Philippine Literature During The Spanish Colonization Period PDF

PHILLIPINE LITERATURE DURING THE SPANISH COLONIZATION PERIOD Historical Background The first permanent Spanish settlement was established in Cebu by **Miguel López** de Legazpi in 1565. The majority of the coastal and lowland regions from Luzon to northern Mindanao were under Spanish rule by the...

PHILLIPINE LITERATURE DURING THE SPANISH COLONIZATION PERIOD Historical Background The first permanent Spanish settlement was established in Cebu by **Miguel López** de Legazpi in 1565. The majority of the coastal and lowland regions from Luzon to northern Mindanao were under Spanish rule by the end of the 16th century after the founding of the Spanish city of Manila in 1571. Colonization Reasons \- Propagation of the Christian \- Religion \- Economic Security \- Sustainability of Power Spanish Influence \- Catholicism and Its Patriarchal Politics \- Spanish Language Influence \- Changes in Filipino Surnames and NativeNames \- Changes in lifestyle PHILLIPINE LITERATURE Recreational Plays Philippine Theater 1\. **Komedya** - A traditional form of theater that combines drama, music, and dance, often featuring stories of chivalry and love. 2\. **SENAKULO** - A play or performance that portrays the events of Jesus Christ\'s passion, death, and resurrection, usually during Holy Week. 3\. **SARSUWELA** - A Filipino musical drama with elements of theater,music, and dance, often featuring comedic or romantic themes. ex. Moro-Moro 4\. **PLAYLETS** - A short theatrical performance or skit that is often used for educational or entertainment purposes. Ex. Pnuluyan 5\. **DRAMA** - In Philippine literature, \"drama\" refers to written or performed works that tell stories and convey emotions through dialogue and action. Literary Forms Religious and Secular Prose Religious Prose - is something of a lost category in romantic studies. It is not widely present in undergraduate anthologies. 18th and 19th centuries is now classified as \'religious prose' **Pasyon** - is a narrative poem about the passion, death, and resurrection of Jesus Christ. **Secular Prose (non- religious)** - is historically been used primarily of the limited range of creative and pseudoscientific writings which survives from the Anglo-Saxon period, the romance literature in the tales of the fabulous and encountered by distant travelers. Awit - A narrative poem featuring 12 syllables in each line and 4 lines per stanza. Its rhythm is slow, often accompanied by the melodic tones of a guitar or bandurya. Korido - A Filipino story song or poem that uses music and verses to tell tales of love, heroes, or history. It uses rhyme and meter to tell stories, often focusing onheroism or romance. **Prominent Props** Jose Corazon de Jesus (Huseng Batute) Francisco Baltazar LeonaFlorentino Isabelo de los Reyes Other notable workd of Jose Rizal wrote Mi Ultimo A Dios (My Last Farewell) to express his love for the native soil, while AndresBonifacio wrote a patriotic poem entitled Pagibig sa Tinubuang Lupa (Love for the Native Land) **The First Books During the Spanish Period** The Doctrina Christiana were two early books on the catechism of the Catholic Church, both published 1593 in Manila, Philippines. These are two of the earliest printed books in the Philippines. **Other Books** Nuestra Senora del Rosario Libro de los Cuatro Postprimeras de Hombre Ang Barlaan at Josaphat The Pasion Urbana at Felisa Ang mga Dalit kay Maria (Psalms for Mary) PHILLIPINE LITERATURE DURING THE AMERICAN COLONIZATION PERIOD American Colonization developed the Philippine's Education and Culture - Free public instruction in all levels of education in public schools. - Free public education made knowledge and information accessible to a greater number of Filipinos. - Those who availed of this education through college were able to improve their social status and joined good number of educated masses who became part of the country's middle class. - The use of English medium of instruction in all levels of education. **Fiction** In Fiction, the period of apprenticeship in literary writing in English is marked by imitation of style of storytelling and strict adherence to the way the short story is practiced by popular American fictionists. - Use of free verse while