21st Cent. Lit. Reviewer PDF

SUMMATIVE 1: 21st Cent. Lit. LITERATURE Derived from the Latin word litteratura, meaning writing, from litteratus, meaning learning Encompasses both oral and written works that express creativity, nobility of thought, timelessness, and...

SUMMATIVE 1: 21st Cent. Lit. LITERATURE Derived from the Latin word litteratura, meaning writing, from litteratus, meaning learning Encompasses both oral and written works that express creativity, nobility of thought, timelessness, and universality TWO MAJOR FORMS OF LITERATURE Prose Poetry Characterized by a highly controlled arrangement of Composed freely, without a specific structure language Does not have a measurement scheme Employs regulating devices like sound, rhythm, and meter Uses ordinary language, resembling everyday speech Aims to convey meaning aesthetically, often evoking specific emotional responses GENRES OF LITERATURE Uses a limited number of words Poetry Employs intricate and careful use of words, figurative language, imagery, rhythm, and sound Imaginative recreation and reconstruction of life Prose Fiction Includes short stories and novels, reflecting the writer's creativity and imagination Aims to present, interpret, and describe facts Non-Fiction Prose Includes essays, feature articles, editorials, and similar forms where judgments, opinions, and commentaries are expressed Involves significant human encounters, often with conflict or emotional intensity, typically Drama performed on stage DIMENSIONS OF LITERATURE Linguistic Focuses on how language, in both form and use, reflects the culture and identity of a group Dimension Ethnic Considers the shared characteristics of a group, such as culture, religion, and traditions, which shape their Dimension identity and way of life Geographic Examines how a specific location or region influences the people, culture, and experiences of those living Dimension there HISTORY OF PHILIPPINE LITERATURE 1. Pre-Colonial period (1564) The period dates back to around 50,000 years ago, evidenced by the discovery of Tabon Man Literature was limited because: Passed through oral recitation and incantation Spaniards burned and destroyed most earlier records Forms of literature Oral Literature Riddles Questions or statements that offer a puzzle to be solved Short sentences that people often quote which gives advice or tells you something about Proverbs life Oral Poetry Traditional Filipino poetic form consisting of 4 lines with 7 syllables each, often with an AABB rhyme Tanaga scheme A rhythmic poetic expression with a meter of 7-syllable lines Features rhythmic end-syllables and is often presented as a chant Ambahan Typically performed without a determined musical pitch or instrument Originates from the Hanunuo Mangyan people Folk Songs SUMMATIVE 1: 21st Cent. Lit. 1  Songs of Death Lamentations that contain the roll of good deed that the dead has usually done to immortalize (Kundiman ng mga his or her image yumao/Pagdidiwata) Lullabies Soothing songs that are sung to put children to sleep (Hele/Oyayi) Religious songs Songs or chants that are usually given during exorcisms and thanksgiving during good harvest Drinking songs Locally known as tagay and are sung during drinking sessions Known as harana and can be called courtship songs, used by men to capture the heart of the Love songs girl they love Prose Narratives Story passed down from generations that attempts to explain the origin or natural occurrence in the Myth world Uses humanized animals, objects, or part as natureas main characters, considered as a sub-genre of Fable fantasy Legend Story about human events or actions that have not been proved nor documented in real fantasy Epic Long narrative in verse form that retells the heroic journeys 2. Spanish Period (1565-1897) When Spain established its first permanent settlement in the Philippines, it imposed the Spanish monarchy, roman catholic religions and feudal institutions Cultural Taga-bayan: Urbanized, Hispanized Filipinos, considered "civilized" Distinctions Taga-bukid/taga-bundok: Rural Filipinos, seen as "savage brutes” Filipino: Originally for Spaniards born in the Philippines Names/Titles Indians: Term used for native Filipinos Spanish rule relied on the union of church and state, with parish priests as key authorities Church and Literature included prayer leaflets and booklets on Catholic teachings, initially read aloud by State Union missionaries Filipinos were eventually taught Spanish to aid in religious translations Focused on catechetical schools teaching Christian doctrine Education and Few Filipinos advanced beyond basic education; ladinos (fluent in Spanish and Tagalog) were Literacy privileged Forms of Literature Religious Literature Pasyon Philippine