21st Century of Literature 1st Quarter Reviewer PDF

HISTORY FROM PRE-COLONIAL TO THE Recreational Plays CONTEMPORARY - There were many recreation plays performed by Filipinos during the...

HISTORY FROM PRE-COLONIAL TO THE Recreational Plays CONTEMPORARY - There were many recreation plays performed by Filipinos during the Spanish times Pre-Spanish LiIterature is characterized by: - Almost all of them were in a poetic 1. Folk Tales form such Cenaculo, Panunuluyan, - Made up of stories about life, Salubong, and Zarzuela adventure, love, horror, and Period of Enlightenment (1872-1898) humor where one can derive - Ilustrados: In 19th century, Filipino lessons intellectuals as educated in Europe - Ex. The Moon and the Sun - They began to write about the hitch of 2. Epic Age colonaziation - Epics are long narrative poems in The Propaganda Movement (1872-1896) which a series of heroic - The movement was spearheaded achievements or events, usually mostly by the intellectual middle-class of a hero are dealt with at length Jose Rizal, Marcelo del Pilar; Graciano 3. Folk Songs Lopez Jaena, Antonio Luna, Mariano - One of the oldest forms of Ponce, Jose Ma. Panganiban, and Philippine Literature that Pedro Paterno emerged in the Pre-Spanish - Rizal’s Writings: Noli Me Tangere, Mi period Ultimo Adios, Sobra La Indolencia Delos - The songs mirrored the early Filipinos, and Filipinas Dentro De Cien forms of many culture Aňos - Many of these have 12 syllables - Del Pilar’s Writings: Pagibig sa - Ex. Kundiman, Kumintang o Tinubuang Lupa (Love of Country), Tagumpay, Ang Dalit o Imno, Kaingat Kayo (Be Careful), and Dasalan Ang Oyayi o Hele, Diana, at Tocsohan (Prayers and Jokes) Soliraning and Talindaw - Jaena’s Writings: Ang Fray Botod La Understanding Literary History Hija Del Fraile (The Child of the Friar), - Literature in this period may be Everything is Hambug (Everything is a classified as religious prose and poetry Mere Show), Sa mga Pilipino (1891), and and secular prose and poetry Talumpating Pagunita Kay Kolumbus Spanish Influences On Philippine Literature (An Orationto Commemorate - First Filipino alphabet: ALIBATA Columbus) - ALIBATA was replaced by the Roman The American Regime (1898-1944) alphabet - Linguistically, Americans influenced - The teaching of the Christian Doctrine Filipino writers to write using English became the basis of religious practices language - European legends and traditions - Jose Garcia Villa became famous for his brought here became assimilated in free verse our songs, corridos, and moro-moros Characteristics of Literature in the Folk Songs American Regime - Manifests the artistic feelings of the - Languages used were Spanish and Filipinos and shows their innate Tagalog and the dialects of the appreciation for and love of beauty different regions - Ex. Leron-leron Sinta, Pamulinawen, - Writers in Tagalog, continued in their Dandansoy, Sarong Banggi, and Atin lamentations on the conditions of the Cu Pung Sing-sing country and their attempts to arouse love for one’s native tongue and the  writers in English imitated the themes The Literary Revolution and methods of the Americans - The youth became vocal with The Japanese Period (1941-1945) their sentiments - Philippine Literature was interrupted in - They demanded a change in the its development when another foreign government country, Japan conquered the - It was manifested in the bloody Philippines between 1941-1945 demonstrations and the - Philippine Literature in English came to sidewalk expressions and also in a halt literature - Led to all newspapers to not be Period of the New Society (1972-1980) circulated in the community except for - Started on September 21, 1972 TRIBUNE and PHILIPPINE REVIEW - Carlos Palanca Awards continued to Filipino Poetry during the Japanese Period give annual awards - The common theme of most poems - Poems dealt with patience regard for during the Japanese occupation was native culture, customs, and the nationalism, country, love, life in the beauties of nature and surroundings barrios, faith, religion, and the arts - Newspapers donned new forms Types of Poems that Emerge - News on economic progress, discipline, 1. Haiku culture, tourism, and the like we - Poem of free verse that the favored more than the sensationalized Japanese like reporting of killings, rape, and robberies - Made up of 17 syllables and - Filipino before were hooked in reading divided into three lines magazines and comics 2. Tanaga Period of the Third Republic (1981-1985) - Like the Haiku, is short but it had - After ten years of military rule and measure and rhyme some changes in the life of Filipino, Philippine Literature in English (1941-1945) which started under the New Society, - Because of the strict prohibitions Martial rule was lifted on January 2, imposed by the Japanese in writing 1981 and publishing of works in English, - The Philippines became a new nation Philippine literature in English and the Former President Marcos experienced a dark period called “The New Republic of the - The first twenty years, many books Philippines” were published both in Filipino and in - Poems: romantic and revolutionary English - Filipino Songs: dealt with themes that New Filipino Literature were true-to-life like those of grief, - Philippine literature in Tagalog was poverty, aspirations for freedom, love of revived God, of country, and fellowmen - Most themes in the writings dealt with ADDITIONAL: japanese brutalities and poverty of life 1. During this period, Jose Rizal’s work under the Japanese government, and such as Noli Me Tangere and El the brave guerilla exploits Filibusterismo were written to awake Period of Activism (1970-1972) the mind of our countrymen - Pociano Pineda: youth activism in - Pre-Spanish Period 1970-1972 was due to domestic and 2. The Philippines had literature such as worldwide causes legends, folktales, folk songs, and the - Because of the ills of society the youth like moved to seek reforms - Pre-Spanish Period 3. In this period, religious books were 14. A valid observation of literary written such as Doctrina Cristiana and development in the Philippines is that Urbana and Felisa, to support or ____ contradict the Catholic Church - Literature developed alongside - Spanish Period Philippine History 4. Filipino writers went into all forms of 15. Because of the archipelagic nature of literature like news, reporting, poetry, the Philippines, its geographical stories play, essays, and novels which features, and the presence of various clearly depicted their love of country ethno-linguistic groups in the country, and their longings for independence regional literature has become ____ - Edsa 1 Period - Rich and Varied 5. Filipino literature was given a break during this period for the Filipino MAJOR HISTORICAL EVENTS THAT literature was prohibited from using. SHAPED 21ST CENTURY PHILIPPINE Many wrote plays, poems, short stories LITERATURE etc. Topics and themes were often about life in the provinces 21st Century Literature - Japanese Period - Consists of written works of various 6. Haiku and Tanaga were influenced by genres (poetry, drama, fiction/prose, what period? nonfiction, media) printed and - Japanese Period published from the start of the new 7. This Period presented new trends in millennium up to the present writing using modern technology Jose Rizal’s Revolutionary Ideals through - 21st Century Period his novel Noli Me Tangere (The Social 8. This literary period witnessed Cancer in English) newspapers which were once branded - Pen is mightier than sword corny newspapers become instant - Rizal’s 1889 novel Noli Me Tangere was opposition papers the impetus that turned Philippine - Edsa 1 Period society upside down 9. Poetry during this period were - When Rizal’s peaceful La Liga Filipina romantic and revolutionary group failed in achieving the political - The 3rd Republic Period and religious reforms being asked from 10. Poetry during this period were dealt the Spaniards, younger upstart heroes with patience, regards for native like Bonifacio and Jacinto who have culture and customs read his novel were roused into action - New Society Period to establish the revolutionary sect 11. Philippine regional literature can be Katipunan BEST described as ______ The Execution and Death National Hero - Dynamic Jose Rizal 12. Imagery in poetry pertains to ____ - December 30, 1896: after five years of - Mental pictures trial and exile, the entire nation 13. The use of the vernacular in regional witnessed the execution of Jose Rizal in literature is ______ Luneta by the firing squad - Encouraged so that the - August 19, 1896: the Spanish cultured and tradition of the authorities had discovered the people are upheld despite whereabout of the katipunan effects of modernity - To show their open rebellion, the Katipuneros tore the cedulas and took to their bolos in the Cry of Balintawak  - June 12, 1898: open warfare for the - “Shakespeare of the Philippines” Katipuneros against the Spaniards Mariano Perfecto (Bicol Literature) Martial Law - Governor of Camarines during the - September 21, 1972: by virtue of American era Proclamation Order 1081, President - A great writer of Bicolano/Visayan Ferdinand E. Marcos placed the entire novenas, poems, short dramas, and country under Martial Law rule translations - Era is considered as a very divisive one - Credited for creating the first Bicolano - Puritans and Loyalists: a Period of newspaper, the “An Parabareta” discipline and order - “Father of Bicolano Literature” - Activists and Liberals: an Era of gross - “Father of Visayan Literature” human right abuses, the end of Vicente Sotto (Cebuano Literature) individual rights, and the loss of - Filipino senator from Cebu during freedom of expression in Philippine Commonwealth period society - “Father of Modern Cebuano Literature” - Established the first Cebuano OVERVIEW OF PHILIPPINE LITERATURE newspaper, “Ang Suga” in whose maiden issue he wrote the first BY REGION Cebuano published short story, “Maming” Regional Literature - He wrote, directed, and produced the - Also known as Local Color first Cebuano stage play, “Elena” - Pertains to any written literary genre Magdalena Jalandoni (Ilonggo (Hiligaynon) that emphasizes