Chapter 2 - Hardware 2024 PDF

Chapter Chapter 2 HARDWARE Part 1 – Evolution Part 2 – System Unit Part 3 – Input Output Part 4 - Secondary Storage Part 5 –Hardware Trends 1  Learning...

Chapter Chapter 2 HARDWARE Part 1 – Evolution Part 2 – System Unit Part 3 – Input Output Part 4 - Secondary Storage Part 5 –Hardware Trends 1  Learning Objectives Part 1 – Evolution of IT Hardware C O 1. Explain the stage of IT Infrastructure M 2. Different type of computer hardware P U T E R H A The System Unit R D W A R 2 E  Evolution of IT Infrastructure Stages in IT Infrastructure Evolution C O Mainframe / Mini Computers (1959- present) M P Personal Computer (1981 – present) U T E Client / Server Computing (1983 – Present) R H A Web-based Enterprise Computing (1992 – present) The System Unit R D W Cloud / Mobile Computing (2000 – present) A R Edge Computing / IoT (2010 – present) 3 E  General-Purpose Mainframe and Minicomputer Era: (1959 to Present) ⚫The introduction of the IBM 1401 and 7090 transistorized C machines in 1959 marked the beginning of widespread O commercial use of mainframe computers. In 1965, the M mainframe computer truly came into its own with the P introduction of the IBM 360 series. Mainframe computers U became powerful enough to support thousands of online T remote terminals connected to the centralized mainframe E using proprietary communication protocols and proprietary R H data lines. A ⚫Minicomputer – powerful yet less expensive computers, The System Unit R allowing decentralized computing customizable to D individual departments or business units W A R 4 E  Personal Computer Era: (1981 to Present) ⚫Proliferation of PCs in the 1980s and early 1990s C O launched a spate of personal desktop productivity M software tools—word processors, spreadsheets, P electronic presentation software, and small data U T management programs—that were very valuable to E both home and corporate users. These PCs were R H stand-alone systems until PC operating system A software in the 1990s made it possible to link them The System Unit R into networks. D W A R 5 E  Client/Server Era (1983 to Present) ⚫In client/server computing, desktop or laptop computers C called clients are networked to powerful server computers that O provide the client computers with a variety of services and capabilities. M Computer processing work is split between these two types of P machines. The client is the user point of entry, whereas the server U typically processes and stores shared data, serves up Web pages, or T manages network activities. The term “server” refers to both the E software application and the physical computer on which the network R software runs. The server could be a mainframe, but today, server H computers typically are more powerful versions of personal computers, A based on inexpensive chips and often using multiple processors in a The System Unit single computer box., or in server racks. R D W A R 6 E  Web-based Enterprise Computing Era (1992 to Present) C ⚫In the early 1990s, firms turned to networking standards and software O tools that could integrate disparate networks and applications M throughout the firm into an enterprise-wide infrastructure. As the P Internet developed into a trusted communications environment after U 1995, business firms began seriously using the Transmission Control T E Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) networking standard to tie their R disparate networks together. H A The System Unit R D W A R 7 E  Cloud and Mobile Computing Era (2000 to Present) C ⚫The growing bandwidth power of the Internet has pushed the O client/server model one step further, towards what is called the “Cloud M Computing Model.” Cloud computing refers to a model of computing that P U provides access to a shared pool of computing resources (computers, T storage, applications, and services) over a network, often the Internet. E R These “clouds” of computing resources can be accessed on an as-needed H basis from any connected device and location. A The System Unit R D W A R 8 E  Edge Computing and IoT Era (2010- present) C O M ⚫As IoT devices proliferated, there was a need to P process data closer to where it was generated to U reduce latency and bandwidth usage, leading to T E the growth of edge computing. R ⚫improve real-time data processing and real-time H A decision-making The System Unit R D W A R 9 E  HARDWARE -Part 2 (System Unit) Introduction C ⚫Speed, capacity, and flexibility determine O M the power of personal computers. P U ⚫Knowledge of