Temperature Effect on Densification of Banana Peels Briquette (ICCSE 2018) PDF

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Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect Materials Today: Proceedings 19 (2019) 1403–1407 www.materialstoday.com/proceedings ICCSE 2018 Temperature Effect on Densification of Banana Peels Briquette Nona Merry M. Mitana*, Muhammad Fakhrur Radzi Sa’adonb a Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Computer, Universitas Pertamina, 12220 Kebayoran Lama, Jakarta, Indonesia. b Department of Thermal-Fluids, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, 76100 Durian Tunggal, Melaka, Malaysia. Abstract As a lignocellulose source, banana peel has possibility to convert to be a solid biofuel. This current research applied Tanduk banana peels waste for main material of briquette. The aim of this research is to observe the effect of temperature during carbonization of banana peels and its impact on densification of banana peel to produce a high quality of briquette. Carbonization temperature of banana peels was carried at three different temperatures of 270 (C270), 370 (C370) and 470 (C470) oC. The densification of carbonized banana peel was 40.0 tons. Furthermore, densification also performed on the non-carbonization of banana peel (NC) on order to compare the results without presence of any binder materials. Initial results involved proximate analysis to fulfill the briquette standard requirement and compressive analysis to investigate the strength of briquette. The proximate analysis shown that moisture content of carbonized briquettes were about 5.00 to 6.06 %, ash content were about 20.59 to 30.03 %, volatile matter were about 61.91 to 70.15 % and fixed carbon were about 2.00 to 3.80 % respectively. These findings quite different with non-carbonized briquette. In addition, the compressive analysis obtained that the non-carbonized (NC) briquette produce the highest compressive load limit. Compressive analysis is important to know the ability of briquette to resist the load for logistics purposes. The preliminary results support the idea that banana peels waste are potential to be process as a briquette of solid biofuel. © 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the International Conference on Chemical Sciences and Engineering: Advance and New Materials, ICCSE 2018. Keywords: Banana peel; briquete; densification; lignocellulose; temperature effect * Corresponding author. Tel.: +62-21-290-44308. E-mail address: [email protected] 2214-7853 © 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the International Conference on Chemical Sciences and Engineering: Advance and New Materials, ICCSE 2018. 1404 N.M.M. Mitan and M.F.R. Sa’adon / Materials Today: Proceedings 19 (2019) 1403–1407 1. Introduction Dependency of the world on fossil fuel is shifting to bio-energy since depletion of fossil fuel. Agriculture waste is one kind of bio-energy source. Some examples of agricultural waste that are commonly used as energy sources or other applications namely coconut shell, water hyacinth and rice husk. Agriculture waste rich of valuable chemicals such cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin. Instead of renewable energy, agriculture waste also possible to be treated into adsorbent, fertilizer, composite and other products. Banana is a member of Musaceae family and well known tropical plant in the world. From the whole fruit, banana peels portion is 18-33 %. Banana peels from three varieties (Pachabale, Yelakkibale and Nendranbale) consist of protein, ether extractives and ash as follows 4.6-7.7 %, 5.13-11.26% and 8.9-12.96% respectively. Recent evidence suggests that banana peel is an efficient and low-cost adsorbent for fluoride treatment in water. Banana peel can remove 86.5 % of fluoride in contaminated water. The research on fluoride treatment was also performed by Bhaumik and Mondal. They applied response surface modelling approach to optimize the adsorption method of fluoride in water by banana peel dust. The highest adsorption capacity of fluoride by banana peel dust was 39.5 mg/g. In other research, the potential of banana peel as starch source was explored by Hadisoewignyo et al. They found that banana peel starch has lower temperature of gelatinization than starch from cassava. Wilaipon applied banana peels for briquetting. The briquette produced under pressure from 3 to 11 MPa in the presence of molasses as a binder. The impact resistance and compressive strength tests was passed by briquettes that applied pressure over 7 MPa. These findings support the idea to utilize the banana peel as bioenergy source in briquette form. Sellin et al. attempted to reuse the pseudostem and banana leaves to generate briquette for alternative fuel. The pseudostem and leaves briquettes released high heating value of 13.70 and 17.10 MJ/kg respectively. Moreover, banana peel also potential for biomethane source. Pisutpaisal et al. observed the anaerobic fermentation of banana peel under mesophilic condition with batch reactor. The maximum production rate of methane was 5.31 mL/hr at 7.5 % of total solid. In recent years, there has been an increasing interest in reutilizing of banana peels waste. However, study about briquetting of banana peel still less in particular of temperature effect of carbonization. Therefore, the objectives of the current research are to determine the temperature effects on densification of banana peels into briquette. 