Engineered Systems 2024 PDF

Engineered Systems Control Technologies  Engineered Systems The Engineered Systems context focuses on how force, motion, energy and the properties of materials affect the behaviour and performance of engineered systems, machines and structures. Knowledge of these principles and systems enables the...

Engineered Systems Control Technologies  Engineered Systems The Engineered Systems context focuses on how force, motion, energy and the properties of materials affect the behaviour and performance of engineered systems, machines and structures. Knowledge of these principles and systems enables the design and production of sustainable, engineered solutions. Factors that influence the selection of resources for Engineered Systems Resources A resource is anything that is available to help people improve the quality of life. Resources include: ○ Hardware: the physical equipment such as tools, machines, materials, buildings. ○ Software: the knowledge that can be shared such as computer codes, books, manuals, instructions. ○ Essentialware: the essentials used by designers such as time, finances, energy. ○ Wetware: the creativity that comes from the ‘wet’ computer of the human brain An engineering system is a combination of components that work together so that the system provides a pre-planned and useful function.  Materials Materials are the substances used when designing and producing engineered systems. Criteria for the selection of materials for specific purposes: Awareness of the range of materials. - Quality refers to whether a material is high or low grade with reference to the material’s structure or manufacture. - Examples: leathers for upholstery range in quality from low grade buffalo to high grade cow hide; framing timbers for houses are stress graded by spraying a coloured dye on the face of the timber using a different colour to correspond with the grade of timber. - Generally the higher the grade of material the higher the initial cost. The designer must determine whether, in the long term, the extra service life will justify the higher cost.  Materials Criteria for the selection of materials for specific purposes: The designer and producer must consider the following before deciding on an appropriate material. - The financial cost of using a particular material. - Whether the material is a renewable or recyclable resource or whether its use will deplete the world’s natural reserves. - How long the material will last (durability) when used for the designed application. - Will the use of such material add to the pollution of our land, waterways, atmosphere, oceans? - Whether the material is easy to use: cut, join, handle, store, transport. - The amount of waste; can the waste be reused or recycled. Tools Tools are implements which people use to assist in performing a task. Tools make tasks easier and quicker; machines are also tools. Designers and producers must be aware of the following regarding tools: 1. Characteristics of a range of tools 2. Functions and uses of tools  Characteristics of a Range of Tools Designers must be aware of the range of tools and machines which can successfully complete the operation required. For example a designer may require an hexagonal hole to be cut into Tungsten Carbide (an extremely hard material). The designer would have to be aware of a machine (called submerged arc erosion) capable of doing this operation before proceeding with the design development. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people developed tools for specific purposes such as stone and natural glass that were shaped into chisels, saws, knives, axes and spear heads for hunting, fishing and building.  Functions and Uses of Tools The designer must have a basic understanding of how the tools work and what they can do so that a specific task can be done by a known tool. The producer however must have an in depth knowledge of all the tools used in the production of the design.  Ethics Ethics are the moral principles from which we judge good or bad and right or wrong. Use the Ethics can impact on design and technology in many areas, some of which are: Internet to research and Intellectual property misuse which is illegally using the products of a person's mind or intellect provide which has been legally protected. Some countries where patent laws are not adequately instances policed have illegally copied patented designs from more advanced western societies. where breach Industrial espionage which involves the stealing of research data from a business or company of ethics has which can seriously affect the success of the company that invested in the original research. impacted on Conducting tests on humans and animals which contravenes accepted values of society and has a negative impact on the reputation of companies involved with design and technology the enterprises such as cruelty during live exports of animals. involved in Use of the Internet in regard to privacy and plagiarism. design and technology. Social Issues Social issues such as changes in consumer tastes, fashion, patriotism, In your book, multiculturalism can have a marked effect on design and technology: describe another Consumer taste and fashion are cyclic events and can have a marked social issue effect, both good and bad, on sales and consumer spending. Designers that impacts must be acutely aware of current and future trends. on design Patriotism, the desire to buy Australian made products, influences and designers as well as marketers of products to cater to this social value. technology. Multiculturalism - various ethnic groups have a marked effect on what is designed and produced. Profitability Profitability is the ability of an enterprise to produce a return on an investment In your book, based on its resources in comparison with an alternative investment. research a Profitability is important in any commercial design and technology project because: design and profits gained can resource further research and development (R & D) to technology further develop and enhance the project enterprise that is entrepreneurs, who are people who can efficiently organise and manage profitable and innovative enterprises, are attracted to design and technological projects if one that is not the enterprise is profitable profitable and profitable enterprises employ other people. describe these two enterprises Profitability does not apply to many social projects such as housing, community to the class. service buildings, refuges for the poor. Sustainability Sustainability is the intelligent use of renewable resources, (solar, hydro, In your book,research geothermal, wind, tides, wave energy), so that natural resources, (coal, a design and oil, gas, hardwood forests) are least depleted. technology enterprise All present and future design and technology projects should incorporate that is sustainable and sustainability in their design to: explain why it is more efficient than a similar improve environmental quality to have healthy communities with non-sustainable clean air and a non-toxic environment enterprise. preserve the natural environment for future generations to enjoy Report your results to improve the efficiency and safety of design and technology the class. projects. Industry 4.0 Industry 4.0 refers to the current trend of automation and data transfer in design and technologies. It