characters, dialect, Literature) customs, topography, and other - A woman writer from Jaro, Ilolo features indigenous or native to a - Born in 1896 - Died in 1978 specific region - The time span of her works range from REGIONAL LITERATURE IN THE PHILIPPINES the Spanish, American, to Japanese Pedro Bucaneg (Ilocano Literature) occupation of the country - “Father of Ilocano Poetry and - Regarded as the most prolific writer in Literature” the Hiligaynon language - Blind poet like Homer - Some of her works are: “Ang Mga Tunoc - Produced an epic for his obra maestra Sang Isa Ca Bulac” (The Thorns of a “Biag ni Lam-ang” Flower), “Ang Matam-is kong Amado M. Yuzon (Pampanga Literature) Pagkabata” (My Sweet Childhood), and - His poem collection is written in the “Ang Guitara” (The Guitar local Kapampangan dialect “Salitang Paca-Versu” that earned him accolades here and abroad such as the 1959 Poet Laureate of the Philippines, 1956 “Who’s Who in America”, the “International Who’s Who in Poetry”, and a Nobel Prize Nomination Francisco Baltazar (Tagalog Literature) - Bulakeño poet who earned his duplo verses and corrido lyrical metrical romance “Florante at Laura” - “The Father of Tagalog Literature” - “The Prince of Tagalog Poets”  LITERARY GENRE - Examples: Biographies, articles from textbooks, magazines, and newspapers Digi-Fiction Illustrated Novel - Triple media literature - Story through text and illustrated - Combines three media: book, images movie/video, and internet website - 50% of the narrative is presented - To get the full story, students must without words engage in navigation, reading, and - The reader must interpret images to viewing in all three forms comprehend the story completely - Examples: - Textual portions are presented in - Skeleton Creek by Patrick traditional form Carman - Some illustrated novels may contain no - Level 26 by Anthony Zuiker text at all Manga - Span all genres - Japanese word for comics - Example: - Used in the English-speaking world as - The Invention of Hugo Cabret by a generic term for all comic books and Brian Selznick graphic novels originally published in - The Arrival by Shaun Tan Japan Poetry - Considered as an artistic and - An imaginative awareness of storytelling style experience express through meaning, - Ameri-manga: used to refer to comic sound, and rhythmic language choices created by American artists in manga to evoke an emotional response style - Known to employ meter and rhyme - Shonen: Boy’s Manga (Naruto, Bleach, - The very nature of poetry as an One Piece) authentic and individual mode of - Shojo: Girl’s manga (Sailormoon) expression makes it nearly impossible - Seinen: Men’s Manga (Akira) to define - Josei: Women’s Manga (Loveless, Drama Paradise Kiss) - A composition in prose or verse - Kodomo: Children’s Manga (Doraemon, presenting in dialogue or pantomime a Hello Kitty) story, involving conflict more contrast Graphic Novel of character, especially on intended to - Narrative in comic book formats be acted on a stage: a play - Fictional Stories - May be any situation or series of events - Examples: Gold water, Bob Montana having vivid, emotional, conflicting or Doodle Fiction striking interest - Literary presentation where the author Fiction incorporates doodle writing, drawings - Literature created from the and handwritten graphics in place of imagination, not presented as fact, the traditional font thought it may be based on a true story - Drawing enhances the story, often or situation adding humorous elements - Types of Literature included in fiction: - Examples: novel, short story, and novella - The Diary of a Wimpy Kid by Jeff Non-Fiction Kinney - Based on facts and the author’s opinion - Timmy Failure by Stephen Pastis about a subject - Its purpose is to inform and sometimes to persuade Text-Talk Novels - Often explores the potential - Blogs, emails, and IM format narratives consequences of scientific and other - Stories told almost entirely in dialogue innovations and has been called a simulating social network exchanges “Literature of Ideas” Chick Lit or Chick Literature - Examples: - Genre fiction which addresses issues of - Mockingjay by Suzanne Collins modern womanhood, often - Kingdom of Ash by Sarah Maas humorously and lightheartedly Blog - Typically features a female protagonist - A weblog, a website containing short whose femininity is heavily articles called posts that are changed thermalizing in the plot regularly - Examples: - Some are written by one person - The Night Before Christmas by containing his or her own opinions, Scarlet Bailey interests, and experiences, while others - It Started with a Kiss by Miranda are written by different people Dickinson Hyper Poetry Flash Fiction - Digital poetry that uses links and - Style of fictional literature of extreme hypertext mark-up brevity - Can either involve set words, phrases, - There is no widely accepted definition lines, etc. that are presented in variable of the length and category order but sit on the page much as - It could range from word to a thousand traditional poetry does, or it can contain Six-Word Flash Fiction parts of the poem