21st Century Literature From The Philippines And The World PDF

21ST CENTURY LITERATURE FROM THE PHILIPPINES AND THE WORLD PRELIM & MIDTERM Don Quixote by Miguel de LESSON 1: INTRODUCTION TO Cervantes, etc. LITERATURE: ORIGIN/HISTORY What is Literature?...

21ST CENTURY LITERATURE FROM THE PHILIPPINES AND THE WORLD PRELIM & MIDTERM Don Quixote by Miguel de LESSON 1: INTRODUCTION TO Cervantes, etc. LITERATURE: ORIGIN/HISTORY What is Literature? Significance of Literature Origin of the term: Expanding Horizon - When we “Literature” is derived from the read, we became travelers. Latin word litera which means Building Critical Thinking Skills - letter. When we read, we learn to read Literature is defined as “pieces of between the lines. writing that are valued as works of A Leap into the Past - When we art, especially those in the form of read, we are intertwined with novels, plays, short stories, and history. poems.” Appreciation of other Cultures and According to Kahayon (1998), Beliefs - When we read, we literature deals with the ideas, understand and experience the thoughts, and emotions of man- systems and lives. thus it can be said that literature is a Better Writing Skills - When we story of a man. read, we expand our vocabulary. Through Literature, we learn the Addressing Humanity - When we innermost feelings and thoughts of read, we realize the imperfection of people- the most real part of life. themselves, thus we gain an understanding not only of others LESSON 2: HALLMARKS OF LITERATURE but more importantly, of ourselves Hallmarks of Literature = Literary and of life itself. – Garcia, et al, Standards 1993. 1) Artistry - refers to the skill, Literature is defined as written creativity, and aesthetic quality works such as novels, poetry, short involved in creating a piece of art or stories, poems, speeches, etc. It is literature. usually written by expert authors. 2) Intellectual value - refers to the “Literature adds to reality, it does depth of thought, insight, and not simply describe it. It enriches knowledge that a work provides. the necessary competencies that 3) Suggestiveness - is the quality of a daily life requires and provides, and work that evokes deeper meanings, in the respect, it irrigates the emotions, or associations in the deserts that our lives have already viewer or reader. become” – C.S.Lewis 4) Spiritual value - refers to the ability of a work to inspire or elevate the Examples of Great Literature: spirit, often connecting to deeper William Shakespeare’s Romeo and meanings or higher truths. Juliet 5) Permanence - refers to the Homer’s Iliad and Odyssey enduring quality of a work, and its Works of Edgar Allan Poe ability to stand the test of time and Works of Dr. Jose Rizal remain relevant across generations.  6) Universality - is the quality that Pangangaso allows a work to resonate with a Social Class status: wide audience, transcending 1. Datu/chieftains cultural, temporal, and 2. Maharlika geographical boundaries. 3. Timawa (Freemen) 4. Alipin (Servants) Hallmarks of Literature Balangay (trading) - Main Transportation 1. Artistry - quality in the beauty of the pre-colonial Filipino sense. 2. Intellectual Value - the thought in The beginning period of Philippine literary the text. history can be considered as the longest as 3. Suggestiveness - the emotions evidenced by the artifacts of different present in the story. periods recovered ranging from 50,000 4. Spiritual Value - the morals years ago to 14th century A.D. in the Tabon elevating the person’s spirit in the Cave of Palawan. The said exploration was story whatever the situation. headed by a team from the National 5. Permanence - the endurance of the Museum where they found the oldest work. known human skeletal fossil (Hominin 6. Universality - how literary work Homo luzonensis) in the Philippines. appeals to everyone, regardless of culture, race, gender, and time. The discovery later led to the realization of our indigenous cultures before the presence According to Garcia 1993, these are the of the Spanish colonizers through the following qualities to distinguish a great analysis of collected oral literature literature. A text that appeals to our sense preserved by our Filipino ancestors. of beauty. A text that enriches our mental life by making us realize the fundamental Literature during this period may be truth about life and human nature, a text classified into three groups: that can be read again, and a text that is folk speech timeless and timely. folk songs folk narratives such as riddles, LESSON 3: PHILIPPINE LITERARY proverbs, myths, legends, fables, PERIODS: PRE-COLONIAL PERIOD and hero tales. Alibata - First Filipino Alphabet Baybayin - First Filipino system of writing Epics are of great proportion in oral Alliance of the country: literature in all regions. China India PRE-COLONIAL PERIOD (before the arrival Malaysia of Spaniards) Ways of Living or survival of people during Certain events in the Philippines during the pre-colonial period: pre-colonial period started to be recorded Pagsasaka in the year 1521. Our rich past was reflected Pangingisda in "folk speeches, folk songs, folk Trading narratives and indigenous rituals and mimetic dances that affirm our ties with come from Tagalog, Cebuano, and our Southeast Asian neighbors" Ilocano dialects. (Godinez-Ortega, n.d.). The ancient pre-Spanish form of writing called Baybayin which was In terms of government, Filipinos were often cited in the work of Pedro ruled by chieftains of different barangay. Chirino during