2024 Physiology Module 2 CAT PDF

``` My courses/HGS6103_03_HPA6/Topic 2/MMED CAT 2 23/02/ ``` ``` Started on Friday, 23 February 2024, 9:00 AM State Finished Completed on Friday, 23 February 2024, 10:28 AM Time taken 1 hour 27 mins ``` ## Question 1 Complete Marked out of 1 ## Question 2 Complete Marked out of 1 22. A 72-year-o...

``` My courses/HGS6103_03_HPA6/Topic 2/MMED CAT 2 23/02/ ``` ``` Started on Friday, 23 February 2024, 9:00 AM State Finished Completed on Friday, 23 February 2024, 10:28 AM Time taken 1 hour 27 mins ``` ## Question 1 Complete Marked out of 1 ## Question 2 Complete Marked out of 1 22. A 72-year-old man presented with frequent fall over the past 8 months. On examination, He has generalized rigidity, bradykinesia, exaggerated gag reflex ``` a. Myasthenia gravis b. Frontotemporal dementia c. Parkinsons Disease d. Corticobasal degeneration. e. Lewy body dementia ``` 13. A patient is unconscious and is noted to have extension of both the upper and lower extremities. This type of posture is most consistent with a lesion at which one of the following levels? ``` a. Midbrain. b. Cervical spinal cord. c. Cerebellum. d. Medulla. e. Cerebral hemispheres. ``` #< Complete Marked out of 1 ## Question 4 Complete Marked out of 1 ## Question 5 Complete Marked out of 1 130. Which of the following statements with regard to peripheral and central factors that determine the appreciation and intensity of pain is false? Select one: a. Lesions of the frontal lobe of the cerebral cortex alter a person’s attitude to pain rather than the intensity of pain b. Nerve section leads to permanent loss of pain sensation. c. Lesions of the thalamus can produce raised thresholds for pain d. The Peptides endorphins and enkephalins influence pain transmission. e. Referred pain is the term given to the painful sensation that are felt in a peripheral structure, but which are associated with trauma to the deep viscera 132. With regard to the major motor fiber tracts which statement is false? Select one: a. The majority of the axons of the pyramidal tract do not directly synapse on spinal motoneurons b. The vestibulospinal tract to the lumbar spinal cord controls extensor rather than flexor motor neurone output c. Tectospinal tract neurons control motor neurons used to orient the head or the body d. Complete section of the pyramids in the medulla results in a permanent loss of precision in the performance of motor tasks. e. The rubrospinal tract has a major influence on the axial and girdle musculature. 20. The following events occur in a parasympathetic neuroeffector junction except __. Select one: a. Hemicholinium block uptake of choline b. Uptake of choline occurs via Ca2+-dependent carriers. c. Vesamicol inhibit ACh storage in vesicles d. ACh is hydrolyzed by AChE e. ACh is synthesized in the varicosity Complete Marked out of 1 ## Question 7 Complete Marked out of 1 ## Question 8 Complete Marked out of 1 17. A sympathomimetic drugs that only binds and activates beta2 adrenoceptors is __. ``` Select one: a. albuterol b. tyramine c. phenylephrine d. isoproterenol e. methoxamine ``` 20. A 53-year-old woman presents to the neurology clinic with a six-month history of difficulty getting up from a chair. More recently she has noticed difficulty lifting things. On examination she has a rash over the dorsum of her hands and both eyelids. What is the most likely diagnosis? ``` a. Motor neurone disease b. Dermatomyositis c. Myasthenia gravis d. Vitamin B12 deficiency e. Myotonic dystrophy ``` 42. With regards to the cochlear hair cell depolarization: ``` Select one: a. There is entry of Na+ ions b. The adequate stimulus is sound waves c. There is exit of K+ ions d. Mechanical shearing forces stimulate the entry of cation e. It results in cochlear nerve action potential without a synapse ``` Complete Marked out of 1 ## Question 10 Complete Marked out of 1 ## Question 11 Complete Marked out of 1 10. In klumpke’s paralysis, all the followings are true EXCEPT: ``` a. It often follows a fall. b. It causes paralysis and wasting of the small muscles of the hand. c. Horner syndrome is an associated finding. d. It results from traction on the abducted arm. e. Its due to injury involved C5 C6 roots. ``` 89. Which one is the cause of Wilsons disease? ``` Select one: a. High o b. Low o c. High copper d. none of the above e. Low copper ``` 84. _____ is a term that describes an inability to make a voluntary movement related to object use. ``` Select one: a. Huntington’s disease b. Parkinson’s disease c. Sydenham's chorea d. traumatic brain injury e. Apraxia ``` Complete Marked out of 1 ## Question 13 Complete Marked out of 1 ## Question 14 Complete Marked out of 1 54. A 50-year-old woman undergoes a neurologic exam that indicates loss of pain and temperature sensitivity, vibratory sense, and proprioception in the left leg. These symptoms could be explained by Select one: a. a peripheral neuropathy. b. a tumor affecting the right posterior paracentral gyrus. c. a large tumor in the right lumbar ventrolateral spinal cord. d. a tumor on the left medial lemniscal pathway in the sacral spinal cord. e. a tumor on the right medial lemniscal pathway in the sacral spinal cord. 145. If a patient cannot see the left-most part of his left visual field (but can see in all other areas), he may have a lesion ``` Select one: a. In the right optic tract b. In the left optic nerve c. in the optic