traditional rhyme and meter were retained. - Most of these were in the vernacular due to struggle in the use of English language. - Balagtas tradition of writing poem to modernist poetry - Paz Marquez Benitez "Dead Stars" (Short story in English with the infusion of Filipino ideals about life and morality) - Manuel Arguilla's "How my Brother Leon Brought Home a Wife" (The use of vivid imagery of Nagrebcan in Ilocos was shown) **Tagalog Novelist Who Wrote the Same Theme** **(i.e. the interplay of faith, love and social justice)** - Inigo Ed Regalado- - Roman Reyes - Fausto J. Galauran - Susana de Guzman - Rosario de Guzman-Lingat - Lazaro Francisco - Hilaria Labog - Rosalia Aguinaldo - Amado V. Hernandez **Iloko Novelist** - Leon Pichay- noted novelist, who was also the region's laureate then. - Hermogenes Belen and Mena Pecson Crisologo whose **Mining wenno Ayat ti Kararwa is considered to be the Iloko version of Noli me Tangere.** **Visayas Novelist** - Magdalena Jalondi and Ramon Muzones- dwelt on the themes of love, courtship, life in the farmlands and other social upheavals of the period. - Marcel Navarra wrote stories and novel in Sugbuhanon The balagtasan is the debate in verse, in political battle done almost spontaneously between protagonist who debate over the pros and cons of an issue. - Francisco F. Balagtas is the nation's foremost poet who invented the balagtasan in his honor. The separate, yet parallel developments of Philippine literature in English and those in tagalog and other languages of the archipelago during the American period only prove that literature and writing whatever language and in whatever climate are able to survive mainly through the active imagination of writers. PHILLIPINE LITERATURE DURING THE JAPANESE ERA HISTORICAL BACKGROUND Between 1941-1945, Philippine Literature was interrupted in its development when the Philippines was again conquered by another foreign country Japan. Philippine literature in English came to a halt. Except for the TRIBUNE and the PHILIPPINE REVIEW almost all newspapers in English were stopped by the Japanese. This had an advantageous effect on Filipino Literature, which experienced renewed attention because writers in English turned to writing in Filipino. Juan Laya, who use to write in English turned to Filipino because of the strict prohibitions of the Japanese regarding any writing in English. The weekly LIWAYWAY was placed under strict surveillance until it was managed by Japanese named ISHIWARA. In other words, Filipino literature was given a break during this period. Many wrote plays, poems, short stories, etc. Topics and themes were often about life in the provinces. FILIPINO LITERATURE - Poetry - Filipino drama - Filipino short stories - Philippine literature in english **A. FILIPINO POETRY DURING THIS PERIOD** The common theme of most poems during the Japanese occupation was nationalism, country, love, and life in the barrios, faith, religion and the arts. Three types of poems emerged during this period. 1. **Haiku** --- a poem of free verse that the Japanese like. It was made up of 17 syllables divided into three lines. The first line had 5 syllables, the second, 7 syllables, and the third, five. The Haiku is allegorical in meaning, is short and covers a wide scope in meaning. 2. **Tanaga** --- like the Haiku, is short but it had measure and rhyme. Each line had 17 syllables and it's also allegorical in meaning. 3. **Karaniwang Anyo (Usual Form)** --- like those mentioned earlier in the beginning chapters of this book. it is the usual and Common Form of Poetry. **B. FILIPINO DRAMA DURING THE JAPANESE PERIOD** The drama experienced a lull during the Japanese period because movie houses showing American films were closed. The big movie houses were just made to show stage shows. Many of the plays were reproductions of English plays to Tagalog. The translators were Francisco Soc Rodrigo, Alberto Concio, and Narciso Pimentel. They also founded the organization of Filipino players named Dramatic Philippines. A few of playwriters were: 1\. Jose Ma. Hernandez \- wrote PANDAY PIRA 2\. Francisco Soc Rodrigo \- wrote sa PULA, SA PUTI 3\. Clodualdo del Mundo \- wrote BULAGA (an expression in the game Hide and Seek). 