the 1500s, was later The Malacañang Palace considered this as on approved as the National Writing more of "alliance networking rather than System of the Philippines through territorial" (malacanang.gov.ph). House Bill No. 1022. The experiences of the people There was no formal education. Learning during the pre-colonial period such was merely through imitation and practice. as food hunting, work at home, caring for the children, and In general, the following were commonly creatures or objects of nature served practiced: as the common subject in oral Early Filipinos heavily believed in literature. spirits and supernatural entities Anyone who knew the language and (animism). the conventions and forms could be Social ranking and classes were a poet, singer, or storyteller. practiced. All important events such as rites Economic and political dimensions and ceremonies reflect religious involved trading, marriage, observance where people commonly feasting, and alliance. recite, sing, or utter a chant. Dimensions of Pre-colonial Literature Philippine literature during the Types Of Pre-Colonial Literature pre-colonial era is mostly based on Folk Tales. These are stories that oral traditions passed down from can be characterized as anonymous, generation to generation. timeless, and placeless tales The language used pertains to daily circulated orally among a group of life. people. Common forms of oral literature Legends. These are a form of prose are riddles, proverbs, and songs to that deals with a thing's origin, express a thought or emotion. location or name. Epic was considered as the most Myths. Unlike legends where the exciting poetic and narrative form characters have realistic human of literature in the qualities, the characters here ASEAN-sponsored study of usually have supernatural powers Filipinos asserted that there are where the main purpose is to more than 100 epics discovered provide explanation about the where the majority came from existence of something or someone. Palawan (as cited by Epics. These pertain to a type of Quindoza-Santiago, n.d.). long narrative poem mainly Majority of proverbs, epigrams, and focusing on the heroic proverbs collected by researchers  achievements and deeds of the main 5. Augustinian Recollect character Governor Narciso Claverio - Influences the Folk Songs. These can be considered Filipinos to have a Spanish name. as the oldest forms of Philippine Two (2) Types of Spaniards: literature that mirror the culture 1. Peninsulares - Spaniards born which expresses hopes, aspirations, outside the country lifestyles, and emotions of early 2. Insulares - Spaniards born inside Filipinos. the country Examples: kundiman, kumintang, Awit - Lyrics (12 syllables each line) oyayi or hele, and some drinking Korido - 14 syllables in each line songs. Revolutionary Period: Other Forms. Emilio Jacinto - Brain of Katipunan ➔ proverbs (salawikain) Andres Bonifacio - Father of Katipunan ➔ riddles (bugtong) Emilio Aguinaldo - First president of the ➔ chant (bulong) Philippines and the traitor of Katipunan ➔ maxims or those with La Solidaridad - A newspaper that is all rhyming couplets of 5, 6, or about Spaniards lie and wrong doings 8 syllables ➔ Only for Filipinos ➔ sayings (kasabihan) Doctrina Cristiana - All about Christianity ➔ idiom (sawikain) ➔ Written in Spanish ➔ Tanaga is another favorite Lope K. Santos - Ama ng Balarila poem consisting of four 1902 - First Novel Book rhyming lines of 7 syllables ➔ Written in English each Paz Marquez Benitez - First Filipino woman who published a short story book LESSON 4: PHILIPPINE LITERARY called “dead star” that was written in 1925. PERIOD: SPANISH PERIOD José Rizal - Author of La Solidaridad Vernacular Language: Filipino - Graciano Lopez Jaena - Editor of La Katutubong Wika Solidaridad ➔ Language in the Philippines during Marcelo H. Del Pilar - Second editor of La the pre-colonial period. Solidaridad Two Spanish Period: Early Spanish (March 1521 - 1565) SPANISH LANGUAGE → TAGALOG Revolutionary Period (1565 - 1898) 3Gs (Goals or Reasons why Spaniards came The introduction of the printing equipment to the Philippines): called the Xylographic Press by the G - Grace or God Dominicans resulted in the publication of G - Gold various religious materials and earliest G - Governance books. 5 group of Missionaries: 1. Augustinians Poetically inclined writers led by Tagalog 2. Pransiscans versifiers called Ladinos (natives who were 3. Jesuits also fluent in Spanish) such as Fernándo 4. Dominicans Bágongbantâ and Tomas Pinpin tackled Novels. These are fictitious prose, mostly morality and religion. usually lengthy and complex. Pedro Paterno's work entitled "Ninay" - is Folk songs still existed. the first novel published by a Filipino author. This was originally written in Drama flourished as another literary genre Spanish language and translated into type and metrical tales based on European English and Tagalog in 1907 and 1908. origin (such as awit and korido). Newspapers. According to Britannica, some high-level Diaryong Tagalog (1882) - A journalism like articles written in a Spanish-Tagalog newspaper, published newspaper such as columns and many Filipino writings. The publication feature articles can be considered signaled the open campaign for reforms. as literature for as long as they La Solidaridad (1889) - An underground achieve a certain level of newspaper, became the mouthpiece of the satisfaction under: Reform Movement. ➔ Aesthetic ➔ Chronological Emergence Of Other Types Of Literature ➔ Psychological