chiasm d. In the right optic nerve e. In the left optic tract ``` 6. A sympathomimetic drug that only binds and activates alpha adrenoceptors is __. ``` Select one: a. phenylephrine b. ephedrine c. methoxamine d. isoproterenol e. albuterol ``` Complete Marked out of 1 ## Question 16 Complete Marked out of 1 ## Question 17 Complete Marked out of 1 18. A 51-year-old man with diabetes develops features of an autonomic neuropathy. Which of the following symptoms does not occur in an autonomic neuropathy? ``` a. Constipation b. Postural hypotension c. Erectile dysfunction d. Stridor e. Urinary urgency ``` 73. The classic features of Parkinson's disease are: Select one: a. Chorea b. Akinesia c. a,b and c d. Tremor at rest e. Rigidity 9. Antagonistic control of efferent output is typical of the ________ division. ``` Select one: a. sensory b. somatic c. somatic and sensory d. somatic and autonomic e. autonomic ``` Complete Marked out of 1 ## Question 19 Complete Marked out of 1 ## Question 20 Complete Marked out of 1 4. An elderly patient has recently developed cognitive impairment , ataxia, myoclonus and behavioural changes. Most likely diagnosis is:- ``` a. Parkinson’s disease b. Lewy body dementia c. Creutzfeldt Jacob Disease (CJD) d. Alzheimer’s disease e. Huntington’s disease. ``` 21. A 22-year-old woman suffering from bilateral weakness of her lower limbs. Which of the following represent the most likely location of this lesion? ``` a. The left genu of internal capsule. b. A lesion caudal to the pyramidal decussation. c. A lesion rostral to the pyramidal decussation. d. The right posterior limb of internal capsule. e. The right genu of internal capsule. ``` 19. Which statements DO NOT apply to the parasympathetic division of the nervous system? Select one: a. All of the statements apply. b. It is dominant during "resting and digesting." c. It is dominant during "resting and digesting" and its ganglia are nearby, on or near their target organs. d. Epinephrine is the primary neurotransmitter of the parasympathetic division. e. Its ganglia are nearby, on or near their target organs. Complete Marked out of 1 ## Question 22 Complete Marked out of 1 ## Question 23 Complete Marked out of 1 10. Sympathetic drive to the heart is increased in all of the following except ``` Select one: a. In excitement. b. When parasympathetic drive is increased. c. In exercise. d. In hypotension. e. During a vasovagal attack. ``` 16. Which functions are controlled through the autonomic nervous system?1. blood pressure; 2. heart rate; 3. water balance; 4. temperature regulation ``` Select one: a. 1, 2, 3 and 4 b. 2, 3 and 4 c. 1 and 2 d. 1, 2 and 3 e. 1 and 3 ``` 17. Upper quadrant hemianopia is due to lesion in: ``` a. Optic chiasm b. Temporal lobe c. Frontal lobe d. Occipital lobe e. Parietal lobe ``` Complete Marked out of 1 ## Question 25 Complete Marked out of 1 129. Which of the following statements with regard to somatic and visceral pain is false? ``` Select one: a. Intense stimulation of any peripheral nerve fibre does not always result in pain b. In the Brown-Sequard syndromes, which results from unilateral damage to the spinal cord, patients report loss of pain and thermal sensation ipsilaterally to the lesion and below the level of section. c. Pain is only one of the sensations to be elicited by distension of the hollow organ d. Pain can be divided into two components e. The hollow organs of the viscera are insensistive to touch, temperature and cutting. ``` 57. The correct sequence of events involved in phototransduction in rods and cones in response to light is: ``` Select one: a. activation of transducin, structural changes in rhodopsin, closure of cGMP gated cation channels, decrease in intracellular cGMP, and decreased release of glutamate. b. activation of transducin, decreased release of glutamate, structural changes in rhodopsin, closure of cGMP-gated cation channels, and decrease in intracellular cGMP. c. decreased release of glutamate, activation of transducin, closure of cGMP gated cation channels, decrease in intracellular cGMP, and structural changes in rhodopsin. d. structural changes in rhodopsin, decrease in intracellular cGMP, decreased release of glutamate, closure of cGMP-gated cation channels, and activation of transducin. e. structural changes in rhodopsin, activation of transducin, decrease in intracellular cGMP, closure of cGMP-gated cation channels, and decreased release of glutamate. ``` Complete Marked out of 1 ## Question 27 Complete Marked out of 1 ## Question 28 Complete Marked out of 1 153. In the mechanism of cerebral autoregulation ``` Select one: a. Substance P and Calcitonin gene-related peptide are vasoconstrictors b. Neural activity leads to ATP formation c. ADP acts as a weak vasodilator in myogenic control d. Increased metabolism is associated with increased oxygen and decreased carbon dioxide levels e. Blood flow needs to be maintained at 50ml/min/100g of brain ``` 48. Both cold and warmth receptors are stimulated in the following temperature range: Select one: a. 45-50oC b. 10-35oC c. 15-20oC d. 38-45oC e. 30-38oC 11. Nicotine enhances the release of _____ in the brain. ``` Select one: a. glutamate b. epinephrine c. acetylcholine d. serotonin e. dopamine ``` Complete Marked out of 1 ## Question 30 Complete Marked out of 1 ## Question 31 Complete Marked out of 1 52. A medical student is studying transmission through