2. Methodology 2.1. Materials and preparation of banana peel briquette Banana peel from Tanduk banana waste (Musa paradisiaca fa. corniculate) were collected form home industry of banana chips manufacture around Batu Pahat, Johor and Merlimau, Melaka, Malaysia. Prior to process the banana peels to briquette, the peels were cleaned from dirt and dried at 100 oC for 24 hours to prevent the peels from fungus. After drying, the peels were reduced the size and milled into 0.75 mm by crusher machine and centrifugal milling machine (Retsch ZM 200). Carbonization of banana peel was performed after milling at three different temperatures namely, 270, 370 and 470 oC respectively by furnace (Carbolite Type 201) with heating rate 10 oC/min for 60 min. The 10 g of carbonized banana peels were densified at 40 ton for every type of banana peels used a mold and hydraulic press (Hsin-Chi HL 200). Dimension of mold for densification has 35 mm of inner diameter and 10 mm of thickness. 2.2. Analysis of banana peels briquettes Analysis of banana peel briquettes involved the proximate analysis, calorific value and compressive test. Proximate analysis was conducted based on American Society for Testing Materials (ASTM) D 3173-03 for moisture content, D 3174-02 for ash content and D 3175-02 for volatile matter respectively. Furthermore, the theoretical calorific valued is determined based on developed formula by Erol et al. as follows: 𝑁𝐻𝑉 = −116 − 1.33[𝐴𝑠ℎ] − 0.005[𝑉𝑀] + 1.92 [𝑉𝑀 + 𝐴𝑠ℎ] − 0.0227[𝑉𝑀 𝑥 𝐴𝑠ℎ] − 0.0122[𝑉𝑀] + 0.0299[𝐴𝑠ℎ] + 6133[𝑂𝑀] − 0.82[𝐴𝑠ℎ] (1)  N.M.M. Mitan and M.F.R. Sa’adon / Materials Today: Proceedings 19 (2019) 1403–1407 1405 The compressive test was performed by Universal Testing Machine (Instron 5583) to assess the behavior of briquette under load. 3. Results and discussion The densification of banana peels succeeded to form the briquettes as shown in Fig. 1. The quality of briquettes was analyzed by proximate analysis as a standard for coal products. The moisture content reflects to the quality of briquette. The quality of briquette will decrease in line with increasing of moisture content. As shown in Fig. 2, the moisture content almost no significant differences between four briquettes. The moisture content lies from 5.00 to 7.06 % for all briquettes. The NC briquette has 7.06 % of moisture content. This is due to original composition in NC briquette such as cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin. In carbonized briquettes, the C270 gives the lowest moisture content (5.00 %). Fig. 1. Non-carbonized (NC) and carbonized banana peels briquettes at 470 oC (C470) Ash content is origin mater left after burning process of sample. The lowest ash content was produced from NC briquette (8.16 %) and the highest ash content was found in C470 from the highest temperature of carbonized banana peel. Volatile matter is described the percentage of decomposition of compound in gaseous products that can evaporate at certain temperature and pressure. The high volatile matter lead to smoke formation. The highest volatile matter was found in NC sample (72.47 %). In case of carbonized banana peels, the carbon form decreased the evolatile matter. Fixed carbon is summing up of moisture, ash and volatile matter percentages and describe the carbon content remain after volatile matter is released. The NC briquette has the highest fixed carbon (12.31 %). The highest temperature (C470) reveals the lowest of fixed carbon due to the volatile matter content is less. Fig. 2. Proximate analysis of banana peel briquette at various temperatures 1406 N.M.M. Mitan and M.F.R. Sa’adon / Materials Today: Proceedings 19 (2019) 1403–1407 The calorific value of briquette is indicator of potential energy inside of briquette. As an important parameter of fuel, all carbonized banana peels briquettes gave higher calorific value than non-carbonized banana peels briquettes. The highest of theoretical calorific values was obtained from C470 namely 47.13 MJ/kg. Increasing the temperature will increase the theoretical calorific value as well as shown in Fig. 3. Fig. 3. Theoretical calorific value of banana peels briquettes at various temperatures Figure 4 shows the compressive test of banana peels briquette. The non-carbonized briquette can withstand the load of 18.03 kN. Increasing the temperature of carbonized banana peels lead to fragile of briquette. As appear in Fig. 4., the capability to withstand the load sharply declined from NC to C470 briquettes. The compressive analysis results is useful for logistics purposes. Fig. 4. Compressive test of non-carbonized (NC) and carbonized banana peels briquettes (C470)  N.M.M. Mitan and M.F.R. Sa’adon / Materials Today: Proceedings 19 (2019) 1403–1407 1407 4. Conclusion Investigation on banana peel waste as a candidate of solid biofuel was carried out by carbonization and densification process. The carbonization was performed at three different temperatures of 270, 370 and 470 oC. The highest temperature of carbonization (470 oC) of banana peels yields highest theoretical calorific value. Increasing of temperature of carbonized banana peel decreased the stability of briquette to withstand the load. Acknowledgements This research was supported by Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Malaysia. The authors would like to thank you to all technician staffs in Faculty of Mechanical Engineering who provided assistance during this research. This results partially has been submitted as a Final Year Project of Bachelor Degree to Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka. References S. B. Nagarajaiah and J. Prakash, "Chemical composition and antioxidant potential of peels from three varieties of banana," Asian Journal of Food and Agro-Industry, vol. 4, pp. 31-46, 2011. N. K. Mondal and A. 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