4\. Julian Cruz Balmaceda \- wrote SINO BA KAYO?, DAHIL SA ANAK, and HIGANTE NG PATAY. **C. THE FILIPINO SHORT STORY DURING THE JAPANESE PERIOD** The field of the short story widened during the Japanese Occupation. Many wrote short stories. Among them were: Brigido Batungbakal, Macario Pineda, Serafin Guinigindo, Liwayway Arceo, Narciso Ramos, and NVM Gonzales. The best writings in 1945 were selected by a group of judges composed of Francisco Icasiano, Jose Esperanza Cruz, Antonio Rosales, Clodualdo del Mundo and Teodoro Santos. As a result of this selection, the following got the first three prizes: **D. PHILIPPINE LITERATURE IN ENGLISH (1941-1945)** Because of the strict prohibitions imposed by the Japanese in the writing and publishing of works in English, Philippine literature in English experienced a dark period. The few who dared to write did so for their bread and butter or for propaganda. Writings that came out during this period were journalistic in nature. Writers felt suppressed but slowly, the spirit of nationalism started to seep into their consciousness. While some continued to write, the majority waited for a better climate to publish their works. Noteworthy writer of the period was Carlos P. Romulo who won the Pulitzer Prize for his bestsellers I SAW THE FALL OF THE PHILIPPINES, I SEE THE PHILIPPINES RISE and his MOTHER AMERICA AND MY BROTHER AMERICANS. Journalists include Salvador P. Lopez, Leon Ma. Geurrero, Raul Manglapuz and Carlos Bulosan. Nick Joaquin produced THE WOMAN WHO LOOKED LIKE LAZARUS. Fred Ruiz Castro wrote a few poems. F.B. Icasino wrote essays in The Philippine Review. Among others Alfredo Litiatco published With Harp and Sling and in 1943, Jose P. Laurel published Forces that Make a Nation Great. The Commonwealth Literary Awards gave prizes to meritorious writers. PHILIPPINE LITERATURE IN THE POST WAR AND CONTEMPORARY PERIOD Post War and Contemporary Period \- also known as the **"Recovering Era."** \- It is a period in Philippine History that started in 1945 (the time when the Japan surrender to the Americans) until 1970. \- It is the period where the Philippines gained Independence from the Japanese and Americans. Post War and Contemporary Period: According to **Francis C. Macasantos and Priscilla Macasantos** in their essay on Philippine Literature in the Post-War and Contemporary Period, they wrote, "―The Philippine novel, whether written in English or any of the native languages, has remained social-realist. Edgardo Reyes' Sa Mga Kuko ng Liwanag (1966), is a critique of urban blight. Edilberto K. Tiempo's To Be Free is a historical probe of the western idea of freedom in the context of indigenous Philippine culture. Kerima Polotan Tuvera's novel The Hand of the Enemy (1972), a penetratingly lucid critique. Francis C. Macansantos \- born in Cotabato City in the Philippines, grew up in Zamboanga City, and was a resident of Baguio City from 1981 until his demise in July 2017. \- He won the NCCA (National Commission for Culture and the Arts) Writer's Prize for Epic Poetry in 2003, and has four books of poetry. Priscilla S. Macansantos \- writes, "Though better known as a poet in English, Francis also wrote prose, fiction and literary criticism. Francis passed away suddenly in July 2017. Edgardo M. Reyes (September 20, 1936 -- May 15, 2012) \- was a Filipino novelist. His works of fiction first appeared in the Tagalog magazine, Liwayway. \- Aside from being a novelist, Edgardo M. Reyes was also a screenwriter. Ang Sa mga Kuko ng Liwanag ay isang kathambuhay o nobela na nasa wikang Tagalog at isinulat ng Pilipinong may-akdang si Edgardo M. Reyes noong 1986. Edilberto Kaindong Tiempo (August 5, 1913 -- September 19, 1996) \- was a Filipino writer and professor. \- He and his wife, Edith L. Tiempo, are credited by Silliman University with establishing "a tradition in excellence in creative writing and the teaching of literacy craft which continues to this day" at that university. To Be Free, Edilberto K. Tiempo's classic novel about revolution, American conquest, and the Second World War, was first published in 1972 and has since enjoyed seven commercial print runs. Kerima Polotan-Tuvera (December 16, 1925 -- August 19, 2011) \- Was a Filipino fiction writer, essayist, and journalist.Some of her stories were published under the pseudonym "Patricia S. Torres". \- Her