During The Spanish Period characterization Books ➔ The bulk of Filipino writings Doctrina Cristiana (The Christian produced were mostly Doctrine) 1593 - The book written by Fr. published in Diaryong Juan de Placenciaand Fr. Domingo Nieva Tagalog. The underground was first printed. First book published in newspaper La Solidaridad is the Philippines. considered as the Among the other notable books printed mouthpiece of the Reform are: Movement. ➔ Nuestra Señora del Rosario - by Fr. Blancas de San Jose Some Notable Writers ➔ Barláan at Jósaphát (first published Francisco Baltazar (1788-1862) - in 1708) - Translated from Greek to was hailed as the "Master of Tagalog by Fr. Antonio de Borja Traditional Tagalog Poetry". His ➔ Urbana at Felisa by Modesto de well-known literary work, Florante Castro who is considered as the at Laura (1838–1861), is regarded as Father of Classic Prose in Tagalog. the most famous metrical romance Folk Songs. These were songs of the country. modified based on the folkways of Pedro Paterno (1857–1911) - was Filipinos during this period. the first Filipino who wrote a poetry Recreational Plays. These were collection in Spanish entitled mostly poetic and intended to be Sampaguitas y poesiasvarias (1880). performed during the Spanish era. His novel in Spanish Ninay (1885) Cenaculo. Carillo, Zarzuela, was considered to be the first Moro-Moro, Balagtasan, Duplo, and Filipino novel. Karagatan are among the examples  Jose Rizal (1861–1896) - a June 12, 1898 - Unang winagayway ang prominent ilustrado and the watawat ng Pilipinas country’s national hero, is famous Dead star - Famous English story for the novels Noli Me Tangere and Guerillas - A group of people that is against El Filibusterismo. These novels the government. portray the corruption and abuse of General Douglas McArthur - “I shall the Spanish officials and the clergy. Return” Andres Bonifacio (1863–1897) - the founder of the Katipunan, wrote the AMERICAN COLONIAL PERIOD (1910 - poem “Pag-ibig sa Tinubuang 1945) Lupa” which appeared in the official The American colonial period is divided newspaper of the Katipunan called into two periods: Kalayaan in March 1896. The period of apprenticeship Leona Florentino (1849–1884) - (1910-1930) known as the “Mother of Philippine The period of emergence Women’s Literature”, was a poet in (1920-1930). both Ilocano and Spanish. Twenty of her poems were preserved and The surrender of the first Philippine exhibited in Europe and were President Emilio Aguinaldo in 1901 included in the Encyclopedia signified the end of the military struggle for Internationale des Oeuvres des independence. Femme in 1889. Aguinaldo promised allegiance to America LESSON 5: PHILIPPINE LITERARY but still continued to be very vocal about PERIODS: AMERICAN PERIOD AND achieving independence for the Philippines. JAPANESE PERIOD Pact of Biak na Bato - Agreement of In 1935, Aguinaldo was soundly defeated by Aguinaldo and the Spanish general. Manuel L. Quezon as the first President of Manuel L. Quezon - Second President of the Commonwealth the Philippines and the First Commonwealth president. Dimensions of Philippine Literature Education System reformed and the During the transition period many Filipino American teaches us the 3rs: writers still preferred to write in Spanish Reading since English was still a foreign language to Writing them. Arithmetic PNS(Philippine Normal School/University) Filipino writers were into all forms of now PNU (Philippine Normal University) - literature during the period of The first school during the American Period apprenticeship but most of their works that was founded on September 1, 1901. were critiqued as an imitation of English Thomasites - Term used for the American and American models. teachers of the Filipinos. July 4, 1946 - Tinanggap ng American na malaya na ang Pilipinas Short stories became the most prevalent Japan invaded the Philippines on December literary form during the latter part of the 8, 1941, which was strongly opposed by the American colonial period. Guerillas. The existence of American literary works Captured soldiers and American deportees and periodicals as well as the coming of were forced to have a "Death March" to a American teachers encouraged many prison camp where they walked for 100 aspiring Filipino writers to use the English kilometers from Mariveles, Bataan to San language. Fernando, Pampanga. A new type of literature began when the An estimated 10,000 prisoners died here. American system of education and the Aguinaldo cooperated with the Japanese to English language were introduced. end Filipino and American opposition. In the beginning, most of the literary works Japanese colonizers failed to gain the trust written in English were considered of Filipinos. imitative, but then later on evolved to a new variety of subjects, styles, and The resurgence of World War II forced conventions of writing. former President Manuel L. Quezon and Vice-President Sergio Osmeña Sr. to Common themes in plays were all about immediately leave the Philippines and nationalism. sought residence in the United States as the Commonwealth government was suddenly Other types of Literature Existed During in exile. the American Colonial Period Short Stories. These stories can typically be There was great tension between the two read in one sitting revolving around one major groups: subject and may range between 1,000 and HUKBALAHAP (Hukbong Bayan 20,000 words. The first short story written Laban Sa Hapon) - unified guerilla in English is entitled "Dead Stars" by Paz army against Japanese invasion Marquez Benitez. KALIBAPI (Kapisanan sa Paglilingkod sa Bagong Pilipinas) - Some Notable Writers political party approved by the Juan C. Laya - He won first prize for Japanese his novel "His Native Soil" in the First Commonwealth Literary Jose P. Laurel - was appointed as the Awards in 1940. President of the Philippines under the Zoilo M. Galang - His work entitled Japanese-sponsored Republic. "A Child of Sorrow" in 1921 is considered the first Filipino novel in In 1942, Mc Arthur escaped but promised English to return, which he did in 1944. The US victory in the battle of Leyte Gulf signaled JAPANESE COLONIAL PERIOD (1942 - the beginning of Philippine liberation from 1945) the Japanese.  