Lab 2 - Cell Bio & Homeostasis (PDF)

Lab 2: Cell and Homeostasis With Chemistry Review Images from Fundamentals of Anatomy and Physiology, Martini 9th ed. and online resources  Learning Outcomes Levels of Organization (Chapter 2) – Review Chemistry (Self-Study): assigned last week Identify and mo...

Lab 2: Cell and Homeostasis With Chemistry Review Images from Fundamentals of Anatomy and Physiology, Martini 9th ed. and online resources  Learning Outcomes Levels of Organization (Chapter 2) – Review Chemistry (Self-Study): assigned last week Identify and model the basic structure and components of a cell at the microscopic and gross level. Identify the extra- and intracellular fluid compartments at the microscopic level and define the related terminology  Learning Outcomes Identify and describe the creation of a hydrophobic and hydrophilic environment and their relative importance to life. Identify and model negative and positive feedback mechanisms and discuss their importance in the maintenance of homeostasis.  Learning Outcomes List and define the basic biochemicals that form the cellular structures, their properties and relationship to specific cellular organelles and the environment. Terms: Define and Utilize the terms sheet Define homeostasis and provide three examples demonstrating its importance in the human body. From small to big  Atoms and Molecules Hydrogen will “share” its electron with oxygen…and Oxygen will “share” its electron with Hydrogen… So each HYDROGEN (H) atom shares its electron Hydrogen with OXYGEN (O) Atoms and OXYGEN shares 2 Electron shell electrons: 1 with each of Hydrogen now thinks it has TWO the HYDROGENS electrons in it’s outer shell and 8 p+ Oxygen now thinks it has 8 electrons in it’s outer shell Oxygen Atom  Ions Examples of Ions Cations Anions H+ Hydrogen ion Fl- Fluoride Na+ Sodium ion Cl- Chloride K+ Potassium ion O 2- Oxide Ca 2+ Calcium ion PO43- Phosphate Lose Electrons Gain Electrons So IONS are “atoms” or molecules that have an electrical charge …Often by losing or gaining an electron or two…or three…  Electrolytes Electrolyte: Inorganic ions Lasix: “Water Pill” which conduct electricity in solution Electrolyte imbalance seriously disturbs vital body functions – i.e. Decrease in Potassium (K+), muscle cramps – Sodium (Na+)  Four basic types of macromolecules Macromolecul in living systems: – Proteins es – Nucleic Acids – Carbohydrates – Lipids  Proteins Monomer: Amino Acids Functions: – Enzymes (catalysts for chemical reactions) – Structure – Motion – Immune support – Transportation – Hormonal signals  Nucleic Acids Monomer: Nucleotides Function: Stores genetic information, which is translated to form proteins Types: – DNA – RNA Carbohydrat es Monomer: Monosaccharide Functions: – Energy storage – Used as building blocks for other materials – Serve as “markers” for other substances to be recognized by other cells / organelles  Lipids “Monomers:” Glycerol and fatty acids Functions: – Long-term energy storage – Insulation – Protection (cell membrane)  Cell membrane NOT WALL !! Cytoplasm Organelles Cytosol: the gel-like intracellular fluid of a cell, composed of nutrients, vitamins, ions, proteins, and waste products Cytoplasm: encompasses all materials between the cell membrane  The cell membrane Amphipathic molecule Cholesterol: lipid that stabilizes the plasma membrane from high or low temperatures Phospholipid bilayer Aqueous (water) Aqueous (water)  Cell Membrane Receptors Membrane (surface) receptors: Convert an extracellular signal to an intracellular response The Cell  Build a Cell Many of the organelles have their own lipid barrier which separates their “interior” from the cytosol/cytoplasm. Within each organelle, a micro environment exist specific to its function. The Cell and Organelles Homeostasis and feedback Thermal Control  Homeostasis Control The thermostat is the Example: Center hypothalamus in your Thermoregulation brain “Comparator Co n tio ” What is the “normal” m Nerve and/or Endocrine (hormone) ica m Set-point average body un vs un temperature? ic What is being m at reported m io Co n What happens… Receptor Effector If you are cold for a “Sensor” Change? “Target” period of time? What keeps you normally at set-point? Something to Howthinkdoes about: yourWhat body happens if some part of the homeostatic adapt to a move to triangle were broken? South Dakota? Terms to learn: Hypothermia, Hyperthermia, Pyret Set-point, Effector, Comparator, Range  Homeostasis Apply this to the homeostatic triangle… Where is the comparator? effector? sensor? Homeostasis  Osmosis Osmosis: The diffusion of a