autonomic ganglia. She studied the effects of two drugs on the activity of a postganglionic neuron. Drug A induced an EPSP in the postganglionic neuron, and drug B blocked the EPSP produced by electrical stimulation of a preganglionic nerve. Drugs A and B might be the following drugs, respectively. ``` Select one: a. Glutamate and glycine b. Nicotine and trimethaphan c. Acetylcholine and phenylephrine d. Strychnine and atenolol e. Nicotine and atropine ``` 149. Agnosias are the inability to recognize objects even when the ability to recognize their components (simple sensory skills) are intact. Damage to which component of the nervous system is likely to cause an agnosia? ``` Select one: a. secondary somatosensory cortex b. primary somatosensory cortex c. Peripheral sensory neurons d. Ventral posterior nucleus of the thalamus e. posterior parietal cortex ``` 131. Which of the following statements with regard to the cerebellum is false? ``` Select one: a. Direct electrical stimulation of the cerebellum can elicit complex sensations b. The synaptic connections of the Purkinje cell axons are all inhibitory c. Projection of proprioceptors and exteroceptive impulses from the limbs to cerebellum is predominantly ipsilateral. d. Direct electrical stimulation of the cerebellar cortex cannot give rise to discrete muscle contractions. e. Purkinje cells are the only neurons with afferent axons leaving the cerebellar cortex ``` Complete Marked out of 1 ## Question 33 Complete Marked out of 1 ## Question 34 Complete Marked out of 1 6. Which of the following statements is correct regarding the non motor symptoms seen in patients with idiopathic Parkinson Disease? ``` a. Urinary frequency, urgency, and nocturia occur in male PD patients with prostatic hypertrophy. b. Shoulder pain in a patient with PD should prompt an extensive work-up for orthopedic problems, as the pain would not be attributable to the PD itself. c. REM sleep behavioral disorder in a patient with parkinsonism implies the diagnosis is DLB, not idiopathic PD. d. Constipation is a prominent symptom in patients with PD, and may predate the motor symptoms for years. e. In a patient with parkinsonism and orthostatic hypotension, the diagnosis cannot be idiopathic PD , it must be multiple system atrophy. ``` 108. Acetylcholine is the chemical transmitter at the following sites except: ``` Select one: a. All postganglionic parasympathetic effector endings b. Any sites that are blocked by atropine c. All neuromuscular junctions in the somatic nervous system d. All autonomic ganglia e. All postganglionic sympathetic endings ``` 16. Increasing the frequency of stimulation so that a muscle contracts without relaxation is called Select one: a. A twitch. b. Recovery.  c. Relaxation. d. Recruitment e. Tetany. Complete Marked out of 1 ## Question 36 Complete Marked out of 1 ## Question 37 Complete Marked out of 1 85. Liepmann's patient, MT, ______; his damage was to the ______. ``` Select one: a. Could not make spontaneous hand movements with either hand; left hemisphere and the corpus callosum b. none of the above c. Could not follow commands to use objects; left hemisphere and the corpus callosum d. Could not mime with the left hand but could make spontaneous movement with the right; left hemisphere and the corpus callosum e. Could not recognise visual objects; right hemisphere ``` 8. All the following are causes of hyperthermia in comatose patients EXCEPT: ``` a. Heat stroke b. Hypothalamic lesion c. Sedative drug intoxication d. Pontine hemorrhage e. Status epilepticus ``` 4. The tympanic membrane ``` Select one: a. Cannot transmit sound waves if it is perforated b. Modifies the frequencies of sound waves impinging on the ear. c. Bulges outwards when the pharyngotympanic tube is blocked. d. Stops vibrating almost immediately after the sound stops. e. Transmits sound more effectively when the small muscles of the middle ear are contracted. ``` Complete Marked out of 1 ## Question 39 Complete Marked out of 1 154. Cerebrovascular status during autoregulation shown in Figure 1 suggests: ``` Select one: a. Mean arterial pressure shown by curve C b. Partial pressure of oxygen shown in curve B c. Passive collapse at phase E d. Normal autoregulation at phase D e. Partial pressure of carbon dioxide shown in curve A ``` 8. Which area is NOT normally considered to be an autonomic control center? ``` Select one: a. medulla b. amygdala c. pons d. hippocampus e. hypothalamus ``` Complete Marked out of 1 ## Question 41 Complete Marked out of 1 ## Question 42 Complete Marked out of 1 134. A man falls asleep with one arm under his head. The arm is paralyzed when he awakens, but it tingles, and the pain sensation is still intact. The reason for the loss of motor function without loss of pain is that the nerves to his arm Select one: a. A fibres are more susceptible to hypoxia than B fibres b. A fibres are more sensitive to pressure than C fibres c. Motor nerves are more affected by sleep than sensory fibres d. Sensory nerves are nearer to the bone than motor nerves and hence less affected by pressure e. C fibres are more sensitive to pressure than A fibres 20. With regard to cerebrospinal fluid, which statement is FALSE? ``` Select one: a. contains more proteins than plasma b. is produced at a rate of about 700 ml to 750 ml per day in adults c. drains into venous sinuses d. is formed mainly in choroid plexuses e. contains less