Society" by Salvador P. Lopez) and Dimensions of Philippine Literature autobiography (e.g. "The Good Fight" by All forms of writing were censored during Manuel Quezon) this time because there was no freedom of speech and the press. Some Notable Writers Carlos P. Romulo - He won the Only those who were living in the United Pulitzer Prize for his notable works States such as Carlos P. Romulo and Manuel such as "I Saw the Fall of the L. Quezon could write freely. Philippines", "I See the Philippines Rise", "Mother America", and "My The use of the English language was Brother Americans" stopped in almost all publications and only Narciso Reyes - He won first prize Tagalog and the vernaculars were with his short story "Lupang permitted. Tinubuan". Few literary works were printed and mostly LESSON 6: PHILIPPINE LITERARY considered as pessimistic and bitter PERIOD: MARTIAL LAW PERIOD/ according to the author Victoria Abelardo. CONTEMPORARY PERIOD President Of The Philippines Another type of poetry that emerged is the 1. Emilio Aguinaldo (1899-1901) - Haiku consisting of three lines with 5-7-5 First Republic (Malolos Republic) syllables or 17 syllabic poetry in all. 2. Manuel L. Quezon (1935-1944) - Commonwealth Tagalog short stories flourished and some 3. José P. Laurel (1943-1945) - Second of the best works were compiled by the Republic Liwayway magazine editors in Ang 4. Sergio Osmeña (1944-1946) - Pinakamabuting Maikling Kathang Commonwealth Pilipino ng 1943. 5. Manuel Roxas (1946-1948) - Third Republic Some notable stories: 6. Elpidio Quirino (1948-1953) - Third “Lupang Tinubuan” by Narciso G. Republic Reyes 7. Ramon Magsaysay (1953-1957) - “Uhaw ang Tigang na Lupa” by Third Republic Liwayway Arceo 8. Carlos P. Garcia (1957-1961) - “Nayon at Dagat dagatan” by Third Republic N.V.M. Gonzalez 9. Diosdado Macapagal (1961-1965) - “Suyuan sa Tubigan” by Macario Third Republic Pineda. 10. Ferdinand Marcos (1965-1986) - Third Republic (until 1972), Martial Opera and classical music gained Law and Fourth Republic popularity. (1972-1986) 11. Corazon Aquino (1986-1992) - Among the other types of literature that Fifth Republic emerged were essays (e.g. "Literature and  12. Fidel V. Ramos (1992-1998) - Fifth Republic Manuel A. Roxas defeated Sergio S. 13. Joseph Estrada (1998-2001) - Fifth Osmeña, Sr. as the President in April 1946 Republic for the Independent Second Republic of the 14. Gloria Macapagal Arroyo Philippines. (2001-2010) - Fifth Republic 15. Benigno Aquino III (2010-2016) - Elpidio R. Quirino assumed the remaining Fifth Republic term of Roxas when the latter died of a 16. Rodrigo Duterte (2016-2022) - heart attack in 1948. Fifth Republic 17. Ferdinand "Bongbong" Marcos Jr. In 1953, Ramon F. Magsaysay was elected (2022-present) - Fifth Republic as the new president but died in an airplane O giliw - about longing to someone crash on March 16, 1957. Genre: Kundiman - expressing love for our country and love for someone and courting. Magsaysay's position was assumed by Theme: How people show love and Carlos P. Garcia who was re-elected and affection served until 1961. Musical Style: Solemn (Melodious and Soulful) Diosdado P. Macapagal became the Cultural Significant: Harana President after Carlos P. Garcia. He changed Marcela Agonicillo - Sewed the Philippine the date of Philippine Independence from Flag July 4, 1946 (Liberation from America) to Jose Palma - Composer of the National June 12, 1896 (Liberation from Spanish by Anthem the revolutionists). He also recognized the Julian Felipe - Naglapat ng tono sa presidency of Jose P. Laurel. National Anthem EDSA - Epifanio Delos Santos Avenue Philippines During the Martial Law Epifanio Delos Santos - Filipino writer and Ferdinand E. Marcos took office for Historian presidency in 1965 and got re-elected in ➔ First Academician and Brain of the 1969 making him the first to win two brain of scholars presidential terms. Tyrant - Cruel UNESCO - United Nation educational, He declared Martial Law on September 21, Scientific, and Cultural Organization 1972, and led the country into what he calls MILF - Moro Islamic Liberation Front "The New Society" against lawlessness, Joseph Estrada - Ama ng Masa which incited much opposition. Post-Colonial Period (1945 - present) Marcos was forced to hold an election in After The War 1978 and 1981 to stabilize the country's In 1944, Sergio S. Osmeña, Sr. assumed the chaotic condition where he won again. presidency upon the death of Manuel L. Quezon while the Philippine The death of Benigno Simeon "Ninoy" Commonwealth government was in exile in Aquino, Jr. became the beginning of calling the U.S. for Marcos' removal.  