21st CL POINTERS (MIDTERM).pdf

21st CL POINTERS (MIDTERM) LESSON 1: PHILIPPINE LITERARY HISTORY: PRE-COLONIAL, SPANISH, AMERICAN PERIOD Pre-colonial Philippine literature was rich and diverse, reflecting the various cultures and traditions of different ethnic groups across the archipelago. It prima...

21st CL POINTERS (MIDTERM) LESSON 1: PHILIPPINE LITERARY HISTORY: PRE-COLONIAL, SPANISH, AMERICAN PERIOD Pre-colonial Philippine literature was rich and diverse, reflecting the various cultures and traditions of different ethnic groups across the archipelago. It primarily consisted of oral traditions, including epic narratives, legends, folktales, riddles, and proverbs. ORAL AND WRITTEN TRADITIONS: Chant (Bulong) - used in witchcraft or enchantment Legend- narrative featuring human actions perceived or believed both by teller and listeners to have taken place within human history Folk Tales- are made up of stories about life, adventure, love, horror, and humor where one can derive lessons Epics - long narrative poems in which a series of heroic achievements or events, usually of a hero, are dealt with at length. (Biag ni Lam-ang) Folk Songs - one of the oldest forms of Philippine literature that emerged in the pre-Spanish period; mirrored early forms of culture Salawikain - contain sayings which prescribes norms, imparts a lesson or simply reflects standard norms, traditions and beliefs in the community Sawikain – a phrase or expression that has a figurative or literal meaning SPANISH INFLUENCE ON PHILIPPINE LITERATURE 1. The first Filipino alphabet called BAYBAYIN was replaced by the ROMAN alphabet. 2. The teaching of the Christian Doctrine became the basis of religious practices. 3. The Spanish language which became the literary language during this time lent many of its words to our language.  4. European legends and traditions brought here became assimilated in our songs, corridos, and moro-moros. 5. Ancient literature was collected and translated to Tagalog and other dialects. 6. Many grammar books were printed in Tagalog, Ilocano and Visayan. 7. Our periodicals during these times gained a religious tone. THE FIRST BOOKS (Books published during the Spanish Period) 1. DOCTRINA CRISTIANA (THE CHRISTIAN DOCTRINE) ◉ first book printed in the Philippines in 1593 in xylography ◉ written by Fr. Juan de Placencia and Fr. Domingo Nieva, in Tagalog and Spanish. 2. NUESTRA SEÑORA DEL ROSARIO ◉ contains the biographies of saints, novenas, and questions and answers on religion 3. BARLAAN AT JOSAPHAT ◉ a Biblical story printed in the Philippines and translated to Tagalog from Greek by Fr. Antonio de Borja ◉ is referred to as the Christianized version of Buddha’s life, with Josaphat reaching enlightenment through the love of Jesus Christ. 4. PASION ◉ This is the book about the life and sufferings of Jesus Christ. 5. URBANA Y FELISA ◉ These are letters between two sisters Urbana and Felisa and have greatly influenced the behavior of people in society because the letters dealt with good behavior. Political Essays – satires, editorials and news articles were written to attack and expose the evils of Spanish rule. Diariong Tagalog (1882) La Solidaridad (1888) Kalayaan (1896) – was a newspaper of the Katipunan which means "independence and solidarity” edited by Emilio Jacinto. AMERICAN INFLUENCES ON PHILIPPINE LITERATURE It is in this period when literature written in Spanish gradually declined. The English language eventually became the medium of writing and instruction in schools. As the Spanish colonizers left the country in accordance with the Treaty of Paris, the spirit of nationalism and the desire to be acknowledged for independence did not disappear just yet. Instead, these uniting forces geared into revolting against the new colonizers. LESSON 2: PHILIPPINE LITERARY HISTORY: JAPANESE, MARTIAL LAW, CONTEMPORARY JAPANESE INFLUENCES ON PHILIPPINE LITERATURE ◉ Philippine Literature was interrupted in its development. ◉ During this time, there was no freedom of speech and of the press. ◉ The writings are pessimistic and bitter. ◉ The weekly Liwayway was placed under strict surveillance until it was managed by a Japanese named Ishiwara ◉ The only contact with the outside world was done with utmost secrecy through the underground radio program called “Voice of Freedom”. ◉ The only Filipino writers who could write freely were those who