K+ and glucose than plasma ``` 14. In a patient with right internuclear ophthalmoplegia: ``` a. The lesion is in the right MLF. b. The saccadic movement of left eye is normal. c. There is right adduction deficit. d. Left abductor nystagmus. e. The convergence is abnormal. ``` Complete Marked out of 1 ## Question 44 Complete Marked out of 1 60. Which of the following statements correctly describes the processes involved in the synthesis, storage, release, binding to a receptor, and termination of action of a common neurotransmitter? Select one: a. Glutamate is synthesized in glia by the enzymatic conversion from glutamine and then diffuses into the neuronal terminal where it is sequestered into vesicles by a vesicle-associated membrane protein, released into the synaptic cleft in response to neuronal depolarization, acts on GPCRs, and its actions are terminated primarily by enzymatic degradation. b. Serotonin is synthesized from trytophan, stored in synaptic vesicles until its release into the synaptic cleft; it then acts primarily on GPCRs and its actions are terminated primarily by reuptake into the presynaptic nerve terminal. c. Glutamate is synthesized in glia by the enzymatic conversion from glutamine and then diffuses into the neuronal terminal where it is sequestered into vesicles until released by an influx of Ca2+ into the cytoplasm after an action potential reaches the nerve terminal, it binds exclusively to ligand-gated ion channel receptors, and is inactivated by reuptake into the nerve terminal. d. Norepinephrine is the only small-molecule transmitter that is synthesized in synaptic vesicles instead of being transported into the vesicle after its synthesis from the amino acid phenylalanine. After its release in response to depolarization, it binds to ligand-gated ion channels or GPCRs and its action is terminated by reuptake into the nerve terminal. e. Acetylcholine is synthesized from acetlyene, transported from the cytoplasm into vesicles by a vesicle-associated membrane protein, released into the synaptic cleft in response to neuronal depolarization, acts on GPCRs, and its actions are terminated primarily by enzymatic degradation. 67. A medical student is studying neurons that are part of a descending pain modulating pathway. What brain region is correctly paired with the neurotransmitters it releases and the location where the neurotransmitter is released? Select one: a. Locus coeruleus neurons release norepinephrine in the spinal dorsal horn. b. Periaqueductal gray neurons release endorphins in the spinal dorsal horn. c. Locus coeruleus neurons release serotonin in the nucleus raphe magnus. d. Periaqueductal gray releases dynorphin in the rostral ventromedial medulla. e. Nucleus raphe magnus releases serotonin in the dorsal root ganglion. Complete Marked out of 1 ## Question 46 Complete Marked out of 1 ## Question 47 Complete Marked out of 1 15. Recruitment and activation of motor units is tested by ``` Select one: a. Electromyography b. Clinical examination of tendon jerks c. Nerve action potential recordings d. Electroencephalolgraphy e. Plethysmography ``` 15. The following area is primarily involved in the initiation of a saccadic eye movement: ``` a. Posterior parietal cortex. b. Inferior colliculus. c. Dorsal prefrontal cortex. d. Frontal eye field. e. Superior colliculus. ``` 12. Which of the following has its cell body in the ganglion? ``` Select one: a. preganglionic neuron, postganglionic neuron, and somatic motor neuron b. preganglionic neuron and postganglionic neuron c. postganglionic neuron d. somatic motor neuron e. preganglionic neuron ``` Complete Marked out of 1 ## Question 49 Complete Marked out of 1 ## Question 50 Complete Marked out of 1 15. Recruitment and activation of motor units is tested by ``` Select one: a. Electroencephalolgraphy b. Plethysmography c. Electromyography d. Clinical examination of tendon jerks e. Nerve action potential recordings ``` 76. Which of the following neurotransmitters is low in Parkinson's disease: ``` Select one: a. all of the above b. Noradrenaline c. Dopamine d. Serotonin e. Acetylcholine ``` 68. A 40-year-old man loses his right hand in a farm accident. Four years later, he has episodes of severe pain in the missing hand (phantom limb pain). A detailed PET scan study of his cerebral cortex might be expected to show ``` Select one: a. a metabolically inactive spot where his hand area in his left primary somatosensory cortex would normally be. b. expansion of the right hand area in his left primary somatosensory cortex. c. projection of fibers from neighboring sensory areas into the right hand areaof his left primary somatosensory cortex. d. projection of fibers from neighboring sensory areas into the right hand area of his right primary somatosensory cortex. e. expansion of the right hand area in his right primary somatosensory cortex. ``` Complete Marked out of 1 ## Question 52 Complete Marked out of 1 ## Question 53 Complete Marked out of 1 90. List four disease that will happen in case of any part of basal ganglia is effected? ``` Select one: a. Hemiballismus b. Chorea c. all the above d. Parkinsonism e. Athetosis ``` 3. A 71-year-old man has a six-month history of being apathetic, unmotivated, and having poor judgment and inappropriate social behavior. These symptoms suggest dysfunction of what part of the brain? ``` a. Occipital parietal association cortex. b. Limbic