Maria Gloria Macapagal Arroyo assumed EDSA People Power Revolution (bloodless office in 1998, got re-elected, and served revolution) through the initiative of Maria until 2010. During her term, many Corazon C. Aquino and her supporters impeachment complaints were filed against erupted, marking a significant national her due to corruption and electoral event. sabotage where she got hospital arrest for her spinal surgery. Snap election was conducted in 1986 which seated Corazon Aquino - the widow of Former Senator Benigno Simeon C. Aquino Benigno Simeon "Ninoy" Aquino, Jr. as the III (aka PNoy or Noynoy Aquino) was 11th President of the Philippines and ended seated as the next president in 2010. the 21 years of what many claimed as the tyrant rule. Next to him is our current President- Rodrigo Roa Duterte who is both a lawyer Marcos went into exile in Hawaii, where he and politician. died on September 28, 1989. Dimensions of Philippine Literature Philippines After The Martial Law (5th Filipino writers began to develop new Republic to Present) themes, styles, and techniques. The political and economic condition of the The first notable work that appeared right Philippines during Cory Aquino's after the Second World War under Japanese administration was described as chaotic. occupation in the Philippines is a novel written by Macario Pineda entitled “Ginto Monopolization of the agricultural industry sa Makiling” which was considered a took place after the International Monetary narrative of the Philippines’ social, Fund (IMF) forced the Philippines to pay its political, and moral aspects (Macansantos, debt amounting to 27.2 billion dollars et al, n.d.). It was noted for its resemblance which they claimed to be inherited from the to the work of Rizal and more on the work Marcos administration. of Balagtas in terms of plot and style. Fidel V. Ramos (also known as "Centennial The rise of English writers began after President") took office in 1992 where he exposure to the American language and immediately worked on the country's culture, although there were still many recovery. He was awarded the Peace Award Filipino writers observed using the by UNESCO in his effort to achieve a Peace vernaculars. Agreement with MILF. Sarvia (n.d.) considers the following Film actor Joseph Ejercito Estrada won the factors contributed to the flourishing of presidency with his pro-poor campaign in Filipino literature: 1998 but was ousted in 2001 because of 1. the establishment of the University corruption and gambling issues. of the Philippines in 1908 where English was primarily used as the medium of instruction  2. the founding of the Philippine - Another definition given is its Writers’ Association in 1953 connectedness with works of 3. the establishment of the Carlos literature that are highly respected. Palanca Memorial Award in 1955 to It comes from the root word name a few. "canon" or a generally accepted rule, standard, or principle by which According to Macansantos et al (n.d.), something is judged. among the common literary themes in novels and short stories were war History in Literature - A timeline of the experiences which can be seen in the works important historical events in Philippine of Stevan Javellana’s Without Seeing the Literature. Dawn (1947) and Edilberto Tiempo’s Watch in the Night for the English Luzon (Tagalog Literature): Canonical category. Authors Among the country's eighteen recognized While Filipino literature used the National Artists, sixteen are from Luzon vernaculars, the works of Lazaro Francisco who mostly came from NCR such as; were profoundly noted for his style 1. Amado V. Hernandez - Luha ng associated with Rizal’s influence such as Buwaya (Tears of the Crocodile). Bayaning Nagpatiwakal (1932), Sugat sa 2. Jose Garcia Villa - Footnote to Alaala (1950), Maganda pa ang Daigdig Youth (1956), and Daluyong (1962). 3. Nick Joaquin- Portrait of the Artist as Filipino (1966) The influence of both Spanish and 4. Carlos P. Romulo - I am a Filipino American styles could be observed in the 5. Francisco Arcellana - Wing of work of Nick Joaquin where his flashback Madness technique was highly appreciated by critics. 6. Rolando S. Tinio - Trick of Mirrors Some writers attempted to incorporate a (1993) taste of folk tradition, especially in poetry 7. Levi Celerio - O Maliwanag na such as epic and other oral forms of Buwan literature that still existed like Balagtasan. 8. Carlos Quirino - Man of Destiny However, the oral tradition became less 9. Alejandro R. Roces - My Brother's popular as people became more interested Peculiar Chicken in short stories. 10. Cirilo F. Bautista - The Trilogy of Saint Lazarus LESSON 7: CANONICAL AUTHORS AND The National Artists from the other WORKS OF THE PHILIPPINE NATIONAL regions are: ARTISTS 1. Lazaro Francisco (Bataan) - “Binhi Canonical - As defined by the Oxford at Bunga” Dictionary, canonical /kənɒnɪkəl/ 2. Virgilio S. Almario (Bulacan) for traditionally means anything that is Region III - “Ibong Adarna” included in a list of holy books that are 3. NVM Gonzales (Romblon) for accepted as genuine. Region IV-B Mimaropa - “A Grammar of Dreams”  4. F. Sionil Jose (Pangasinan) for The National Artists from this region are; Region 1 - “My Brother, My 1. Literary historian Resil B. Mojares Executioner” of Cebu - “The War Against the 5. Edith L. Tiempo (Nueva Vizcaya) Americans: Resistance and for Region 2 - “ A Blade of Fern” Collaboration in Cebu Province” 6. Dr. Bienvenido Lumbera (Batangas) 2. Novelist Ramon L. Muzones of for Region IV-A - “Filipinos Iloilo province - “Ang Gugma sang Writing: Philippine Literature from Gugma Bayaran” the Regions” The Award Winning Authors