short stories "The Trap" (1956), "The Giants" (1959), "The Tourists" (1960), "The Sounds of Sunday" (1961) and "A Various Season" (1966) all won the first prize of the Palanca Awards. **Post War Period Problem:** \- In the 1950s, the Guerilla warfare, also known as the HUKBALAHAP, (Hukbong Bayan Labansa Hapon) was causing problems in the government, but in the Magsaysay administration, they vanished, neutralized, or gone. **The Philippine Literature during the Post war-Contemporary Period:** \- Transitional period in Philippine literature from the American style to the modern style of writing. \- In year 1946, Ginto sa Makiling, a novel by Macario Pineda, was published. It is the first work that appeared after the Second World War to be recorded. Macario Pineda \- Was a Filipino short story writer, novelist, and columnist. \- "Five Minutes", his first story was published by Graphic. His other English stories were "Cita", "Nila", and "Auntie Writes the Ending". \- Published in the year 1947, Ang Ginto sa Makiling was considered the finest novel by Macario Pineda (1912-1950). The novel was a window to the attitudes and lifestyles of townspeople in the Philippines during the first half of 20th century. Lazaro Francisco (February 22, 1898 -- June 17, 1980) \- Lázaro Francisco y Angeles, known as Lazaro A. Francisco \- a famous Tagalog novelist, is described as a realist with social and moral ideals. \- Produced the three following novels: "Sugat Sa Alaala" (1950), "Maganda Pa Ang Daigdig" (1956), "Daluyong" (1962) \- Francisco was posthumously named a National Artist of the Philippines for Literature in 2009. Amado Hernandez (September 13, 1903 -- March 24, 1970) \- Was a Filipino writer and labor leader who was known for his criticism of social injustices in the Philippines. \- the poet who was also a union leader and social activist, wrote novels encouraging social change. \- was later imprisoned for his involvement in the communist movement. Lilia Quindoza Santiago (February 5, 1949 -- February 15, 2021) \- was a writer and academic in the Philippines. She was named Makata ng Taon, "Poet of the Year," in 1989 and wrote the prize-winning novel Ang Kaulayaw ng Agila. Common Themes of Philippine Literature during the Post War-Contemporary Period: Romanticism Nationalism Independence Nature Expression of Feelings Filipino Writers during the Post war Period: N.V.M. Gonzales (1915-1999) \- Nestor Vicente Madali Gonzalez, also known as N.V.M. Gonzalez, is fictionist, essayist, poet, and teacher. He articulated the Filipino spirit in rural, urban landscapes. \- was a Filipino novelist, short story writer, essayist and, poet. Conferred as the National Artist of the Philippines for Literature in 1997. Stevan Javellana (1918--1977) \- also known as Esteban Javellana. \- A Filipino novelist and short story writer in the English language, was born in 1918 in Iloilo. \- He wrote Without Seeing the Dawn. INTRODUCTION TO TAGALOG LITERATURE Etymology of the word "Tagalog" Tagalog- come from the word "Taga-ilog" or river dwellers. Tagalog is one of the 8 main languages of the Philippines Tagalog was chosen as the main basis of the national language called Filipino because it was found to be widely spoken and was accepted by Filipinos and it had a large literary tradition Tagalog became the basis of the national language called Filipino because of the ***Executive Order no. 134, s. 1937*** signed by the late former Pres. Manuel L. Quezon and pursuant to provisions of ***Commonwealth Act no. 184***. ***Rio Alma*** \- born March 9, 1944 \- came from a family of peasant farmers in the province of Bulacan, near Manila. \- His collection of criticism Ang Makata sa Panahon ng Makina is one of the founding works of modernist criticism in Tagalog. \- Professor Emeritus in the Department of Filipino and Philippine Literature, \- He is well known as a scholar in the national language and a promoter of literature in it. \- He founded the Children's Communication Center (publisher of Adarna Books), conducts the long-running poetry clinic, \- Linangan sa Imahen, Retorika, at Arte (Lira), has been executive director of the National Commission for Culture and the Arts (NCCA), \- He is well known as a scholar in the national language and a promoter of literature in it. \- and