system. c. Amygdala and its connections. d. Frontal lobes. e. Parietal lobes. ``` 1. Post-mortem studies of Alzheimer's disease have shown: ``` a. Enlarged parietal and occipital gyri. b. Shrinkage of frontal and temporal gyri. c. Enlarged frontal and temporal gyri. d. Shrinkage of the parietal and occipital lobes. e. Enlarged ventricles. ``` Complete Marked out of 1 ## Question 55 Complete Marked out of 1 ## Question 56 Complete Marked out of 1 86. The inability to undertake a series of movements involving a planning component, and the commission of errors that include inappropriate object use, is called: Select one: a. all the above b. Ideational apraxia c. Buccofacial apraxia d. Ideomotor apraxia e. Limb apraxia 155. The brain is very sensitive to even short periods of ischaemia. The following statement is TRUE: ``` Select one: a. CBF &lt; 10 mL/100 g/min results in cellular acidosis. b. CBF &lt; 50 mL/100 g/min results in impaired protein synthesis. c. CBF &lt; 30 mL/100 g/min results in. cellular death d. CBF &lt; 20 mL/100 g/min leads to failure of cell membrane ion pumps, with loss of transmembrane electrochemical gradients. e. CBF &lt; 40 mL/100 g/min results in cellular oedema ``` 9. Brown sequard syndrome: ``` a. Commonly cause by traumatic injury. b. Prognosis for motor recovery is good. c. Ipsilateral motor deficit. d. Contralateral impairment of vibration and position sense. e. Contralateral loss of pain and temp. ``` Complete Marked out of 1 ## Question 58 Complete Marked out of 1 56. A 32-year-old woman experienced the sudden onset of a severe cramping pain in the abdominal region. She also became nauseated. List some of the common features of visceral pain. Select one: a. It is mediated by Aδ and C fibers in the ventral roots of spinal nerves, radiates to a nearby or distant somatic structure, is accompanied by sweating, and is relayed to the cortex by the spinothalamic tract. b. It requires simultaneous activation of nociceptors within and outside of the viscera, causes spasms of the visceral and skeletal muscle, and is relayed to the cortex by the dorsal column pathway. c. It is poorly localized, is accompanied by sweating, radiates to a somatic structure that may be some distance away, and is relayed to the somatosensory cortex via the spinothalamic tract. d. It is well localized, is accompanied by sweating, radiates to a somatic structure that may be some distance away, and causes spasms of visceral muscle. e. It results from activation of nociceptors in the viscera that are innervated by the same fibers as innervate skin, induces rapid shard pain, causes spasms of the visceral muscle, and shows relatively rapid adaptation. 81. Current neuroimaging research suggests that in Gilles de la Tourette syndrome: ``` Select one: a. The connection between the basal ganglia and OFC is dysfunctional b. The connection between parts of the basal ganglia is dysfunctional c. Dopamine is low d. all of the above e. There is dysfunction in the parietal lobe ``` Complete Marked out of 1 156. The intracranial pressure compliance volume curve shown in Figure 2 can be interpreted as: ``` Select one: a. Compensation with high compliance at D b. Minimal compliance at B c. Increased risk of cerebral oedema and herniation at C d. Collapse of cerebral microvasculature at A ``` ## Question 60 Complete Marked out of 1 ## Question 61 Complete Marked out of 1 ## Question 62 Complete Marked out of 1 ``` e. Compensation reserve gradually depleted with decreased compliance at C ``` 23. In deep brain stimulation, which of the following is best target for the treatment of essential tremor? ``` a. Thalamus. b. Caudate Nucleus. c. Globus pallidus externa. d. Globus pallidus interna e. Subthalamic Nucleus ``` 19. A 67-year-old man has motor neurone disease. Which of the following features is NOT seen in a pseudobulbar palsy? ``` a. Exaggerated gag reflex b. Dysphagia c. Brisk jaw jerk d. Spastic tongue e. Tongue wasting and fasciculations ``` 72. Huntington's disease and Parkinson's disease are examples of: ``` Select one: a. Extrapyramidal disorders b. None of the above c. Perceptual disorders d. Dementia e. Dopaminergic disorders ``` Complete Marked out of 1 ## Question 64 Complete Marked out of 1 ## Question 65 Complete Marked out of 1 87. The inappropriate use of objects has been specifically termed: ``` Select one: a. Conceptual apraxia b. Ideomotor apraxia c. None of the above d. Ideational apraxia e. Limb apraxia ``` 2. Which dementia is characterized by frontal lobe symptoms and a specific histology? ``` a. Vascular dementia. b. Parkinson disease. c. Front-temporal dementia. d. Picks disease. e. NPH. ``` 70. A ventrolateral cordotomy is performed that produces relief of pain in the right leg. It is effective because it interrupts the ``` Select one: a. right medial lemniscal pathway. b. left dorsal column. c. a direct projection to the primary somatosensory cortex. d. left ventrolateral spinothalamic tract. e. right ventrolateral spinothalamic tract. ``` Complete Marked out of 1 ## Question 67 Complete Marked out of 1 ## Question 68 Complete Marked out of 1 10. The following events occurs in a sympathetic noradrenergic neuroeffector junction except __. ``` Select one: a. Activation of voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels b. Tyrosine is converted to DOPA c. DOPA is converted to DA d. Uptake of DA into vesicles is blocked by reserpine