that move and - Ernest Hemingway: For Sale: baby transform socks, never worn - Usually found online, through CD-ROM - Margaret Atwood: Longed for him. Got and diskette versions exist him, shit. - The earliest examples date to no later Creative Non-Fiction than the mid-1980’s - Known as literary non-fiction or ADDITIONAL: narrative non-fiction 1. It is a genre of speculative fiction - Genre of writing that uses literary styles dealing with imaginative concepts and techniques to created factually such as futuristic science and accurate narratives technology, space travel, time travel, - Contrasts with other non-fiction, such faster than light travel, a parallel as technical writing or journalism, universe and extraterrestrial life which is also rooted in accurate fact, - Science Fiction but is not primarily written in service to 2. A literary genre which combines three its craft media: book, movie/video, and internet - As a genre, it is still relatively young and website is only beginning to be scrutinized with - Digi-Fiction the same critical analysis given to 3. A literary presentation where the fiction and poetry author incorporates doodle writing and Science Fiction drawings and handwritten graphics in - Genre of speculative fiction dealing place of the traditional font Spanish with imaginative concepts such as Period futuristic science and technology, - Doodle Fiction space travel, time travel, faster than 4. Stories, told almost entirely in dialogue, light travel, a parallel universe, and simulating social network exchanges extraterrestrial life - Text-Talk Novel 5. It is a genre fiction which addresses CANONICAL FILIPINO WRITERS AND issues of modern womanhood, often THEIR CONTRIBUTIONS humorously and lightheartedly - Chick Lit Edith L. Tiempo (1999) 6. It is a website that contains short - The about poem is written by her articles posted and changed regularly - A Filipino writer in English - Blog - A poet, fictionist, teacher, and a literary 7. Digital literature that uses links and critic includes parts that move or mutate - The only female National Artist in - Hyper Poetry Literature 8. It is a comic book or book series - Known for using intricate and witty published in Japan representations to portray significant - Manga human experiences 9. Stories characterized by their brevity, - As a fictionist, she was known for her which could range from a word to a moral profoundness thousand - She was awarded as the National Artist - Flash Fiction for Literature in 1999 10. Narrative work in which a story is told - The Return: poem that describes the using a comic form characteristics of old age - Graphic Novel - Lament for the Littlest Fellow: poem 11. 39 Clues book series by Scholastic, that presents a metaphor to describe where stories are told using the the plight of a submissive wife under combination of book, video, and her domineering husband website, is an example of this literary - Bonsai: poem that gives a look at how genre tangible objects could be - Digi-Fiction - The Black Monkey: a short story that 12. Mashable by Pete Cashmore, where won her the third prize in the Carlos feature stories around the world are Palanca Memorial Award, it is set posted and updated, is an example of during the time when guerrillas were this literary genre fighting against the Japanese during - Blog World War II and narrates the 13. A story that develops through a tormenting encounter of a woman with screenshot of SMS conversation like a monkey Vince and Kath by Jenny Ruth - A Blade of Fern: a novel which depicts Almocera is an example of this literary the problems of Filipino miners of genre Nibucal in southern Philippines - Text-Talk Novel Jose Garcia Villa (1973) 14. A story that uses literary techniques to - August 5, 1908 - July 7, 1997 create accurate narratives like travel - One of the first contemporary poets and nature stories in Robert regardless of race or language Macfarlane’s The Wild Places is an - Known for introducing the reversed example of this literary genre consonance rhyme scheme in poetry - Creative Non-Fiction - In his method, the last sounded 15. The Hunger Games series that explores consonants of the last syllable, or the dystopian or post apocalyptic themes is last principal consonant of a word are an example of this literary genre reversed for the corresponding rhyme - Science Fiction (e.g light - tile, tall-tale) - National for Literature in 1973  -Gained both local and international - Luha ng Buwaya: his famous literary recognition for his works work - A recipient of the Guggenheim - Iba pang sinulat: Fellowship - Bayang Malaya - He is also known for his comma poems, - Isang Dipang Langit where he employed a comma after - Tudla at Tudling: Katipunan ng every word mga Nalathalang Tula - Pen Name: Doveglion (Dove, Eagle, - Langaw sa isang Basong Gatas and Lion) - Magkaibang Mukha ng Isang - Man Songs: a collection of Bagol controversial poems that he wrote Nick Joaquin (1976) during his college years and was - Nicomedes “Onching” considered too bold by the University of - May 4, 1917 - April 29, 2004 the Philippines and became the - Born in Paco, Manila ground for his suspension from the said - Poet, fictionist, essayist, biographer, Institution playwright - Mir-i-nisa: won in the Philippines Free - Pen Name: Quijano De Manila Press in 1929 and Footnote to Youth - Philippine National Artist 1976 (published in 1933) - Culture and History (1988): Before 1521, Amado V. Hernandez (1973) we could have been anything and - Amado Vera Hernandez everything not Filipino; after 1565, we - September 13, 1903 - May 24,1970 can be nothing but Filipino - Born in Hagonoy Bulacan - Regarded by many as the most - a.k.a: Amante Hernani, Herminia dela distinguished Filipino writer in English Riva, Julio Abril writing - Poet, playwright, novelist - Started as a proofreader for the - Philippine National Artist 1973 Philippines Free Press, he rose to - Committed artists “writer’s function is contributing editor and essayist to act as the conscience of society and - Bienvenido Lumbera writes that his to affirm the greatness of the human significance in Philippine Literature spirit in the face of inequity and involves his exploration of the oppression” Philippine colonial past under Spain - Labor leader and his probing intro psychology of - Began his writing career as a journalist social changes (Doña Jeronima, and later editor or various pre World Candido’s Apocalypse and The Order War II Tagalog newspapers like of Melchizedek) Watawat, Pagkakaisa, Makabayan, - Wrote the Woman Who had Two Sampaguita, and Mabuhay Extra Navel (1961): examines his country’s - 1951: imprisoned for alleged subversive various heritages activities - A Portrait of the Artist as Filipino - After 5 years of imprisonment, he (1966): a celebrated play, attempts to returned to journalistic practice, a reconcile historical events with columnist for Taliba (1962-1967), editor, dynamic change Ang Masa, until his death, 1970 - Manila, My Manila: A history for the - Mga Ibong Mandaragit: he wrote this Young (1990): non-fiction while in prison, it is the first Filipino - The Ballad of the Five Battles (1981): a sociopolitical novel that exposes the ills poetry of the society as evident in the agrarian - Rizal in Saga: almanac problems of the 50’s  - Cave and Shadows (1983): novel that - Adapted as screenplays: occurs in the period of martial law - The Flowers of May under Ferdinand Marcos - The Mats Carlos P. Romulo (1982) - Christmas Gift - January 14, 1898 - December 15, 1985 - Well-known Short Stories: - Born in Intramuros, Manila and grew - Frankie up in Camiling, Tarlac - The Man Who Would be Poe - National Artist for Literature in 1982 - Death in a Factory - Wrote 18 books - A Clown Remembers - First asian who served as the President - Lina of the United Nations General Francisco (F.) Sionil Jose (2001) Assembly - Widely known as F. Sionil Jose - I am a Filipino: one of the many essays - Born on December 3, 1924 he wrote and published in the - His life and most of his works are Philippines Herald in August 1941 influenced by Dr. Jose P. Rizal - I Saw the Fall of the Philippines: - Edited various literary and journalistic narration of his personal experiences as publications, and he founded the an aide-de-camp to General Douglas Philippine PEN, an organization of MacArthur in Corregidor poets, playwrights, and novelists - I See Philippines Rise: a sequel, a - 1965: Opened Solidaridad Publishing journalistic account of the Philippine House War in 1944 - 1966: Founded Solidarity, a magazine - Mother America: A Living Story of that produces content mainly focused Democracy: a discussion of his political on “current affairs, ideas, and the arts” ideals about American democracy in - Ramon Magsaysay Award for the Philippines Journalism, Literature, and Creative - I Walked with Heroes: his Communications in 1980 autobiography - Pablo Neruda Centennial Award in Francisco Arcellana (1990) 2004 - Writer, poet, essayist, critic, journalist, - Officer in the French Order of Arts and teacher Letters in 2014 - A Filipino teacher and contemporary - National Artist for Literature in 2001 writer - Generally written in English and are - One of the prominent FIlipino translated to more than twenty fictionists in English languages and produced worldwide - Poignant shorts stories - Among the most widely read Filipino - Pioneer the development of the short writers in English whose novels and story as lyrical prose-poetic form short stories depict a wide scope of - Pride of fiction is that it is able to render social underpinnings and struggles of truth, that is able to present reality the Filipino Masses - Known for innovating and exploring - Country’s most influential living writer new literary forms and experimenting who employs realism through his with different techniques in short story narrative techniques and style writing - Rosales Saga: a series of novels that - The Veronicans: he is a member of this are set from the Spanish colonial period group, which was composed of ot the proclamation of Martial Law in influential Filipino writers who aimed to the 1970s and this saga includes the use sensible literature in order to create following novels: Po-on, Tree, The a greater impact on the Philippines  Pretenders, Mass, and My Brother, My - Balagtasismo Versus Modernismo Executioner (1984): present the two main directions - The God Stealer: a short story about of the Tagalog Poetry the friendship of Philip Latak, an Ifugao, - Founded the Galian sa Arte at Tula and Sam Christie, an American who (GAT) with other poets Teo Antonio and wanted to buy a bulol, a sculpture of an Mike Bigornia in 1970 Ifugao God – this story depicts the - Linangan sa Imahe, Retorika, at Anyo relationship and truths about the (LIRA), an organization of poets who colonizer and the colony write in Filipino in 1985 - Waywaya: eleven Filipino short stories, - 1986 to 1992: served as chairman of the a compilation about pre-Hispanic Unyon ng mga Manunulat sa Pilipinas Philippine Society (UMPIL) which is considered to be the - The Molave and Other Children’s biggest umbrella organization of Stories: children’s book in 2004 writers Virgilio S. Almario (2003) - 1998 to 2001: served as the executive - Pen Name: Rio Alma director of the National Commission for - Poetic, literary historian critic Culture and the Arts (NCCA) - Children books - 2013: the chairman of the Komisyon ng - 12 books of poetry Wikang FIlipino (KWF) - Known for his poetry and literary Alejandro R. Roces (2003) criticism - July 13, 1924 - May 23, 2011 - National Artist for Literature in 2003 - A Filipino literary writer - Together with poets Rogelio Mangahas - Playwright, essayist, and short story and Lamberto E. Antonio, they writer pioneered the second modernist - Columnist at the Philippine Star, the movement in Filipino poetry Manila Times, and the Manila Chronicle - He defines modernist poetry as - We Filipinos are Mild Drinkers: a story sparing, suggestive, restrained in about an American soldier in the emotion; its vocabulary and subject are Philippines who brags about his immersed in the now drinking habits but become overly - Makinasyon at ilang Tula (1968) and drunk after drinking lambanog offered Peregrinasyon at Iba Pang Tula (1970) by a Filipino farmer won: - My Brother’s Peculiar Chicken: talks - First prize in poetry in the Carlos about two brothers who were arguing Palanca Memorial Awards whether the chicken they caught was a - Doktrinang Anakpawis (1979) hen or a rooster - Mga Retrato at Rekwerdo (1984) - Something to Crow About: first - Muli sa Kandungan ng Lupa Filipino zarzuela in English about a (1994) man named Kiko who earns a living by - Makinasyon at ilang Tula (1968): his means of cockfighting very first collection - Fiesta: a collection of essays about - His earliest work of criticism were various Philippine Festivals published in the Dawn, the weekly - National Artist for Literature in 2003 organ of the University of the East Bienvenido S. Lumbera (2006) - Ang Makata sa Panahon ng Makina - Was called Beny when he was young (1982): considered as the first book of boy literary criticism in Filipino - Born in Lipa, Batangas on April 11, - Taludtod at Talinghaga (1965): tackles 1932 the tradition Tagalog prosody  - His parents passed away before he the Netherlands, China, Romania, Hong turned 5 Kong, Germany, and Malaysia - Took a degree in Journalism at the - Awards: University of Santo Tomas in 1950 and - Awarded an honorary degree – graduated cum laude in 1954 the only Filipino to have been so - He writes in English and Filipino honored there (International - National Artist for Literature in 2006 Writing Program at the Iowa - Frigid Moon: his first published work a (1968-1969)) year before his graduation and it a - Carlos Palanca Memorial Awards appeared in the Sunday magazine of (for poetry, fiction, and essay in the Manila Chronicle English and Filipino) - Poetry Collections: - Philippines Free Press Awards for - Likhang Dila, Likhang Diwa Fiction (1993) - Manila Critics’ Circle National - Balaybay: Mga Tulang Lunot at Books Award Manibalang (2002) - Gawad Balagtas from the Unyon - Critical Works: ng Mga Manunulat ng Pilipinas - Abot Tanaw: Sulyap at Suri sa - Pablo ROman Prize for the Novel Nagbabagong Kultura at - Highest accolades from the City Lipunan (1987) of Manila, Quezon City, and Iligan - Writing the Nation/Pag-Akda ng City Bansa (2000) - Short stories: - Tagalog Poetry, 1570-1898: - Summer Suns (1963) Tradition and Influences in its - World and Battlefields (1998) Development (2001) - The Trilogy of Saint Lazarus - Librettos: (2001) - Tales of The Manuvu (1977) - Fiction: - Rama Hari (1980) - Stories (1990) - Sa Sariling Bayan: Apat na - Galaw ng Asoge (2003) Dulang May Musika (2003) - Literary Theory and Cultural - Awards: Studies: Breaking Signs (1990) - Special Prize from the Palanca - Words and Battlefields: A Theoria Awards for his poetry collection on the poem (1998) Sunog sa Lipa at Iba Pang Tula in - The Estrella D. Alfon Anthology 1975 Vol. 1 – Short Stories - Ramon Magsaysay Award for Journalism, Literature, and Creative COmmunication Arts in CONTEXT AND TEXT’S MEANING 1993 - Philippine Centennial Literary Literal Language Prize for Drama in 1998 - Means exactly what is says Cirilo F. Bautista (2014) - Does not