were living in the United States. Most writers and authors were led to either go underground or write in Tagalog. ◉ Filipino literature experienced renewed attention because writers in English turned to writing in Filipino. ◉ Movie houses showing American films were closed so English plays were reproduced to Tagalog. THE MOST COMMON THEMES OF LITERATURE DURING THE JAPANESE PERIOD Nationalism Love Life in the provinces Faith/Religion MARTIAL LAW PERIOD/AUTHORITARIANISM (1972-1981) Martial Law – is the imposition of military rule by military authorities over designated regions on an emergency basis September 21, 1972 – Declaration of Martial Law in the Philippines THEMES: Protest Literature (Literary works that express social and political protest) Proletariat Literature (Literature made by and dedicated to the working-class) Prison Literature (Literature that is written while the author is confined in prison) Circumvention Literature (also called as Underground Literature, refers to a type of editorial and publishing process that involves self-publishing works, often in contradiction with the legal standards of a location) MARTIAL LAW INFLUENCES ON PHILIPPINE LITERATURE ◉ Many of the writers ended up behind bars from day one of martial law. ◉ Writers who were in prison composed songs, using newly written lyrics or adaptations of patriotic poetry from the country's revolutionary past. ◉ Among the writers and academics who were imprisoned—at various times between 1972 and 1986—were Bienvenido Lumbera, Luis Teodoro, Ricardo Lee, Jose Lacaba, Mila Aguilar, Jose Y. Dalisay Jr, and Jose Ma. Sison. ◉ Theatre was also used as a vehicle for protest.  CONTEMPORARY LITERARY PERIOD ◉ From the eighties onwards, writers continue to show dynamism and innovation. ◉ The flowering of Philippine literature in the various languages continued especially with the appearance of new publications after the Martial Law years and the resurgence of committed literature in the 1960s and the 1970s. ◉ Filipino writers continue to write poetry, short stories, novellas, novels and essays whether these are socially committed, gender/ethnic related or are personal in intention or not. ◉ The Philippines undertook an effort to resurface their native language literary history, and the Philippine Commission on Higher Education made it obligatory to teach Philippine literature to students LESSON 3: CANONICAL AUTHORS FROM THE REGIONS Canonical authors are those who are highly esteemed and well-respected writers whose published works have contributed greatly to the field of literature. CANONICAL AUTHORS: (Note: Read the summary of the given stories in the provided lesson material on your Google Classroom) N.V.M. Gonzales - “The Bread of Salt” Edith L. Tiempo - “The Little Marmoset”, “Bonsai” Nick Joaquin - “The Woman who had Two Navels” Alejandro Roces - “MMy Brother’s Peculiar Chicken” Jose Garcia Villa - “Footnote to Youth” Virgilio S. Almario - “The Turtle and The Monkey” Manuel Arguilla - “How My Brother Leon Brought Home a Wife” LESSON 4: THE MAIN TYPES OF LITERARY GENRES MAJOR FORMS Poetry - Literary work in which special intensity is given to the expression of feelings and ideas by the use of distinctive style and rhythm. Prose - Written or spoken language in its ordinary form, without metrical structure. SOME SUB-GENRES OF POETRY ARE: Narrative Poem (is a form of poetry that tells a story) Romantic Poem (poem about love) Dramatic Poem (a highly emotional story that's written in verse and meant to be recited) Lyric Poem (a short, highly musical verse that conveys powerful feelings) Prose can be divided further as Fiction and Non-Fiction. 1. FICTION – literature created from the imagination of the author. 2. NON-FICTION - based on facts, real events, and real people. SOME SUB-GENRES OF FICTION ARE: Fantasy – fiction in an unreal setting that often includes magic, magical creatures, or the supernatural Folktale – the songs, stories, myths, and proverbs of a people or "folk" as handed down by word of mouth Historical fiction – story with fictional characters and events in a historical setting Horror – fiction in which events evoke a feeling of dread and sometimes fear in both the characters and the reader Humor – usually a fiction full of fun, fancy, and excitement, meant to entertain and sometimes cause intended laughter; but can be contained in all genres