is currently dean of the college of liberal arts at UP. \- He was conferred the Order of National Artist for Literature in 2003. ***His Works:*** *- Mga Retrato at Rekwerdo* (1984) *- Palipad-Hangin*. (1985) *- Katon Para sa Limang Pandama*. (1987) *- Sentimental*. (2004) *- Estremelenggoles*. (2004) *- Memo Mulang Gimokudan*. (2005) *- Dust Devils*. (2005) *- Sonetos Postumos*, book of poems with translation by Marne Kilates and paintings by National Artist Ang Kiukok. (2006) *- Tatlong Pasyon sa Ating Panahon*, poems for children with illustrations by Mark Justiniani, Neil Doloricon, Ferdinand Doctolero. (2006) *- Buwan, Buwang, Bulawan*. (2009) *UP Diksyunaryong Filipino* *Kulo at Kolorum* *Baklang Kolorum* ***His Awards*** \- National Artist for Literature (June 2003) \- Centennial Award for Literature by the Cultural Center of the Philippines in 1998 \- Southeast Asia Write Award in Bangkok in 1989 \- Palanca Memorial Award for poetry and essay in 1970,1979,1984 and 1990 \- CCP Literary Awards in 1975,1979,and 1984 Typhoon an Excerpt by Rio Alma The typhoons' episodes of terror are yearly: Berserk wind and shattered glass Streaming from the mouths of a thousand serpents, Smoke of dark crystal billowing From beyond the ancient shoulders of the bristling land. The heavens crawl with crackling electricity And the verdicts of thunder are without forgiveness or pity. There were nights When we were children watching And listening for the keening And whiplash of wet, demented monsters: Turning wildly they tore every roof, They toppled and smashed every wall and post; The drains and canals choked, The distressed bamboo begged for mercy. We shut our eyes At the final rumbling rape Of our prostrate crops, the helpless land. Tightly we shut our eyes, Tightly, ever tightly... Only to wonder in the morning What power of sun expunged And expelled these armies of the night. COÑotation 21st Century Literature from the Philippine and the World - II Biography of Paolo Manalo Born in Manila He is a poet and an assistant professor English, Literature and creative writing at the University of the Philippines-Diliman. He is also the literary editor of the Philippine Free Press. "Jolography", his first book of poems. his first book of poems, which received the 1st prize in poetry from the (2002) Palanca Awards the (2004) U.P. Gawad Chancellor Para sa Natatanging Likha ng Sining (Outstanding Literary Work). He was a student at the 15th New York State Summer Writers Institute (2001), a fellow of the UP Institute of Creative Writing (ICW) National Writers\' Workshop when it was revamped (2006) An artist-in-residence at The MacDowell Colony (2006). He took his postgraduate studies at the University of St. Andrews in Scotland. What is Jolography? "Jolography", The word originally referred to the Pinoy hip-hop. Where the poems by Paolo Manalo are in \"textese\" or Taglish (Tagalog plus English), written in the premise that, in Manalo\'s words, "the language that we\'re using is flawed, damaged, corrupted, sold out, negotiated\... and yet it\'s still beautiful.\" COÑotation \- It\'s a poem that copies the form and style of a listicle. It\'s basically a listicle in poem form. COÑotation (An Excerpt) 1\. I\'m like tripping right now I have suitcase fever. 2\. Dude, man, pare, three people can be the same. 3\. Except he\'s not who he says he is, pare. He\'s a sneeze with Chinese blood: Ha Ching! Paolo Manalo 4\. Naman, it\'s like our Tagalog accent, so they won\'t think we\'re all airs; so much weight it means nothing naman. 5\. Dude, man, pare, at the next stop we\'ll make buwelta. So they can see we know how to look where we came from. 6\. It\'s hirap kaya to find a connection. Who ba\'s puwede to be our guide? 7\. Dude, man, can you make this areglo naman? 