Are: 1. Lualhati Torres Bautista. Known as 1. Peter Solis Nery – A recipient of contemporary writer of Tagalog multiple awards from the Carlos fiction, this foremost Filipino Palanca Memorial Awards for female novelist from Tondo, Manila Literature. Among his notable and is also famous for her screenwriting award-winning works are a career as most of her works such as collection of poems Umanhon nga Dekada 70 and Bata, Bata, Pa'no Ka Gugma (Love of the Rural Folks), Ginawa already have film versions. Hiligaynon's short story "Lirio", This realist writer often tackles and a screenplay "Buyong". issues among women who 2. Merlie Alunan - Award-winning courageously face difficult collections of poetry in English and situations. She is a recipient of Cebuano languages such as numerous literary awards such as Susumaton: Oral Narratives of Leyte Carlos Palanca Memorial Awards for and Sa Atong Dila, Introduction to Literature. Visayan Literature which earned her 2. Roberto "Bob" Ong. This author's the title National Book Award for actual name and identity is 2016 and 2017 and Carlos Palanca unknown. He is the author of Awards. Also, a recipient of various popular books such as international awards such as ASEAN ABNKKBSNPLAko?!, Bakit Baligtad Poets in 2013 by the Kingdom of Magbasa ng Libro ang mga Pilipino, Thailand and the Lillian Jerome and Alamat ng Gubat to name a few. Thornton Award. He is widely known for his conversational and humorous Mindanao (Unique Landscape): Canonical writing style that often depicts Authors Filipino cultures. His technique of Multiple Awarded Authors in this region; violating standard writing 1. Anthony L. Tan - He was born in principles shows one unique Siasi, Sulu whose writings have characteristic of a 21st century been appearing locally and literary writer who applies the latest internationally in magazines, trends in writing. journals, and anthologies. This poet, essayist, and fictionist is the Visayas (Home of Hybrid Forms): author of The Bajao Cemetery and Canonical Authors Other Poems and Poems for  Muddas. He has received multiple KABUTIHAN, AT KAGANDAHAN”. Below awards from Don Carlos Palanca for are the criteria, honors, and privileges for a his poetry and essays. National Artist with reference to the 2. Myrna Peña Reyes - A poet from Official Gazette of the Philippines where Cagayan de Oro is a recipient of the some information has been changed prior Oregon Literary Fellowship for to the new guidelines set by the NCCA poetry. Board of Commissioners Meeting on April Some of her works are the 27, 2017. following: Memory’s Mercy: New and The order of National Artists is the highest Selected Poems (University recognition given to Filipinos who have of the Philippines Press, contributed significantly to the status of 2015) Philippine arts, such as Music, visual arts, Almost Home: Poems literature, film, broadcast arts, theater, (University of the dance architecture, design, and allied arts. Philippines Press, 2004) The country’s president approves the rank The River Singing Stone and title of a National Artist based on the (Anvil, 1994). Her works are recommendation conferred by the NCCA published both in the and the CCP as mandated by an executive Philippines and the United order. The criteria set to get this prestigious States. award are dreamlike but to be granted this is truly an honor. One of the most The National Artist - is a Filipino citizen important privileges a National Artist can recognized for his/ her significant get is the gift of immortality as he/ she will contribution in the fields of music, dance, be remembered for his great works forever. theater, visual arts, literature, film and broadcast arts, and architecture or allied LESSON 8 - 9: LITERARY TEXT arts based on the criteria mandated with Jose Garcia Villa (1908 - 1997) - José reference to Proclamation No. 1144 s. 1973 Garcia Villa was born in Manila in 1908. He and Presidential Decree No. 208 s. 1973 attended the University of the Philippines, "Granting Certain Privileges and Honors to but he was suspended in 1929 after National Artists and Creating a Special publishing a series of erotic poems, titled Fund for the Purpose". "Man-Songs," in the Philippines Herald Magazine. The National Commission for Culture and That same year, he won a short story the Arts (NCCA) The Cultural Center of the contest through the Philippines Free Press Philippines (CCP) committee is in charge of and used the prize money to travel to the the administration and selection process. United States, where he studied at the The President of the Philippines grants the University of New Mexico title or rank upon recommendation of both Villa moved from New Mexico to Greenwich institutions. The insignia each recipient Village in New York City. There, he became will get upon being proclaimed a National the only Asian poet in a community that Artist symbolizes its motto coined by also consisted of E. E. Cummings, W. H. Imelda Marcos “KATOTOHANAN, Auden, and other modernist poets. In 1933 his Footnote to Youth: Tales of the He was born on June 17, 1911, in Nagrebcan, Philippines and Others (Charles Scribner's Bauang, La Union. His parents are Crisanto Sons) became the first book of fiction by a Arguilla, a farmer, and Margarita Estabillo, Filipino author published by a major United a potter, and despite having a tough life, States-based press. it never hindered him from pursuing his Villa also continued to publish in the passion for writing. He attended his Philippines, and his poetry collections