Legend – story, sometimes of a national or folk hero, that has a basis in fact but also includes imaginative material. Mystery – fiction dealing with the solution of a crime or the revealing of secrets Romance – genre which places their primary focus on the relationship and romantic love between two people, which usually has an "emotionally satisfying and optimistic ending". Science fiction – story based on the impact of actual, imagined, or potential science, often set in the future or on other planets SOME SUB-GENRES OF NON-FICTION ARE: Biography – a narrative of a person's life; when the author is also the main subject, this is an autobiography or memoir. Essay – a short literary composition that reflects the author's outlook or point Owner's manual (also Instruction manual, User's guide) – an instructional book or booklet that is supplied with consumer products such as vehicles, home appliances, toys and computer peripherals Journalism – reporting on news and current events Memoir – factual story that focuses on a significant relationship between the writer and a person, place, or object; reads like a short novel Narrative nonfiction/personal narrative – factual information about a significant event presented in a format that tells a story Reference book – such as a dictionary, thesaurus, encyclopedia, almanac, or atlas Self-help book – information with the intention of instructing readers on solving personal problems Speech – public address or discourse Textbook – authoritative and detailed factual description of a thing LESSON 5: 21st CENTURY LITERARY GENRES What is 21st Literature? New literary works created within the last decade Deals with current themes/ issues and reflects a technological culture Often breaks traditional writing rules EMERGING LITERARY GENRES IN THE 21ST CENTURY Hyperpoetry - a form of digital poetry that uses links using hypertext mark-up language. It can either involve set words, phrases, lines, etc. that are presented in variable order but sit on the page much as traditional poetry does, or it can contain parts of the poem that move and / or mutate. Blog - a web log; a website containing short articles called posts that are changed regularly. Mobile Textula mastered by Frank Rivera in 2005 entire poems are written and read through mobile phones can be any type of poem as long as it has rhyme and meter Speculative Fiction - includes works that explore "what if" scenarios, often set in alternative realities, future worlds, or universes with elements that deviate from our known reality. Allows writers and readers to explore imaginative possibilities, challenge the status quo, and reflect on the human condition through the lens of the fantastical or the unknown. ○ Science fiction – story based on the impact of actual, imagined, or potential science, often set in the future or on other planets ○ Fantasy – fiction in an unreal setting that often includes magic, magical creatures, or the supernatural ○ Horror – fiction in which events evoke a feeling of dread and sometimes fear in both the characters and the reader ○ Superhero/Supernatural Fiction – exploits or is centered on supernatural themes, often violating naturalist assumptions of the real world. ○ Utopian Fiction – is a style of fiction that takes place in an idealized world. ○ Dystopian Fiction – is a style of fiction that takes place in a community or society that is undesirable or frightening. ○ Apocalyptic Fiction – a story in which the Earth's technological civilization is collapsing or has collapsed. Flash fiction - a very short form of storytelling, usually ranging from a few words to about 1,000 words. It tells a complete story within this limited space, often focusing on a single moment, idea, or character. Digi-fiction - created and experienced primarily through digital platforms. - often incorporate various multimedia elements, such as text, images, audio, video, and interactive features. This can include hyperlinks, animations, sound effects, and video clips that enhance or expand the storytelling experience.  