8\. Make it pabalot kaya in the mall. So they can\'t guess what you\'re thinking. That\'s what I call a package deal. ### Frank Rivera, Text Tula and Tanaga Text tula - a poetry genre mastered by Frank Rivera where entire poems are written and read on mobile phones. Though usually short due to the necessity of the number of characters allowed in text messaging, the elements of poetry are still present in this genre Text Tula - comes in a wide variety of forms, such as free verse, blank verse, couplet, sonnet, quatrain, cinquain, diamante, limerick, haiku, and ballad. Many forms, such as haiku and sonnet, were originally developed in other languages but became popular with poets writing in English. - Haiku and Sonnet are from Japan, Sonnets has 14 lines long while a haiku is just 3 lines without the need to rhyme at all Lyric poems - are often divided into stanzas or verses. Stanzas are usually separated by a single blank line. Stanzas within a poem may have the same form or may vary. The poet also tries to develop interesting forms based on variations of rhyme, rhythm and metre. Rhyme - is the repetition of sounds in different words. Rhyme can occur within lines (internal rhyme) or - more usually - at the end of lines (end rhyme).A rhyme scheme is a short formula for describing the pattern of rhyme in a poem. End words that rhyme are assigned the same letter. Frank Rivera's Biography - Born on 29 February 1948 in Paete, Laguna - He received his AB English-Filipino degree from the University of the Philippines His books includes - Tuhog-tuhog (2005); - Jose Rizal: - Iba\'t ibang Pananaw (2005); - Halik sa Kampilan (2005); - Makata sa Cellphone (2005); - TAO: Isang Tagulaylay Sa - Oyayi, Ang Zarzuela (2004); - Darna, Etc. (2003); - Sining Kambayoka\'s Mga Kuwentong Maranao (2003); Ambon, Ulan, Baha:Sarsuwelang Pinoy (2003); - Gothic Telemovies (2002); - MULAT: Mga Isyung Panlipunan sa mga Dulang Pantelebisyon (2002); - Mga Dula sa Magkakaibang Midyum (1982); - Ama at iba pa, Sari-saring Dula (1982) His awards includes - Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino honors; - Paete Outstanding Citizen Award; - Aliw Awards; Dalitext; Global - Filipino Literary Award; - Palanca; - National Book Award; - UP National Fellow; - MSU Kambayoka Gador Award; - CCP and NCCA Awards; - Urian; Philippine Centennial - Literary Award; - Patnubay ng Sining, Manila; - People\'s Journal Award; - Bahag-Hari Television; - Catholic Mass Media Award; - Manila Film Festival; - Film Academy of the Philippines; - Star Awards; - Famas. - Also known as *"makata sa cell phone"* with his popular - "textula" series, Rivera has, to date, authored 21 books of plays for stage, radio, TV and film; plus short stories, essays and four books of poetry published by the UST Publishing House. - He has received four National Book Awards. - His poems and "textula" are read in political rallies, passed around as text messages, read on radio, posted on social media, printed in tabloid and newspaper columns, recited in school programs and utilized as material in oratorical and declamation contests. Dalitext- consists of 4 lines with 8 syllables each Example of dalitext: "Makata ng Cell Phone" by Frank Rivera Bayang mahilig sa ganda/ Inuuna ang postura/ Walang laman ang bituka/ Kundi gasgas na pag-asa.// Si MEGAN YOUNG nang manalo/ Nagbunyi ang Pilipino/ May dala sanang asenso/ Magkakapag-asa tayo.// Nagkagyera sa Mindanao/ Kaban ng bayan ninakaw/ Sa Bagyo'y daming pumanaw/ MISS WORLD, salamat sa araw.// Tanaga - is a type of Filipino poem, consisting of four lines with seven to nine syllables each with the same rhyme at the end of each line \-\-- that is to say a 7-7-7-7 or 9-9-9-9 Syllabic verse, with an AABB rhyme scheme.To compare, the Japanese haiku has 17 phonetic units divided into three phases of 5, 7 and 5 units respectively. 2 Tanagang UAAP by Frank Rivera 1. Ayy! Napana ang Tigre 2. Sa mahilig sa bola **ILOCANO LITERATURE** - One of the most colorful regional Filipino literatures. - It is one of the significant contributors to Philippine literature along with Tagalog, Cebuano, Hiligaynon, Bikol, and Pangasinense. - Before Spanish colonialism, Ilocano literature existed in both written and oral forms. - The Spanish arrival in Ilocos Norte in 1572 had a significant impact on Ilocano literature. - During the Spanish era, Ilocano poetry was influenced by Spanish poetry. - Contemporary Ilocano writers have received major awards, including the Palanca Awards. **F. Sionil Jose / Francisco Sionil Jose** - born on December 3, 1924 - Filipino journalist and fictionist - declared as a National Artist for Literature in 2001 and has been called a "Philippine National Treasure" - Founded the Philippine branch of PEN (international organization of poets, playwrights, and novelists) in the late fifties. - Established SOLIDARIDAD publishing house in 1965. - Published the Solidarity journal of current affairs, ideas, and arts. - His works are available in 28 languages. - Received awards, including the 1980 Ramon Magsaysay Award, the most prestigious award of its kind in Asia, and the 2004 Pablo Neruda Centennial Award from Chile. **\'Yabang\': Our Curse and Undoing** **MARANAO LITERATURE** **[Who are the Maranaos?]