epic narrative of the life of Jesus Christ, focusing on His passion, death, and resurrection Senakulo A staged re-enactment of Christ’s passion and death A Filipino theatrical tradition, often involving singing, depicting conflicts between Christians and Komedya Muslims Used by the Spanish to promote Christianity in the Philippines Non-Religious literature Awit Composed of 12 syllables (dodecasyllabic), sung slowly with guitar or banduria accompaniment Korido Composed of 8 syllables (octosyllabic), recited to a martial beat Prose Instructional materials that are easy to understand, offering light literary content to teach Filipinos narratives proper decorum Propaganda literature Aimed to seek reforms and inform Spain about the abuses of its colonial government Often took the form of satires, editorials, and news articles that criticized colonial rule Written to request fair treatment and reforms from the Spanish government, using calm arguments The "Propaganda Trinity" consisted of Dr. Jose Rizal, Marcelo del Pilar, and Graciano Lopez Jaena Marcelo H. Del Pilar Kaiingat Kayo: A humorous response to Fr. Jose Rodriguez in Rizal's Noli Me Tangere, written under the pen name Dolores Manapat Dasalan at Tocsohan (Prayers & Jokes): A sarcastic catechism mocking the parish priest, SUMMATIVE 1: 21st Cent. Lit. 2  leading to Del Pilar's label as "Filibuster" Plaridel The official newspaper of the Propaganda Movement, created and published in Spain La Solidaridad Originally written in Spanish, it targeted the Spanish government with reformist ideas Noli Me Tangere: Exposed social ills and critiqued Philippine society, inspiring the Dr. Jose Rizal Propaganda Movement Laong Laan & Dimasalang: Pen names used by Rizal Atonio Luna Taga-ilog Jose Maria Jomapa Panganiban Mariano Ponce Tikbalang, Kalipulako, Naning Revolutionary Literature Sparked revolution and resistance among Filipinos Written to encourage the fight against Spanish rule, using passionate and bold language to inspire rebellion and the desire for independence Andres Katungkulang Gagawin ng mga Anak ng Bayan: An outline of obligations, similar to the Ten Bonifacio Commandments, known as “Ang Dekalogo” Emilio Jacinto A collection of essays on topics like freedom, work, faith, government, and love for the country Apolinario El Desarollo Caida De La Republica Filipina: An essay highlighting the establishment and fall of the Mabini Philippine Republic due to disunity Dr. Jose Rizal El Filibusterismo: A novel exploring revolution and the quest for social change Publications Doctrina First book published in the Philippines Christiana May Bagyo The first printed literary work in Tagalog, found in one of the books by Francisco Blancas de San ma’y Dilim Jose El Heraldo De The official newspaper of Aguinaldo's revolutionary government, printing decrees and works that La Revolucion promoted nationalism La Independent newspaper founded and edited by General Antonio Luna Independencia La Republica Private newspaper edited by Pedro Paterno Filipina La Libertad Private Newspaper edited by Clemente Zulueta 3. American Period (1898 - 1945) Americans promised Filipinos freedom once they were ready for self-governance, leading to the creation of the Commonwealth Government Free public education was introduced to Filipinos The Philippine public school system was established, with Thomasites as the first American teachers Under President McKinley, English was adopted as the medium of instruction in American-established schools Language Spanish, English, Filipino divide Themes Freedom, love for one’s country, and fighting against colonial imperialism Period of Re-orientation: Filipino writers adjusted to newfound freedom, compared to their situation under Spanish rule 3 periods Period of Imitation: Writers imitated British and American styles, resulting in unnatural and rigid writing Period of Self-Discovery: Filipino writers mastered the English language, leading to a more authentic literary voice Forms of literature Became popular, reflecting social realities and cultural changes The Mats by Francisco Arcellana: Explores themes of loss and social dynamics, reflecting cultural Short stories values of the time The Virgin by N.V.M. Gonzalez: Depicts Filipino life and societal changes SUMMATIVE 1: 21st Cent. Lit. 3  Followed old styles but addressed topics ranging from free verse to societal concerns under American rule Poetry Jose Corazon De Jesus: Created his own poetic generation with his first book of poems The Poets by Jose Garcia Villa: Written in English, exploring themes of identity and modernity Used in the American period to degrade the Spanish rule and to immortalize the heroism of the men who Drama fought under the Katipunan Remake novels Took up Jose