Graphic Novel - uses the format and conventions of a comic book, including sequential art and dialogue, to tell a complete story. Graphic novels are typically longer, often ranging from 100 to 500 pages or more. Illustrated Novels - the book combines traditional narrative prose with visual elements, such as illustrations, drawings, or other forms of artwork. The narrative is presented without words. Manga - Japanese word for comics. Generic term for all comic books and graphic novels originally published in Japan. Types of Manga: Kodomo (for Children) Shônen (for Boys) Shôjo (for Girls) Josei (for Women) Seinen (for Men) Doodle Fiction – A literary presentation where the author incorporates doodle drawings and handwritten graphics in place of traditional font. The drawings enhance the story, often adding humorous elements that would be missing if the illustrations were omitted. Text-Talk Novel – Blog, e-mail, & Instant Messaging format narratives. Stories told almost completely in dialogue simulating social network exchanges. LESSON 6: LITERARY ANALYSIS A Literary Analysis is also known as Literary Criticism. In this context, "criticism" means a close reading and interpretation of a literary text, such as a poem, a short story, a play, a novel, or even a movie. The elements that make up a literary work are closely examined for their meaning and significance. THE PURPOSE OF A LITERARY ANALYSIS: A literary analysis is not merely a summary of a literary work. Instead, it is an argument about the work that expresses a writer’s personal perspective, interpretation, judgment, or critical evaluation of the work. This is accomplished by examining the literary devices, word choices, or writing structures the author uses within the work. The purpose of a literary analysis is to demonstrate why the author used specific ideas, word choices, or writing structures to convey his or her message. LITERARY ELEMENTS THAT ARE CLOSELY EXAMINED IN A LITERARY ANALYSIS: Type/Genre of the piece of literature; Analysis of characters; Analysis of main ideas, plot; Theme reviewing; Describing symbolism of the piece of literature; Structure, writing style. STEPS IN WRITING A SIMPLE LITERARY ANALYSIS: 1. Read the text closely several times. Focus on the ideas that are being presented. 2. Brainstorm a list of potential topics. Highlight important passages in the text and take notes on these passages. Here are some things a writer may want to consider when brainstorming for a literary analysis. Character Setting Plot Theme Dialogue Imagery Figures of Speech a. SIMILE – comparison between two things using “like” or “as” b. METAPHOR – is a figure of speech in which an object, idea or situation is referred to directly as something it is not. “She is an angel.” c. PERSONIFICATION – attribution of human characteristics to things or abstract ideas. “The sun smiled down on us.” d. HYPERBOLE – use of exaggeration “I’m so hungry, I could eat a whole cow.” e. ONOMATOPOEIA – the use of words that imitate the sounds associated with the objects or actions they refer to (ex. buzz, beep, bang, splash, boom) “The bird’s chirp filled the night air.” 3. Think about what the author is trying to say. Why is this important? When viewing this work as a piece of art, what might a writer’s response be? What might a writer’s reactions be to the ideas presented in the work? Are these ideas truthful or relevant to today and how? If a writer were asked what they thought of this work how might they respond? What points might a writer make? 4. Select a topic that has sufficient supporting evidence. A writer should make sure to include specific details to support the topic. Use highlighted sections of the book as evidence to support the topic that has been chosen. 5. Interpret the evidence. When writing a literary analysis, it is very important for writers to make sure they express their own personal interpretation of the work. Be careful that the literary analysis is not a summary. 6. Create a rough draft. When writing a rough draft, there are several methods that may aid a writer in creating a strong final draft. Here are a few methods: Outline: An outline will help a writer to organize his/her thoughts and ideas. It will remind a writer of the order of the thesis, as well as the supporting points he/she would like each topic sentence to have. Free-write: A short, ten minute free-write will help to get all of a writer’s thoughts on paper. It will allow a writer to focus on the content, rather than the punctuation and spelling. Once the free-write is complete, a writer can read 7. Proofread. Once the content of the essay is well-developed, it should be proofread for grammar, punctuation, and spelling