeded with 19th Amendment 1920, ratified in part in recognition of women’s efforts in WWI. ​ -​ Anti-Corruption: -​ Lincoln Steffens’ book The Shame of the Cities attacked corrupt politicians in big cities. Eugenics: (Must write) -​ Definition: Using “science” to purify society. -​ How: Forced sterilization of those deemed “unfit” -​ What made someone “unfit”? -​ Feeblemindedness: Low IQ (this is why there is an IQ test) -​ History of alcoholism or drug abuse. -​ The majority were women, especially poor, uneducated women. ​ ​ ​ 2 -​ Buck v. Bell 1927 (Must write) -​ Supreme Court Case out of Virginia. -​ Carrier Bell was sentenced by Virginia to be sterilized, she sued to stop it. -​ 8-1: She lost her case→She was sterilized. -​ Chief Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes: “Three generations of imbeciles is enough.” -​ Virginia: -​ Over 7,000 sterilized in VA, 65,000 Nationwide -​ Lasted from 1924-1979.​ 3  Progressive Era Presidents: President Theodore Roosevelt (Must write) -​ (a. 1858-1919) (p. 1901-1909) -​ Nicknames: Teddy, TR, Bull Moose -​ 26th President: after President McKinley was killed. -​ Known for: Leading a group of soldiers called the “Rough Riders” up San Juan Hill during the Spanish-American War 1898. -​ Known as “Trust Buster” → Broke up Monopolies -​ Laws he Signed: -​ Food and Drug Act of 1906: (Must write) -​ Outlawed: Sale of wrongly labeled and bad food and medicine -​ Mandated the listing of ingredients on stuff -​ Federal Meat Inspection Act of 1906 (Must write) -​ Set strict sanitary rules for meat packing and sale -​ Both laws were in response to Muckraker (person who exposed bad acts/problems) Upton Sinclair and his book The Jungle -​ Panama Canal: (Must write) -​ Started construction under TR -​ Roosevelt Corollary: (Must write) -​ The U.S. now acts as the police force for Latin America (go in and bust heads of “bad guys”). 4  Progressive Era Presidents Continued William Howard Taft: (Must write) -​ (a. 1857-1930) (p. 1909-1913) -​ Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890:(Must write) -​ Gave U.S. Government power to break up monopolies that “restrain trade” (wiped out competition) -​ Taft, following Muckraker Ida Tarbell’s The History of the Standard Oil Company used the law to break up Standard Oil Company (1911) -​ Clayton Antitrust Act 1914:(Must write) -​ Outlawed Price Fixing -​ Prevented unions from being prosecuted under the Sherman Antitrust Act -​ 16th Amendment, Income Tax, ratified while in office (1913) -​ Dollar Diplomacy: (Must write) -​ U.S. gave money to Latin American countries to help their governments and build good relations. Woodrow Wilson (Must write) -​ (a.1856-1924 [he died way too late]) (p.1913-1921) -​ Worst president of all time, most racist, most sexist. -​ 19th Amendment (Susan B. Anthony Amendment) ratified 1920 -​ President during WWI -​ Pro-KKK -​ Federal Reserve Act 1913 (Glass-Own Act) (Must write) -​ Created the Federal Reserve System (National Bank) -​ Purpose: To keep inflation down, and stop depressions. 5  Jim Crow South What was the “Jim Crow South”: -​ A system of laws and culture of segregation and oppression of Black Southerners. ​ When: 1877-1977 Plessy v. Ferguson: 1896 (They have to write) -​ Supreme Court Case out of Louisiana -​ 1891: Homer Plessy sat in the White Car of a train, violating Louisiana Law. -​ Plessy sued, saying the law violated the 14th Amendment of the U.S. Constitution. -​ 8-1 Decision AGAINST Plessy -​ “Separate but Equal” → It is okay to segregate people, so long as they have access to the same stuff. ​ The Story of the Danville Massacre 1883: (write) -​ Danville, VA in 1883 had a substantial Black population (majority actually) and the Virginia Readjuster Party (pro-Black Civil Rights Republicans) ran the city. -​ With the removal of Federal troops in 1877, the racists whites signed the “Danville Circular”, which called for the kicking out of “negro rule” of the city. -​ The circular was denounced