use any figurative language - Poet, fictionist, essayist, critic, and - Straight forward expression because it writer of nonfiction, taught creative is the primary meaning of a word writing and literature Literary Meaning - His poems have appeared in major - Meaning of a word associated with the literary journals, papers, and magazines use of a literary device in the Philippines and in anthologies - Literary Devices: symbolism, figure of published in the United States, Japan, speech, sensory images or imagery Context Imagery - Originates from the notion of weaving - Menoy, 2016: creating a picture in the together reader’s mind by using words that - Defined as the circumstances that form appeal to the senses; there are types of the setting of events, statements, or imagery that are used ideas and in the way of which it can be Types of Imagery fully understood and assessed Visual Imagery - Reading a literary piece may contribute - Produced by the use of words that to the production of the author and the appeal to the sense of sight reception of the reader as they Auditory Images appreciate and explore - Produced by the use of words that Types of Context appeal to the sense of hearing Writer’s Context Kinesthetic Imagery - Knowing about the writer’s life, values, - Produced by the use of words that assumptions, gender, race, sexual appeal to the actions and movement orientation, and the political and economic issues related to the author BASIC ELEMENTS OF A SHORT STORY - Who is the author/writer? - What is his/her educational Jose Garcia Villa background? - Born on August 5, 1908 in Manila’s - What is his/her personal information? Singalong district - How do these affect/influence the text? - First internationally recognized Filipino Reader’s Context poet in English - About the reader’s previous reading - Started writing seriously while a experience, values, assumption, student at the University of the political, and economic issues Philippines - What are your prior experiences related - Doveglion: pen name to the text? - Wrote Footnote to Youth - What is your impression of the text? BASIC ELEMENTS OF A SHORT STORY Text’s Context Character - About its publishing history - A person, an animal who takes part in - Part of the larger text such as the action of the story or other literary newspaper, history, events, translated in work it - The way an author develops the - Where was the text published? character in a story is very important in - What year was it published? making the story appeal to the readers - What publishing company printed the - The heart of the story are characters text? Two Types of Character Social Context 1. Protagonist - Socio-cultural of a text feature the - Main character or most society in which the characters live and important of all the characters in which the author’s text was - Character who learns something produced or undergoes some changes - What kind of society emerged during throughout the course of the the time when the literature was story created? 2. Antagonist - What type of government or significant - Character that challenges the historical event happened during its main character publication?  - Has no concern for the any further, you have to turn and well-being of the main character go down - It may be a person, the nature, - This point in the story when the society, or any intangible things finally start to move in a matter that contends with or different direction and it may not creates a problem for the always be a positive direction protagonist 4. Falling Action Setting - Occurs after the climax as things - The place and time when the story start to work themselves out in happens the story - It may be based on a real place and real - You are coming down the time or it may be based on the author’s mountain just as you are coming imagination down from the excitement of the - When analyzing the setting, consider climax where the action is taking place 5. Resolution - Most authors use descriptive words to - Presents the solution to the describe the landscape, scenery, problem as you have reached buildings, season, or weather to provide the bottom of the mountain a strong sense of setting which will - The solution might not be what help the reader visualize the story and you want, but the conflict has connect to the story’s plot been resolved Plot Conflict - A series of events and character actions - A struggle between two people or that relate to the central conflict things in a short story - There are different parts of the story’s - The main character is usually on one structure side of the central conflict - The main character may struggle against another important character , against the forces of nature, against society, or even against something inside himself or herself (feelings, - emotions, illness) Parts of a Plot Theme 1. Exposition - Central idea or belief in a short story - Base of the mountain or the Point of View beginning of the story - What the character or narrator telling - Where the author sets up the the story can see (his or her story including characters, perspective) settings, and main