e. Dopamine is converted to adrenaline within the vesicles. ``` 77. The Gold Standard drug(s) for the treatment of Parkinson's disease is/are ______; this/these act(s) by ______. ``` Select one: a. L-Dopa; increasing the amount of dopamine available b. Prozac; increasing the amount of serotonin available c. none of the above d. L-Dopa; increasing the amount of serotonin available e. The benzodiazepines; increasing the amount of dopamine available ``` 158. Secondary brain injury occurs hours to days after the primary injury through the following different mechanisms EXCEPT: ``` Select one: a. Ischaemia and infection b. Damage to the BBB c. Reduced ICP d. Cerebral oedema e. Seizures ``` Complete Marked out of 1 ## Question 70 Complete Marked out of 1 ## Question 71 Complete Marked out of 1 92. Lesions of the extrapyramidal tract, all the following are true except; ``` Select one: a. facial expression may be involved b. produce no muscle weakness c. swinging arm when walking may be defect d. may produce tremor e. hypertonia only affects one group of muscles ``` 99. Which association is not correct between receptor and stimulus? ``` Select one: a. Pacinian corpuscle Pressure b. Muscle spindle Tapping the patellar tendon c. Receptor cells of the utricle Linear acceleration of the head d. Receptor cells of the auditory system Movement of the basilar membrane e. Rod photoreceptors Red light ``` 83. Neuroleptic drugs that block dopamine D2 receptors: ``` Select one: a. Increase coprolalia in Tourette's syndrome b. Reduce depression c. None of the above d. Reduce coprolalia in Tourette's syndrome e. Increase anxiety ``` Complete Marked out of 1 ## Question 73 Complete Marked out of 1 ## Question 74 Complete Marked out of 1 109. Inhibition of neurones at some sites of the CNS does not involve ``` Select one: a. During an IPSP a neuron cannot discharge an action potential b. Release of the chemical transmitter glycine c. Release of the transmitter gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) d. Non-specific increase in conductance of the postsynaptic neuron to anions and cations e. An inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) hyperpolarization of the membrane ``` 75. The most prominent neuropathological feature of Parkinson's disease is: ``` Select one: a. Loss of the basal ganglia b. Loss of the striatal dopamine pathway to neostriatum and globus pallidus c. None of the above d. Loss of the serotonergic pathway to the frontal lobe e. Loss of cholinergic pathway to the neostriatum and globus pallidus ``` 91. Function of basal ganglia? ``` Select one: a. all of the above b. Control of movements c. Planning and programming of movements d. Cognition e. Initiating movement ``` Complete Marked out of 1 ## Question 76 Complete Marked out of 1 63. An MD/PhD student was recording responses in different cutaneous receptors and noted the following. One receptor was inactive until the skin temperature was increased to 33°C and then its firing rate continued to increase as the skin temperature was gradually raised to 45°C. A second receptor was inactive until the skin temperature reached 46°C. A third receptor was inactive at skin temperatures of 40°C, but then steadily increases its firing rate as skin temperature was lowered to 24°C. For each of these cases, classify the type of receptor and the nonselective cation channel that was possibly activated. ``` Select one: a. None of the above b. Receptor one is an innocuous warm receptor and the channel activated was TRPV3; receptor two is a thermal nociceptor and the channel activated was TRPV1; receptor three was an innocuous cold receptor and the channel activated was TRPM8. c. Receptor one is an innocuous warm receptor and the channel activated was TRPV1; receptor two is a thermal nociceptor and the channel activated was TRPM8; receptor three was an innocuous cold receptor and the channel activated was TRPV3. d. Receptor one is a thermal nociceptor and the channel activated was TRPV1; receptor two is a thermal nociceptor and the channel activated was TRPA1; receptor three was an innocuous cold receptor and the channel activated was TRPV4. e. Receptor one is a thermal nociceptor and the channel activated was TRPA1; receptor two is a thermal nociceptor and the channel activated was TRPV1; receptor three was an innocuous cold receptor and the channel activated was TRPM8. ``` 106. Which of the following statements with regard to a motor neuron is false? ``` Select one: a. Macromolecules such as enzymes and membrane constituents required for the synthesis of neurotransmitter are formed in the soma. b. Most of the inhibitory synapses are found on the dendrites. c. The initial segment has lower threshold for firing an action potential than the rest of the soma membrane. d. There is retrograde transport from the nerve terminal to the soma e. There is anterograde transport from the soma to the nerve terminal ``` Complete Marked out of 1 ## Question 78 Complete Marked out of 1 ## Question 79 Complete Marked out of 1 14. Which areas of the brain exerts control over the autonomic nervous system? 1. cerebrum; 2. Cerebellum; 3. Hypothalamus; 4. Pons; 5. Medulla; 6. thalamus Select one: a. 1, 3, 4, 5 b. 1, 2, 3, 5 c. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 d. 1, 3, 5 e. 2, 3, 4, 5 ``` increased sensitivity to light, and nausea. What is the most likely cause of these symptoms? ``` ``` Select one: a. She had a hypertensive crisis from eating foods high in tyramine while taking a monoamine oxidase inhibitor for her depression. b. She experienced a migraine headache. c. She had an unexpected adverse reaction to the mixture of alcohol with her antidepressant. d. She had a myocardial infarction. e. The foods were contaminated with botulinum toxin. ``` 62. A 30-year-old man was seen by a neurologist because he had experienced prolonged episodes of tingling and numbness in his right arm. He underwent a neurologic exam to evaluate his sensory nervous system. Which of the following cutaneous mechanoreceptors is correctly paired with the type of stimulus to which it is most apt to respond? ``` Select one: a. Meissner corpuscle and skin stretch b. Ruffini corpuscles and sustained pressure c. Merkel cells and slow vibration d. Pacinian corpuscle and rapid vibration e. Naked nerve endings and touch ``` Complete Marked out of 1 ## Question 81 Complete Marked out of 1 ## Question 82 Complete Marked out of 1 3. The extra-hypothalamic sites associated with control of parasympathetic outflow include all the following except __. ``` Select one: a. central nucleus of the amygdala b. parabrachial nucleus c. dorsal sensory nucleus of the vagus d. nucleus ambiguus e. raphe nuclei ``` 12. With a lesion of the corticospinal tract the greatest deficit will be noted in which one of the following areas? ``` a. The shoulder girdle muscles. b. The pelvic girdle muscles. c. The foot. d. The axial muscles. e. The hand. ``` 74. Onset of Parkinson's disease is usually between: ``` Select one: a. 40-70 yrs b. 20 -30 yrs c. At any age d. 30-40 yrs e. 70-85 yrs ``` Complete Marked out of 1 ## Question 84 Complete Marked out of 1 ## Question 85 Complete Marked out of 1 55. A 23-year-old woman fell asleep on the beach while sunbathing. She awoke a few hours later to find that she had a very bad sunburn. That evening while taking a shower, the lukewarm water (40°C) touching her back caused her to feel pain. What types of receptors were activated by the lukewarm water and why did she experience pain? ``` Select one: a. Innocuous thermal receptors and hyperalgesia b. Thermal nociceptors and hyperalgesia c. Thermal nociceptors and allodynia d. Thermal nociceptors and nociceptive pain e. Innocuous thermal receptors and allodynia ``` 79. The most prominent feature of Huntington's disease is: ``` Select one: a. Involuntary choreiform movement and dementia b. Akinesia c. Bradykinesia d. Rigidity e. Tremor at rest ``` 78. Surgery to the thalamus and the globus pallidus in Parkinson's disease has the effect of: ``` Select one: a. Permanently removing the motor symptoms of the disorder b. Neither increasing nor decreasing parkisonian symptoms c. a, b and c d. Increasing tremor at rest and rigidity e. Reducing tremor at rest and rigidity ``` Complete Marked out of 1 ## Question 87 Complete Marked out of 1 116. Which of the following statements about the light/ reflex is correct? ``` Select one: a. Damage to the oculomotor nerve could lead to failure of the pupillary light reflex b. Contraction of sphincter muscle of the iris is brought about by the noradrenergic sympathetic innervation. c. During fixation onto near objects (when accommodation and convergence of eyes occur) the pupils also dilate. d. When a bright light is shone into one eye, the pupil of the other eye will not constrict e. The afferent pathway for the pupillary light reflex passes from the retina to the lateral geniculate nucleus ``` 157. Types of cerebral oedema include the following EXCEPT: ``` Select one: a. Cellular type with injury to glial, endothelial and neuronal cells b. Osmotic type with cells of the brain pull water from the plasma in response to metabolic derangements c. Cytotoxic type with injury where the cells lack homeostasis mechanisms and intracellular edema occurs as commonly seen in TBI and stroke d. Vasogenic type with disruption of the BBB, ions and proteins flow more freely to ECF, then osmosis of fluid into the interstitium. e. Interstitial type with inflow of CSF into intraventricular space from interstitium of brain as seen in meningitis and hydrocephalus ``` Complete Marked out of 1 ## Question 89 Complete Marked out of 1 ## Question 90 Complete Marked out of 1 71. An 11-year-old boy was having difficulty reading the graphs that his teacher was showing at the front of classroom. His teacher recommended he be seen by an ophthalmologist. Not only was he asked to look at a Snellen letter chart for visual acuity but he was also asked to identify numbers in an Ishihara chart. He responded that he merely saw a bunch of dots. Abnormal color vision is 20 times more common in males than females because most cases are caused by an abnormal Select one: a. dominant gene on the X chromosome. b. recessive gene on the Y chromosome. c. dominant gene on the Y chromosome. d. recessive gene on chromosome 22 e. recessive gene on the X chromosome. 