a computer’s power allows T you to make good buying decisions and to E determine if your current system will run R H new applications. A ⚫Competent end users need to understand The System Unit R D the functionality of the basic components of W the system unit A R 10 E  Learning Objectives Part 2 – System Unit C 1. Differentiate between the five basic types of system units. O 2. Describe system boards, including sockets, slots, and bus lines. M 3. Recognize different microprocessors, including microprocessor P chips and specialty processors. U 4. Compare different types of computer memory including RAM, T ROM, and flash memory. E 5. Explain expansion slots and cards. R 6. Describe bus lines, bus widths, and expansion buses. H 7. Describe ports, including standard and specialized ports. A 8. Identify power supplies for desktop, laptop, tablet, and mobile The System Unit R devices. D 9. Explain how a computer can represent numbers and encode W characters electronically. A R 11 E  System Unit System Unit Types System Chassis 1. Desktops C O ⚫Container that houses ⮚ System unit is in a separate case ⮚ M most of the electronic ⮚ Tower Units All-in-Ones P components that make ⮚ All components including monitor U up a computer system 2. Laptops ⮚ Portable and much smaller T ⮚ Ultrabooks – laptop and tablet in one ⮚ Gaming – high end graphics E System Unit 3. Tablets R H ⚫Contains system’s ⮚ Mini tablet electronic components 4. Smartphone A ⮚ The System Unit Most popular device – handheld computer R and selected ⮚ Extend the capabilities of cell phones D secondary storage 5. Wearables W devices ⮚ Contain embedded computers A R 12 E  Components C ⚫Although all O devices come in M many shapes and P sizes they have U similarities such as T E ⚫System boards R ⚫Microprocessors H ⚫Memory A The System Unit R D W A R 13 E  System Board System board or main board or motherboard controls communication for the entire computer system C ⚫All components and devices connect to the system O board M ⚫Data path and traffic monitor P ⚫Allows various components to communication efficiently with U one another T E The system board contains a variety of R electronic components H ⚫Sockets – the connection A point for chips The System Unit R ⚫Chips ⚫Tiny circuit boards etched onto squares of D silicon W ⚫Also called silicon chip, semiconductor, or integrated circuit A ⚫Mounted on chip carriers R 14 E  Slots and Bus Lines Microprocessor Additional system board ⚫Central Processing Unit (CPU) or C Processor O components: ⚫Contained on a single chip call a M ⚫Slots Microprocessor P ⚫Provide a connection point for ⚫Brains of the computer U specialized cards or circuit boards ⚫Two Basic Components of the T CPU ⚫Provide expansion capabilities for ⚫Control unit E the computer ⚫Tells the computer system R H ⚫Bus lines how to carry out a program’s instruction A ⚫Connecting lines that provide ⚫Arithmetic-logic unit (ALU) The System Unit R pathways to support communication ⚫Performs arithmetic and logical D among electronic components operations W A R 15 E  Microprocessor Chips Multicore Chips ⚫Chip capacities are expressed in ⚫Multicore Processors C word size ⚫Two or more separate and independent CPUs ⚫Word is the number of bits that within a system unit O ⚫Quad-core supports 4 core processes M can be processed at one time: 16, 32 or 64 ⚫Parallel Processing P ⚫Computer’s ability to divided tasks into parts ⚫Clock Speed that can be distributed across each core U ⚫Processing speed or the number ⚫Windows 8 and Mac OS X support parallel T of times the CPU fetches and processing E processes data or instructions in a R second H A The System Unit R D W A R 16 E  Specialty Processors C ⚫Coprocessors O M ⚫Designed to improve specific computing operations P ⚫Graphics Processing Unit (GPU) / Graphics U coprocessors T E ⚫Designed to handle a variety of specialized tasks R ⚫3D images H ⚫Encrypting data A ⚫Standard features in gaming computers The System Unit R D W A R 17 E  Memory C ⚫Holding area for data, instructions, and O information M P ⚫Contained on chips connected to the system U board T ⚫Three well-known types of memory chips: E R ⚫RAM H ⚫Random Access Memory A ⚫ROM The System Unit R ⚫Read Only Memory D ⚫Flash Memory W A R 18 E  RAM C ⚫Random Access Memory (RAM) chips hold ⚫Virtual Memory programs and data that the CPU is presently ⚫ Dividing a program between memory and storage enabling the system to run very large O processing programs M ⚫Volatile or temporary – contents are lost ⚫Memory is expressed in