Anatomy And Terminology PDF

Introduction, Anatomical Terminology Thursday, August 31, 2023 - * S 11:29 PM A few definitions: anatomy = study of the structure of the body Physiology = study of the function of the body Anatomy...

Introduction, Anatomical Terminology Thursday, August 31, 2023 - * S 11:29 PM A few definitions: anatomy = study of the structure of the body Physiology = study of the function of the body Anatomy ▪ Neuroanatomy ▪ Embryology ▪ Histology ○ Looking at the outer surface ○ Body region, ex. ○ Muscular ○ Upper and lower limb ○ Skeletal ○ Cardiovascular → A structure can exist at different levels ○ Ex: smooth muscle can mean smooth muscle fiber or smooth muscle tissue Contract = wave like movement in the stomach Body systems Integumentary Skeletal Muscular Nervous Endocrine Cardiovascular Lymphatic Respiratory Digestive Urinary reproductive ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGY Axial skeleton (blue): Axis around which the body moves Appendicular skeleton (beige) : The appendages ( limbs) Anatomical position: standing, facing forwards, palms of hands facing forward, arms to the side, feet are hip width apart ANATOMICAL PLANES ◊ Coronal / frontal plane - cutting to produce a back and front component ◊ Transverse plane - divides the body into a top and bottom portion or a upper and lower portion ◊ Sagittal / parasagittal plane - divides component into a right / left component that aren't completely equal ◊ Midsagittal / median plane - if it goes straight through the center ◊ Oblique plane - diagonal, use for limbs for a better look ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGY Superior ( closer to the top ) / Inferior ( closer to the bottom ) (Cranial - closer to the head / Caudal - closer to tail) → Describes structures relative to each other in the vertical axis of the body ○ Ex. The head is superior to the shoulder ○ Ex. The ankle is inferior to the knee Anterior / posterior → describes structures relative to even other in terms of the "front" and "back" of the body ○ ex. The vertebral column is posterior to the sternum ○ ex. the palm is to anterior to the back of your hand Medial / Lateral = closer to the midline / further from the midline → Describes structures relative to each other in terms of the midline of the body ○ Ex. The arm is lateral to the sternum ○ Ex. The nose is medial to the ears Proximal ( closer to) / Distal ( further from) → Used to describe locations on extremities (upper limb, lower limb) → Closer to the midline versus further from midline → (1) can be used to describe something closer to the trunk (chest and stomach area) ○ Ex: the elbow is distal to the shoulder ○ Ex. The knee is proximal to the ankle → (2) "start" of the extremity versus "end" of extremity ○ Ex: digestive system: § Proximal = mouth § Distal = anus Superficial / Deep → Used to describe relative depth of structure → Superficial = closer to the surface → Deep = further from the surface ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGY FLEXION (natural feeling) : motion that decrease a joint angle ELBOW ANKLE NECK Other places this motion can occur at: → Shoulder → Wrist → Trunk → Hip → knee HIP EXTENSION (unnatural feeling): motion that increases a joint angle Other places that the motion can occur at: ELBOW Head Shoulders elbow Wrist Trunk Hip Knee Ankle ADDuction / Abduction: moving away/towards the midline of the body WRIST DEVIATION: lateral flexion at the wrist that moves the hand towards either the radius (lateral) or the ulna (medial) Shoulder Hip LATERAL FLEXION: moving away from the midline of the body ROTATION: turning about the axis of the body Head Trunk Head Trunk INTERNAL (MEIDAL) / EXTERNAL (LATERAL) ROTATION: turning the SUPINATION / PRONATION limb around limb axis → Supination - palm facing up and bones are aligned → Pronation - palms facing down and bones overlap Shoulder Hip Forearm INVERSION / EVERSION Foot