15. The single most important hypothalamic nucleus of the central autonomic network is the __. ``` Select one: a. locus ceruleus b. pontine nuclei. c. Solitary tract nucleus (STN) d. paraventricular nucleus (PVN) e. medullary raphe nuclei ``` 146. The fovea allows for increase visual acuity by which of the following specializations: ``` Select one: a. all of the photoreceptors here are rods, which are more resistant to photobleaching b. lateral displacement of the ganglion cells from the retina c. ALL are TRUE d. high ratio of photoreceptors to ganglion cells e. the abundance of blood vessels to nourish this metabolically active area ``` Complete Marked out of 1 ## Question 92 Complete Marked out of 1 ## Question 93 Complete Marked out of 1 64. A 32-year-old man was brought to the emergency department after being found comatose by his wife. The resident in the emergency department assessed his pupillary light reflex as a useful gauge of his brainstem function. He found that when the light was shone into his left eye, neither pupil constricted; but when the light was shone in his right eye, both pupils constricted. The physician determined that damage was within Select one: a. the sphincter muscle of the left eye. b. the right optic nerve. c. the left optic nerve. d. the left oculomotor nerve. e. the right oculomotor nerve. 16. The following are true about the CSF circulation EXCEPT: ``` a. The arachnoid granulation is in contact with the endothelium of the venous sinus. b. The ventricular system communicates with the subarachnoid space through the roof of the third ventricle. c. Is produced by the modified ependymal cells of the choroid plexus. d. Is absorbed mainly through the arachnoid granulations in the superior sagittal sinus. e. Blockage of the arachnoid granulation causes communicating hydrocephalus. ``` 5. What sensory pathway carries light touch and proprioception? ``` a. Spinothalamic tract b. Medial lemniscus c. Corticospinal tract d. Lateral lemniscus e. Chorda tympani ``` Complete Marked out of 1 ## Question 95 Complete Marked out of 1 ## Question 96 Complete Marked out of 1 11. A patient has the sudden onset of inability to talk. He understands what is said to him but can only say "if only" and "oh no." Where is the lesion? ``` a. Left superior temporal gyrus. b. Both the superior temporal gyrus and inferior frontal gyrus on the left. c. Left parietal lobe - angular gyrus of the parietal lobe. d. Left inferior frontal gyrus. e. Left inferior temporal gyrus. ``` 133. Which of the following statement about brain function is false? Select one: a. Cerebellar lesions cannot affect speech b. Loss of ability to recognize an object by touch with the left hand could be due to lesion in the right parietal lobe c. The lips and tongue can be moved voluntarily in spite of a lesion in Broca’s area d. Damage to the Wernicke’s area can lead to failure to understand speech e. In sleep, the natural activity of the brain is not reduced 21. Chronic administration of the following types of drugs would lead to a sustained increase in serum gastrin levels: ``` Select one: a. Antacid b. H2 receptor antagonist c. Proton pump inhibitor d. Anticholinergic e. Beta blocker ``` Complete Marked out of 1 ## Question 98 Complete Marked out of 1 58. A 28-year-old man with severe myopia made an appointment to see his ophthalmologist when he began to notice flashing lights and floaters in his visual field. He was diagnosed with a retinal detachment. The inner nuclear layer of the retina is comprised of ``` Select one: a. the inner segments of the photoreceptors (rods and cones). b. bipolar cells, horizontal cells, and amacrine cells. c. cell bodies of the optic nerve. d. glial cells that generate new rods and cones. e. various types of ganglion cells. ``` 80. Huntington's disease is a genetic disorder that is ``` Select one: a. Only identifiable after 50 years of age b. None of the above c. Treatable d. not inherited e. Autosomal dominant ``` Complete Marked out of 1 ## Question 100 Complete Marked out of 1 10. A young adult man presents to the A&E in coma after traumatic brain injury. The following is FALSE about the cell junctions involved as shown in Figure 8: ``` a. The propagation of neuronal action potential is facilitated by the gap junction b. The tight junctions forming the blood brain barrier have been disrupted c. The strength and stability of brain tissues is compromised d. Selective permeability of the brain capillaries enhanced by the gap junctions is lost e. Passage of small molecules and second messengers continue to take place ``` 66. A medical student was doing research in a sensory neurophysiology laboratory. In preparation for his research, the principal investigator of the laboratory asked him to compare the four basic attributes of a stimulus to sensory receptors. The four attributes of sensory coding are Select one: a. sensitization, discrimination, energy, and projection. b. modality, location, intensity, and duration. c. modality, adequate threshold, sensitivity, and location. d. specific energy, adequate threshold, sensation, and duration. e. adequate threshold, receptive field, adaptation, and projection. Complete Marked out of 1 ## Question 102 Complete Marked out of 1 148. The opening of K+ channels produces a ___________ in hair cells because of the __________ concentration of K+ in the endolymph and the _____________ endocochlear potential. Select one: a. depolarization; high; negative b. hyperpolarization; high; negative c. depolarization; high; positive d. depolarization; low; positive e. hyperpolarization; low; positive 7. The following are pain sensitive structures except: ``` a. Oculomotor nerve. b. Trigeminal nerve c. Facial nerve. d. Glossopharyngeal nerve. e. Vestibulocochlear nerve. ``` ### ◄ CAT 1 2023/2024 ACADEMIC YEAR FOR MDS AND MMED 6/12/2023 ``` Jump to... MMED CAT 3 28-03-2024 ► ```