solvent (water) across a selective semipermeable membrane from an area of high solvent (water) and low solute (particles) concentration to an area of a low solvent (water) and high solute (particles) concentration. DEFINE:.Diffusion.Selective Semipermeable  Diffusion and Osmosis What causes diffusion? A concentration gradient  Phospholipid bilayer hy is the Cell Membrane Semipermeable? Aqueous (water) efine Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Aqueous (water)  Terms of tonicity Define: 1. Hypotonic Solution 2. Isotonic Solution 3. Hypertonic Solution http://www.emergencymedicalparamedic.com/examples-of-osmosis/  Osmosis and Diffusion efine: Crenation WATER  Osmosis and hydrostatic pressure http://www.emergencymedicalparamedic.com/examples-of-osmosis/ Instructor Lab 3: Epithelial and Connective Tissue Part 1: Epithelial Tissue Images from Fundamentals of Anatomy and Physiology, Martini 9th ed.  Learning Outcomes Identify and model the basic structure and components of a cell. (Review from Lab 2) Identify and define the four major tissue types composing the human body. Identify and describe the types and properties of epithelial tissue at the microscopic level.  Learning Outcomes Identify and describe locations within the body where different types of epithelial tissue would be found. Identify the types and properties of glands at the microscopic level.  4 Main Tissue Types Tissue and Distinctive Features Tissue and Distinctive Features Epithelium: Connective tissue: Tightly packed cells that cover Widely scattered cells with and line body surfaces. It lines, plenty of intercellular space and protects and secretes. Relies on substance (matrix). diffusion for nutrition and waste removal. Represents a wide assortment of subclasses, each with a Classification is based on variety of functions. cellular morphology and the # of layers that makes it up Muscle tissue: Nervous tissue: Excitable and contractile Excitable tissue used to send tissue. short-term signals to specific targets in the body. It may also The tissue has 3 subclasses, function as a specialized gland each with specific functions. that releases a hormone into They include: skeletal, cardiac, the blood. (See neuroendocrine) and smooth muscle ssue = group of cells with common function ow are these cells held together in a group? Cell junctions are specialized areas of C the plasma membrane that attach a cell to another cell or to extracellular materials A. Gap Junctions A B. Desmosomes: Spot and Hemidesmosomes B C. Tight Junctions B  Cell Junctions Gap Junctions – Formed by a collection of proteins (connexons) with a hollow center (central pore) allowing for the free diffusion of ions and small molecules between two cells – Common in epithelial tissue, cardiac and smooth muscle – This serves to help coordinate the function of tissues  Hemi = “half” Desmos = “ligament” Soma = “b Cell Junctions Desmosomes: Spot and Hemi – Durable intercellular connection. Formed by a collection of cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) and proteoglycans (sticky proteins) that link opposing cell membranes. – Common in cells making up the superficial layer of the skin – Strong; serves to “hold” cells in place and can resist stretching and twisting. – Types: Spot desmosomes stabilize the shape of the cell (“Spot weld”) Hemidesmosomes attach the cell to the basement membrane (“Anchor”)  Cell Junctions Tight Junctions (occluding) – Formed by a collection of interlocking cell membrane proteins. Immediately deep to these is the adhesion belt. – Common in epithelial tissue where a water tight barrier is required: GI and Urinary tracts – Forms water tight barrier. For example, in the GI tract it serves to isolate the contents of the “tube” (lumen) from diffusing to surrounding tissue. Thus it keeps digestive enzymes, acids, and feces within the tube  Epithelium Tightly packed cells that cover and Lumen or Surface: Apical Layer line body surfaces. They line, protect and secrete which means they are the cells closest to the “outside world”; this includes hollow tubular structures like the GI track or ducts within the body and form the majority of glands. There is an easy system to identify the types of epithelial tissue: – Named by number of layers of cells – Named by the shape of the cell on its most apical surface. Basement membrane: Basal Layer The Apical border (apex) and the Basal surface (which is attached to the basement membrane. (see image)  Describing Epithelial Tissue Tightly packed cells that cover and line body surfaces. It protects and secrete Apical surface Basal surface Flat