** -The Maranaos are a predominant Muslim Filipino ethnic group native to the region around Lake Lanao in the island of Mindanao. The term "Maranao" means the "People of the Lake" or "Lake dwellers". **[Maranao Literature]** -Maranao literatures are expressed in oral and written tradition. -Maranao literatures include folklore literature such as legends, myths, epics, folktales, and the symbolic speech of courtship, proverbs, riddles, poems, songs and ballads. -The Maranao epic song, known as the [Darangen] was proclaimed by UNESCO in 2005 as one of the Masterpieces. **[Darangen]** -The Darangen is an ancient epic song that encompasses a wealth of knowledge of the Maranao people who live in the Lake Lanao region of Mindanao. The Darangen, which spans 17 cycles and 72,000 lines, commemorates events in Maranao history as well as the trials of mythical heroes. -The Darangen, which means "**[to narrate in a song]**," predates the Islamization of the Philippines in the fourteenth century and is part of a larger epic culture linked to early Sanskrit traditions that stretches across most of Mindanao. **[iRead4Peace]** -iRead4Peace is a project spearheaded by the Philippine Business for Social Progress (BPSP), together with The Bookmark Inc., showcases a four series books on the culture, values, and experiences of the Maranaos under the siege. Written in both English and Maranao, the storybooks, although fictional were based on real-life survivors. **The four series books of iRead4Peace are:** 1. [Marawi Land of the Brave] This story tells us the tale of two brothers and their strong connection to Marawi and Lake Lanao Hoping to instill the values of resilience, The story was inspired by the accounts of the fourth to sixth grade evacuees in Saguiaran and Capitol Marawi City during interviews by the Philippine Business for Social Progress Many of the children recall a simple life filled with study play prayer, and family activities. Amir loved stories about his native land, especially the ones that tell about Maranaos bravery and skill in battle. When his peaceful life in Marawi was upended by terrorist, it was his belief in his proud heritage that kept him resilient. Still he was shocked by the destruction and loss that came with the siege. Even though they have and are still facing difficult circumstances, they look forward to a future where they can be doctors, nurses engineers, business owners, even Muslim scholars. This story hopes to remind the children of Marawi the beauty of their land and the strength of the community. 2. [Lost and Found: a song of Marawi] A narrative poem about falling back on family through the kindness of strangers during the serge. The poem has two personae/voices who are telling two parallel stories that meet at the end of the world. One persona is Ana, 6-year-old girl stranded in Marawi with her pregnant mother while the other persona is Amin a husband and father who is trying to rescue his elderly father Their stories complete each other and reveal the power of kindness to help find what is loss. 3. [Water Lilies for Marawi] This is a story of friendship among three Muslim and Christian children who were struck with the Marawi conflict. The story of these children highlighting the importance of understanding amid cultural and religious differences War does not choose its victims. The suffering it brings extends beyond the battlefield or ground zero Eventually, children get caught in a mess, not of their choosing. This story shows how sometimes children have the better judgement on how to cope with war. Having lived through war, they can prove to adults that difference in faith, culture, or even social status can be bridged by true friendship and understanding 4. [The Day the Typhoon Came] This is a story of care and concern for others even how different they are. Lake Lanao is rich