by a leading white Republican, leading to an argument in the street on November 3, 1883 betwixt a white man and two black men. A crowd formed, the racists pulled guns and shot four black men and one white man. -​ Nov. 6, 1883: The white racists patrolled the streets with weapons, making sure Black people did not vote; ensuring the racists whites took control of the city. Actions like this across Virginia led to the redoing of the Virginia Constitution to limit Black voting ability (literacy tests, poll taxes) 6  Civil Rights Leaders and Organizations Story of Booker T. Washington ➔​Booker T. Washington (1856-1915) ◆​Born a slave in 1856 in Hale’s Ford, Virginia (near Roanoke) ◆​Freed from slavery when Union soldiers captured the area ◆​Taught himself how to read and write. He worked in coal mines until 16 to earn money for school. He left WV for Hampton Institute (All Black school) in Hampton, Virginia walking the majority of the distance, and worked as a janitor to pay his tuition. ◆​He was the first principal of the Tuskegee Institute, in Macon, Alabama (a college for Black people, now called Tuskegee University). ◆​1895: “Five Fingers Speech” at the Atlanta Cotton States and International Exposition. In the speech he: ​ Called for Black people to forget about gaining social equality and instead focus on establishing economic security, education and being a “modest and unresentful” workforce. ​ His idea: “In all things being social, we [Blacks and Whites] can be as separate as the fingers, yet one as the hand in all manners of mutual progress.” W.E.B. DuBois: (1868-1963) (Must write) -​ Rejected Booker T. Washington’s ideas -​ He believed Black people should push for equality and not wait. -​ Founded the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), the most important civil rights organization. -​ Fought legal battles against segregation laws and lynchings​ ​ ​ 7 ​ Ida Barnett-Wells (1857-1944) (Must write) -​ Anti-Lynching Activist -​ Lynching: The murder of someone, accused of a crime, without a trial. -​ Virginia’s Anti-Lyching Law passed 1928: Yet no white person was ever charged by it. -​ U.S. Government did not make lynching a Federal crime until 2022 (Emmett Till Antilyching Act) ​ Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCU) -​ Most established after the Civil War in the South. -​ Virginia State University: -​ Opened 1883 using Virginia’s Land Grant system where the State granted land to create a HBCU 8  Immigration: Immigration Trends: -​ 1800-1861: -​ Mainly Western Europe (Ireland mostly) -​ 1865-1920: -​ Mainly Eastern/Southern Europe (Poland, Italy, Balkans) and China Anti-Immigrant Backlash: -​ Nativism: Wanting only native born people of the right type of white. ​ -​ “Know Nothings”: A political party in the 1840s that wanted to stop Irish and Catholic immigration​ -​ Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882: Banned all Chinese immigration ​ -​ Second Ku Klux Klan: Big in the 1920s, their main focus was immigration of the wrong type of whites.​ 9  -​ Immigration Laws: -​ Immigration Act of 1918 -​ Signed and wanted by the horrible Woodrow Wilson. -​ Requires everyone entering or leaving the U.S. to have a passport, failure to have one results in fines and deportation. -​ Established the Bureau of Immigration, which was tasked with deporting illegal immigrants. -​ Allowed the president to deport anyone he deems a “threat” during a “national emergency” -​ Banned many ethnic and political groups from entering the U.S. -​ Immigration Act of 1921 (Emergency Quota Act of 1921) -​ Set a quote (limit) on the number of immigrants from ethnic groups based on their percentage of the population in 1910. -​ Immigration Act of 1924 (Emergency Quota Act of 1924) -​ Lowered the percentage from the 1921 act from 3% to 1%, basically closing the border to non-Western Europeans. Modern Immigration: -​ Mainly from Latin America and Asia, following the changing of immigration laws in the 1960s. 10