conflicts - The author chooses “who” is to tell the 2. Rising Action story by determining the point of view - Occurs as you begin to move - Depending on who the narrator is, throughout the story he/she will be standing at one point - Where conflicts start to build just and seeing the action like when you climb a mountain - The viewpoint will give the narrator a you are moving further along partial or whole view of events as they 3. Climax happen - Turning point of the story - Many stories have the protagonist - You have reached the top of the telling the story, while in others, the mountain and you cannot go narrator may be another character or  an outsider viewer, a narrator who is - Pasuello, 2017: you can use MS Word or not in the story at all online mind mapping tools in creating - The narrator should not be confused a mind map with the author, who is the writer of the Mobile Phone Text Tula story and whose opinions may not be - A traditional Filipino poem those written into the narrative - A particular example of this poem of Different Types of Point of View this poem is a tanaga that consists of 4 1. First Person POV lines with 7 syllables each with the - Used when the main character is same rhyme at the end of each line telling the story Text Tula or Textula - Uses the “I” narration - Employs communication technology in - You can experience the story this the sharing of tanaga person’s I’s - A poetry genre mastered by Frank - You won’t know anything about Riverra the people and events that this - Entire poems are written and read on character hasn’t personally mobile phones experienced - Traces its origins to traditional tagalog 2. Second Person POV form of poetry called Tanaga - Generally only used in - A short poetry in a form of tanaga, dalit, instructional writing and diona that is sent through SMS on - Told from the perspective of mobile phone with your friends, “you” families, loved ones, and through 3. Third Person POV netizens - Used when your narrator is not a Slideshow Presentation character in the story - Created with the use of Microsoft - Used the “He, she” PowerPoint - The most commonly used point - Computer Hope, 2018: Contains series of view in writing of pictures or pages of information (slides) arranged in sequence and often MULTIMEDIA FORMATS IN displayed on a a large screen using a INTERPRETING LITERARY TEXT video projector - Example: MS PPT, Canva Tag Cloud Blog - Techopedia, 2020: A visual, stylized, - Also called Weblog arrangement of words or tags within a - Website containing informational textual context such as websites, article, articles about a person’s own opinions, speeches, and databases interests, and experiences Video - Usually changed regularly - Lexico, 2020: an electronic device used - Example: instagram, facebook, tumblr to record, copy, playback, broadcast, Mind Mapping and display moving visual media - A graphical technique to visualize - Example: YouTube, TikTok connections of ideas and pieces of information - This tool structures information to ANECDOTE better analyze, comprehend, synthesize, recall, and generate new Anecdote ideas - Nagpal, 2016: a short entertaining or interesting story about a real incident or person  - Tell about a variety of stories and tales, Language since they can be about any topic - The language used in literary works under the sun hold cultural and historical significance - Usually a short story about a real - The choice of language be it person or event which usually intends indigenous language, Spanish or to make the listeners laugh or ponder English over a topic - Conveys the socio political context and Purposes of Anecdotes the intended audience of a text 1. To Bring Cheer Ethnicity - Stories pop up anywhere and - The notion that refers to social entities these are just sometimes sharing real or recognized features like making people laugh to a common origin or cultural linguistic brighten their mood legacy which assumedly command 2. To Reminisce special collective commitment as well - In most anecdotes, people are as their retention or transmission talking about their experiences - What are the tradition and culture of an in the past ethnic group that were portrayed in the - They try to look back on story? moments in their lives and share Indarapatra at Sulayman the joy of that time with others - Epikong Mindanao 3. To Caution - Bartolome del Valle - Sometimes, just giving rules for - Region XII-SOCCSKSARGEN individuals is not effective - The names Indarapatra and Sulayman - Sharing to them frightening are distinct in Mindanao stories of dangers can be helpful for them to realize the possible consequences of their actions 4. To Persuade or Inspire - Sometimes, people share stories on how they surpassed their struggles in life - These, most of the time, give encouragement to others who have been in similar situations - The messages usually conveys successes in life as a fruit of hard work GEOGRAPHIC, LINGUISTIC, AND ETHNIC DIMENSIONS OF PHILIPPINE LITERARY Geography - the study of places and the relationship between people and their environments - Where did the story happen?