in diversity with different animals who during a strong typhoon help each other to find shelter and safety In this story, the typhoon, used as a symbol for the siege, has stirred trouble for the animals yet they still found a way to protect each other from the storm. This story draws its inspiration from Muslims covering up their Christian friends from the terrorist. The use of different animals as the subject of the story reflects diversity **GAY LITERATURE** - Collective term for literature produced by or for the gay community - Myths have been used by individual cultures, in part, to explain and validate their particular social institutions or to explain the cause of transgender identity **"ILIAD" by HOMER** - Achilles ad Patrolus **"THE MYRMIDONS" by AESCHYLUS** - Achilles talks about "our frequent kisses" and "devout union of the thighs" **"SYMPOSIUM" by PLATO** - Phaedrus said, "Lovers sometimes sacrifice their lives for their beloved. Even Achilles, who was the beloved of Patroclus, sacrificed himself to avenge his lover." **"THE SATYRICON" by PETRONIUS** - Misadventures of Encolpius and his 16 y/o lover, Giton - Earliest known text of its kind depicting homosexuality **18^th^ and 19^th^ CENTURY** - Put the Greek appreciation of nudity into art and literature - Age of Enlightenment (1650s to 1780s) - gay men of this period "commonly understood ancient Greece and Rome to be societies where homosexual relationships were tolerated and even encouraged" **20^TH^ and 21^ST^ CENTURY** - discussion of homosexuality became more open and society's understanding of it evolved. - Much of LGBT literature has achieved a high level of sophistication **LADLAD: AN ANTHOLOGY OF PHILIPPINE GAY WRITINGS** - Was recorded in 1994 - Published by J. Neil Garcia and Danton Remoto - Explores the 'macho,' conservative culture that continues to misunderstand homosexuality - Contains various poems, short stories and plays about the experiences of 'gays' **J. NEIL CARMELO GARCIA** - Graduated with AB journalism, magna cum laude from the University of Santo Tomas in 1990 - Currently a professor of English, Creative Writing, and Comparative Literature at the College of Arts and Literature, University of the Philipppines **DANTON REMOTO** - A writer, reporter, editor, manager and professor. - Leader of "Ang Ladlad," a lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender (LGBT) political party in the country **"GEYLUV" by HONORARIO BARTOLOME DE DIOS** - Main characters were Benjie and Mike - Carmi, ex ni Mike - Honorario studied sociology in Manila - He was also involved in development work for 10 years. - In each story, each character is not only troubled by the problem of the gay person, it is always related to the society in which the problem is located and faced. **Kilometer Zero** **(by Wilfredo Pascual)** **Biography** **Wilfredo O. Pascual Jr.** \- born on 1969 \- internationally acclaimed essayist **Kilometer Zero: Personal Essay** \- nine essays spanning Pascual's life \- kilometer zero -- a particular location in a country from which distances are traditionally measured \- this means that every time Pascual encounters a new experience, he would always look upon himself as he is his own kilometer zero. **Animalia** \- a collection of his anecdotes (story based on true events) connecting his memories to animals. **Anecdotes:** - Bats - Tilapia - Elephants - Dogs - Sea Turtles - Pigeons - Deer - Frogs Bats Plot: The story takes place in 1979 when Wilfredo was twelve years old, the eldest among three siblings, together with their 30 year old parents in their grandparents\' two-story house in Nueva Ecija, Philippines. They discovered that bats got inside, and this resulted in them killing all of these bats and sealing the hole from whence they came through the dead body of a bat trying to go through the air conditioner gap. A few years later and Wilfredo comes to know about echolocation, and he contemplates about his experience. Bats Lesson: Akin to echolocation, stories have the ability to spread and endure through time and space, to rebound back to its source. Another Lesson could be seen in this excerpt: "Humans don't hear well enough." And so it propagates a cycle of complaints and grief, yet not much is done to stop it, so they just keep on coming.