elementary and high school in San Many Voices (Philippine Book Guild) and Fernando. He was editor-in-chief of his Poems (The Philippine Writers' League) school's newsletter, the La Union Tab. appeared in 1939 and 1941, respectively. Apart from writing, he is also a swimming In 1942 he published his first poetry champ. He joined swimming events while collection in the United States, Have Come, he was young. During his tertiary Am Here (Viking Press), which was a education, he entered the University of the finalist for the 1943 Pulitzer Prize. He went Philippines, and his love for scribbling on to publish several more poetry words made him join the UP Writers Club collections in the Philippines, including which eventually led him to later become Poems in Praise of Love (A. S. Florentino, the president and the editor of the UP 1962), and two in the United States, Literary Apprentice. He finished his Selected Poems and New (McDowell education in 1933. Obolensky, 1958) and Volume Two (New He married Lydia Villanueva, an artist and Directions, 1949). writer just like him. He practiced his Villa was the recipient of numerous honors profession at the University of Manila and and awards, including a Guggenheim later on, became the editor of Welfare Fellowship, a Philippines Heritage Award, a Advocate, Bureau of Public Welfare's Poetry Award from the American Academy publication. of Arts and Letters, a Rockefeller His famous story and other stories he wrote Foundation Fellowship, and a Shelley when he was 22 to 29 years old were all Memorial Award. compiled in a book called How My Brother In 1973 he was named a National Artist of Leon Brought Home a Wife (And Other the Philippines, and he also served as a Stories) published by the Philippine Book cultural advisor to the Philippine Guild in 1940. government. He died in New York City on However, in 1941, when the country was February 7, 1997. invaded by the Japanese, he joined freedom forces and led Marking's Guerillas. When Manuel Estabilla Arguilla (1911 –1944) - he was captured in 1944, the Japanese Manuel Estabilla Arguilla is an Ilokano imprisoned him in Fort Santiago along with writer. He writes in English, is a patriot, his family. At the age of 33, he was executed and is a martyr, and is widely known for his at Fort William McKinley which is now short story "How My Brother Leon Brought known as Fort Bonifacio. Home a Wife", the literary piece that made him win first prize in the Commonwealth LESSON 10: POETRY Literary Contest in 1940. Poetry - uses language to evoke emotions, convey ideas, and paint vivid descriptions.  - It is typically structured with a the culture of the time. It recounts, in a pattern and may include rhymes. continuous narrative, the life and works of - Emphasis on image or feeling a heroic or mythological person or group of - More emphasis on rhythm and persons. meter than other genres (older drama, like Shakespeare, often uses Dramatic poetry is a drama written in verse rhythm and meter) to be spoken or sung and appears in - Sometimes rhymes, but not always varying, sometimes related forms in many - Organized through stanzas and cultures. lines - Does not require a plot or Satirical poetry - Poetry can be a powerful characters, although it may (such as vehicle for satire. The Romans had a strong in narrative poetry). Often focuses tradition of satirical poetry, often written on a single moment feeling or image for political purposes. - Meant to be heard as well as read Structural Elements in Poetry Light poetry, or light verse, attempts to be Verse - A verse is a single line of poetry. humorous. Poems considered “light” are Stanza - A stanza is made up of many lines. usually brief, can be on a frivolous or It provides a way of changing the subject or serious subject, and often feature wordplay, tone. It also helps create structure and flow including puns, adventurous rhyme, and to the ideas in the poem. heavy alliteration. Rhyme - It often refers to the shared sound of words at the end of two or more verses, Lyric poetry is a genre that, unlike epic and which creates a poem’s rhythm dramatic poetry, does not attempt to tell a Meter - It is the pattern of unstressed and story but instead is of a more personal stressed syllables. It helps create rhythm nature. Poems in this genre tend to be and musicality. shorter, melodic, and contemplative. Rather than depicting characters and Elements of Poetry: Genres actions, it portrays the poet’s feelings, Genre - Types of literature based on their states of mind, and perceptions. characteristics and themes. An elegy is a mournful, melancholy, or Narrative poetry is a genre of poetry that plaintive poem, especially a lament for the tells a story. Broadly it subsumes epic dead or a funeral song. The term “elegy,” poetry, but the term “narrative poetry” is which originally denoted a type of poetic often reserved for smaller works, generally meter (elegiac meter), commonly describes with more appeal to human interest. a poem of mourning. Narrative poetry may be the oldest type of poetry. The fable is an ancient literary genre, often (though not invariably) set in verse. It is a Epic poetry is a genre and a major form of succinct story that features narrative literature. This genre is often anthropomorphized animals, plants, defined as lengthy poems concerning inanimate objects, or forces of nature that events of a heroic or important nature to illustrate a moral.  