refers to the development of smart and autonomous digital systems producing smart machines that keep getting smarter as they get access to more data from algorithms and the internet, without the need of human intervention. Industry 4.0 is often referred to as the 4th Industrial Revolution where: the first Industrial Revolution in the 18th century was when mechanisation, steam and water power was developed the second Industrial Revolution was the development of mass production and the assembly line the third Industrial Revolution was when computers and resulting automation began. Examples of Industry 4.0 SAM (or Semi Automated Mason) is a robot that can lay bricks at In your book, least three times faster than humans —and it never gets tired or research a design makes mistakes. and technology Drones can now be used for crop spraying, planting, aerial imaging, enterprise that remote monitoring and analysis of fields and crops which will result has increased profitability as a in increased productivity and profitability for farmers. result of Industry Immobots are immobile robots that can think for themselves and 4.0 and report can operate machines without human intervention. NASA's craft your results to Deep Space One used Immobots to successfully re-program your class. software on the craft to overcome problems when filming an asteroid deep in space.  Impact of Industry 4.0 on Societies Industry 4.0 requires raw materials to fuel progressive development; mineral, oil and gas extraction have the potential to impact Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders by: causing environmental damage to traditional lands a loss of culture, traditional knowledge and livelihoods causing conflict and forced displacement of communities further marginalization, increased poverty and a decline in health providing more income for Indigenous communities to improve living standards, education and health. Agreements such as that between Argyle Diamonds and the Miriuwung, Gidja, Malgnin and Woolah peoples on whose land an Argyle mine sits in the Kimberley region of WA, attempts to recognise the local Indigenous Peoples as landlords of Argyle’s mining lease and establishes a long-term relationship between the company and local indigenous communities. Impact of Industry 4.0 on Societies Positive Impacts of Industry 4.0 on the wider Negative Impacts of Industry 4.0 on the wider community could include: community could include: new products and services that increase the inequality which represents the greatest efficiency and pleasure of our personal lives; societal concern associated with Industry 4.0. many things can now be done remotely - Innovation generally favours the innovators, buying a product, ordering a cab, making a shareholders and investors - which explains payment, listening to music, booking a flight, the rising gap in wealth between those watching a film, playing a game dependent on capital versus those dependent long-term gains in efficiency and productivity on labour for design and technology businesses. the demand for highly skilled workers may Transportation and communication costs increase while the demand for workers with should fall, global supply chains should less education and lower skills may decrease become more efficient and the cost of trade resulting in a loss of traditional jobs and should fall (particularly with Asia), resulting in employment for lower skilled workers. a boost to economic growth. Transport Australian Indigenous People, mainly from eastern Australia, used canoes as their main form of transport and generally used 4 methods to manufacture canoes: 1. Dugout canoes were carved out of solid logs, originally using primitive stone tools. These were from north Queensland and were seafaring craft with outriggers. They are thought to have been derived from New Guinea and Torres Strait about 3,000 years ago. 2. Stitched bark seafaring canoes from the coast of Queensland, Gulf of Carpentaria an Arnhem Land and used for fishing and hunting dugong and turtle, also in crossing rivers and estuaries, as well as visiting offshore islands along the Queensland coast such as Whitsunday Island and Great Keppel Island. Transport 3. Folded-ends bark canoe from south east Australia In your book, used for transport and fishing along rivers and research and then estuaries and was unsuitable for seafaring. The bark describe how the canoe technology was used to make early containers Aboriginal and in these regions. Torres Islanders 4. Bundle of bark or reed canoe was used mainly in made bark canoes Tasmania and could be related to the bamboo rafts of watertight. Southeast Asia.  Tools Australian Aborigines crafted tools, utensils, Complex principles of physics, such as fighting and hunting weapons made from the asymmetrical lift, are associated with a returning available resources of wood, stone, bone and shell. boomerang which was developed by Australian Aboriginals many thousands of years ago. The boomerang is a thrown tool and hunting weapon that can be designed to return to the The woomera, or throwing stick, is another thrower. The boomerang used to bring down game uniquely Aboriginal engineered system which is called a 'hunting stick' and it has flat surfaces. allows hunters to throw spears up to three times The returning boomerang has an airfoil shaped on further (because of increased leverage) with about both surfaces so that the spinning action gives it four times more kinetic energy (energy from lift, just like the wing of an aircraft. motion).  Tools Other engineered systems developed by Australian Aborigines In your book, research include: and then describe to the Water bags from wallaby skin that keeps water cool by class how the Aboriginal evaporation and Torres Strait Firestick farming which was accurate burning of fields to Islanders made use of maintain fertility the engineered systems Stone and natural glass tools that were very efficient and that they developed sophisticated Thermoplastic resin that was strong enough to bind many thousands of ceramic to wood for weapons and tools. years ago. Control Technologies Control Technologies involve systems which are designed to produce desired outcomes (output) from an action (input) by controls (process). There are two basic kinds of control systems: open-loop systems and closed-loop systems. The example control system is open-looped because there is no check on the output - the tap will not automatically turn off when the water reaches a certain level. Note also that the process stage always involves the 7 technological resource areas: people, information, materials, tools/machines, energy, capital ($) & time. Control Technologies An example of a Sequence: closed-looped system is the cistern of a toilet. Press flush button 1. When the water Valve 2 opens and water exits at 3. reaches a certain level Feedback occurs when the float at 4 drops as the water level drops. a valve stops further This allows water in at 5 because the valve at 6 opens as the float water supply by the drops. action of a float which When the water level reaches the correct height, the float closes the provides feedback to inlet valve 6. close the loop. Further feedback occurs by the safety overflow at 7. In your book, select another control system and draw a block diagram showing INPUT, PROCESS (including resources), OUTPUT and FEEDBACK.