Rizal’s portrayal of social conditions by colonial repression 4. Japanese Period Golden Era: Filipino literature in native languages flourished, with writers expressing creativity and resistance Strict censorship suppressed American-influenced works and promoted literature aligned with Japanese propaganda The occupation encouraged themes of nationalism and identity in response to the oppressive regime Historical Background Philippine literature in English halted, except for The Tribune and The Philippine Review, as most English newspapers were stopped by the Japanese This led to a shift, with English writers like Juan Laya turning to Filipino due to strict Japanese restrictions on English writing Liwayway magazine was placed under surveillance and later managed by a Japanese named Ishiwara Forms of Literature Haiku: A free verse poem about nature with 3 lines and 12 syllables (5-7-5) Poem Tanka: A 5-line poem with 31 syllables (5-7-5-7-7), often about love, nature, and strong emotions Karaniwang Anyo: The usual or common form of writing poems Drama declined during the Japanese period as American films were banned, and movie houses were converted to stage shows. Many plays were adaptations of English plays into Tagalog. ◦ Few playwriters: Drama ◦ Jose Ma. Hernandez - wrote Panday Pira ◦ Francisco Soc Rodrigo - wrote Pula sa Puti ◦ Clodualdo Del Mundo - wrote Bulaga (expression in the game hide and seek) ◦ Julian Cruz Balmaceda - wrote sino ba kayo? dahil sa anak and Higante ng patay field of short story widened during the japanese occupation. many wrote short stories, among them were: ◦ Brigido Batungbakal ◦ Macario Pineda ◦ Serafin Guinigindo Short Story ◦ Liwayway Arceo Narciso Ramos ◦ NVM Gonzales ◦ Alicia Lopez Lim ◦ Ligaya Perez ◦ Gloria Guzman 5. Contemporary Period (1946-Present) Post-War Challenges: After WWII, the Philippines faced economic struggles, reconstruction, and social confusion, which influenced literature. Martial Law Era (1972-1981): Political repression and censorship led to a rise in protest literature and innovative expressions, despite heavy restrictions. Key Periods After regaining independence in 1946, the Philippines faced economic and social challenges. Rebirth of Notable works: Freedom ◦ Ako’y isang tinig (1952) by Genova Edroza-Matute (1946-1970) ◦ Mga Piling Sanaysay (1952) by Alejandro Abadilla ◦ Maikling Katha ng Dalawampung Pangunahing Autor (1962) by A.G. Abadilla and Ponciano E.P Pineda Period of Literary Revolution: the youth’s rebellion led to the declaration of martial law in 1972 Activism (1970- Prominent Writers: Rolando Tinio, Rogelio Mangahas, Efren Abueg, Rio Alma, Clemente Bautista 1972) Period of New Themes: Focused on national development and progress, with some revolutionary undertones Society (1972- Bilingual Education: Continued from earlier reforms SUMMATIVE 1: 21st Cent. Lit. 4  1980) Literary forms: Revival of traditional plays like Senaculo and Zarzuela Period of the Fourth Historical Context: lifting of martial law in 1981 led to a new phase of political and social change Republic (1981- Key Events: assassination of Benigno Aquino Jr. in 1983, leading to widespread dissent 1985) People Power Key Event: the people power revolution in 1986 restored democratic freedom Period (1986- Literary Output: increased freedom of expression and a return to vibrant literary and artistic activities 1999) Characteristics Censorship: Heavy restrictions led to the use of symbolism and allegory in literature All newspapers, magazines, radio, and TV stations were shut down, used for government propaganda Martial Law Era Protest Literature: Theatre and other forms of literature were used to resist the regime Example: Dekada '70 by Lualhati Bautista Digital Format: Books became available in digital formats such as e-books and e-pub Post-martial Themes: Shift towards realistic and naturalistic portrayals, including gay and lesbian literature and Law Era feminist themes Forms: Short stories, essays, drama, comics Notable contemporary authors and works N.V.M. Gonzales: Who Spoke of Courage in His Sleep Poetry Jose Garcia Villa: Have Come, Am Here Stevan Javellana: Without Seeing the Dawn Novels Kerima Polotan: The Hand of the Enemy Short stories F. Sionil Jose: Rosales Saga Budjette Tan and Kajo Baldisimo: Trese Comics Arnoldo Arre: The Mythology Class Contemporary writers Louie Mar Orosa-Nakpil Malate Gangcuanco Bob Ong Known for conversational Filipino writing Lualhati Sixty in the City Bautista Other media and publications Newspapers Flourishing of new publications, opposition tabloids, and shifting media landscapes and Magazines Television and Growth of Filipino films and television dramas, with notable works like Dekada 70 Film SUMMATIVE 1: 21st Cent. Lit. 5