Hyperpoetry - Is a form of digital poetry Prose poetry is a hybrid genre that shows that uses links using Hypertext Markup attributes of both prose and poetry. It may Language and is related to hyperfiction, be indistinguishable from the microstory interactive novels, and web novels. (a.k.a. the “short short story”, or “flash - Much of the hyperpoetry on the web fiction”). is in the traditional forms of poetry. - Hyperpoetry included verses with Speculative poetry, also known as fantastic links to sub-poems, footnotes, poetry, (of which weird or macabre poetry poetry generators, and sometimes is a major subclassification), is a poetic even videos. genre that deals thematically with subjects that are ‘beyond reality’, whether via How Is It Done Using a PC? extrapolation as in science fiction or via 1. Type your text weird and horrific themes as in horror 2. Highlight your Text fiction. Such poetry appears regularly in 3. Click Insert the Hyperlink modern science fiction and horror fiction 4. A dropdown menu will appear and magazines. paste a link at the bottom. Click ok and you're done. You may now Free Verse Poetic form is more flexible in incorporate it into your poem. modernist and post-modernist poetry and continues to be less structured than in How Is It Done Using Smartphones? previous literary eras. Many modern poets 1. Type your text and Highlight it eschew recognizable structures or forms 2. Click the three dots and select and write in free verse. But poetry remains hyperlink distinguished from prose by its form; some 3. Paste your desired address whether regard for basic formal structures of poetry it is another file or web address. Tap will be found in even the best free verse, ‘ok’ and if the text turns blue then it however many such structures may appear is a hyperlink. You may now to have been ignored. incorporate it with poems to create HyperPoetry. Haiku poetry is a Japanese verse that is three lines long. Written in English, line LESSON 12: CREATIVE NONFICTION one has 5 syllables, line 2 has 7 syllables Creative NonFiction and line three has 5 syllables, 17 in all. Prose True (not fabricated, not from the Tanka poetry - Tanka (meaning “short imagination) poem”) is a modern Japanese poem (or Plot-based “waka”) form, consisting of five units Character based (often treated as separate lines when Organized through paragraphs and romanized or translated) usually with the sentences following pattern of syllables 5-7-5-7-7. Types: Narrative, Memoir, Literary Criticism, Literary Journalism LESSON 11: HYPERPOETRY The Elements Of Fiction and Drama 1. Setting - place and time the story complicated and or dynamic as he occurred; social climate; overall changes/transitions as the story mood/feeling. unfolds; flat and or static as he 2. Plot - arrangement/sequence of remains the same up to the end of events the story. Exposition – introduction of the 4. Theme – the central idea or overall setting, characters, and general message that the story conveys. situation in the story. 5. Point of view – the perspective Rising Action – introduction of the from which a story is told. conflict. (Conflict could be internal or a struggle between man and himself and external conflict or his struggle with other characters, nature, supernatural beings, or society.) Climax –the highest point of action/ suspense. Falling Action – the aftermath of the conflict. Denouement – resolution of conflict/conclusion of struggle. Literary Devices 1. Deus ex Machina - a seemingly unsolvable problem is suddenly and abruptly resolved by an unexpected and unlikely occurrence such as an introduction of a hero, a supernatural being, or a miracle or unlikely hero towards the conclusion of the plot. It has its origin in Greek plays when a god is suddenly lowered to the stage to solve all problems. Example : A dolphin out of nowhere rescued the drowning baby 3. Character –a participant in the 2. Dialogue –a conversation or verbal story. A character could be the exchange between two or more protagonist or the hero or the one character readers/audience sympathize with; Example: "I am done!" He said. the antagonist or the villain; the foil "Please give me a chance," she who provides comparison to the pleaded. protagonist to highlight or 3. Flashback –The use of past events emphasize his admirable traits. A to help readers/audience character could be round/ understand the present or achieve dramatic effect; usually uses a  trigger from an object such as a scent, a view, a song, or a line. Example: As the bus got nearer to the park, she remembered her old dear aunt. 4. Foreshadowing –A hint of what is to happen later in the story; often uses objects, sound effects, or music to warn of an impending danger. Example: The alarm kept ringing that day and at the right time, he came. 5. Irony – the use of words to express the contrary to: what is expected to happen (Situational Irony); what is meant (Verbal Irony) and the audience being more aware of what is happening than the character (Dramatic Irony). Example: She says they were impoverished all those weeks, but she looked healthier than those who were giving out relief goods. (Situational Irony) "I cannot be any happier for the trouble you caused me." (Verbal Irony) 6. Stream of Consciousness - expressing in words the flow of a character's thoughts or feelings in their minds; often indicated in quotation marks. Example: "You'll have your day with me," she muttered to herself. 7. Local Color - use of local terms, slang, or customs identifiable to a locality or region. Example: She reached out for her abaniko. Nanay never left the house without it