bytes P when computer is powered off Cache memory – temporary, high-speed U ⚫holding area between the memory and CPU T ⚫Additional RAM can be added using an E expansion module called a DIMM (Dual in- line memory module) R H A The System Unit R D W A R 19 E  ROM C ⚫Read-only memory (ROM) O M ⚫Information stored by the manufacturer P ⚫Non-volatile and cannot be changed U T ⚫CPU can read, or retrieve data and programs in E ROM but the computer cannot change ROM R H ⚫Contain special instructions A ⚫Start the computer The System Unit R D ⚫Access memory W ⚫Handle keyboard input A R 20 E  Flash Memory C ⚫Flash memory combines of the features of: O M ⚫RAM, it can be updated P ⚫ROM, it is non-volatile U T ⚫Contains startup information E ⚫BIOS (basic input/output system) R ⚫Amount of RAM H ⚫Type of keyboard, mouse, and secondary storage devices A connected The System Unit R D W Many ROM chips are being replaced by flash memory A R 21 E  Expansion Slots and Cards C Expands your system’s O capabilities M ⚫Graphics cards for high quality P 3D graphics U ⚫Network interface cards (NIC) T connect devices to networks E via cables R ⚫Wireless network cards H connect devices to networks A without cables The System Unit R ⚫SD cards D ⚫Expansion cards for mobile W devices A R 22 E  Bus Lines / Bus Expansion Buses Connect parts of the CPU to Principle types: C each other and various other ⚫Universal Serial Bus (USB) components on the system ⚫Connects external USB devices O board onto the USB bus M ⚫Pathway for bits representing data and ⚫FireWire P ⚫Primarily used to connect audio U instructions and video equipment to the ⚫Bus width system board T ⚫Number of bits that can E travel simultaneously down ⚫PCI Express (PCIe) a bus ⚫Single dedicated path for each R ⚫Architecture and design connected device H are tied to the speed and A power for the computer The System Unit R ⚫Two basic categories of buses D ⚫System bus – connects W CPU to memory ⚫Expansion bus – connects A CPU to other components R 23 E  Ports C Socket for connecting O external devices to the M P system unit U ⚫Ports connect directly T E ⚫To the system board R ⚫To cards inserted into slots H on the system board A ⚫Two Types The System Unit R D ⚫Standard Ports W ⚫Specialized Ports A R 24 E  Standard Ports Specialized Ports C ⚫USB ⚫External Serial Advanced Technology Attachment (eSATA) O ⚫Keyboards, mice, printers, ⚫High-speed connection for external secondary storage devices storage M P ⚫Ethernet ⚫Musical Instrument Digital Interface (MIDI) ⚫Connect musical instruments U ⚫High speed networking ⚫Mini DisplayPort (MiniDP or mDP) T ⚫HDMI – High Definition ⚫Connection to large monitors E Multimedia Interface ⚫VGA & DVI ⚫High definition video and ⚫Connections to analog and digital monitors R ⚫FireWire audio H ⚫High-speed connections to FireWire devices A ⚫Thunderbolt The System Unit R ⚫Provides high-speed connections D ⚫Can connect up to 7 separate W devices through 1 port A R 25 E  Cables C O ⚫Used to connect external devices to the system M unit via the ports P U ⚫One end of the cable is attached to the device T and the other end has a connector that is E attached to a matching connector on the port R H A The System Unit R D W A R 26 E  Making IT Work for You ~ TV Tuners C ⚫Using Windows Media Center as a DVR O ⚫Install TV Tuner to connect your computer or cable M to your computer P U T E R H A The System Unit R D W A R 27 E  Power Supply C ⚫Computers require direct current O (DC) power converting alternating M current (AC) from wall outlets or P U batteries T ⚫Desktop computers have a power E supply unit in the system unit R ⚫Laptops use AC adapters in the H system unit A ⚫Tablets and mobile devices use The System Unit R internal AC adapters D ⚫Smartphones can use wireless W charging platforms A R 28 E  Electronic Data and Instructions C ⚫Digital electronic signals O ⚫Recognized by computers M P ⚫Analog signals U ⚫Continuous signal T E ⚫Created by voices R H ⚫Conversion must take place from analog to A digital before processing can occur The System Unit R D W A R 29 E  Numeric Representation C ⚫Two-state binary system consists of O M only two digits called bits P ⚫On = 1; negative charge U ⚫Off = 0; no charge T E ⚫Byte = 8 bits grouped together R H ⚫Hexadecimal system A ⚫Uses 16 digits to represent binary The System Unit R numbers D (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E, F) W A R 30 E  HARDWARE -Part 3 (Input and Output) Introduction C Have you ever wondered how O information gets into your computer or M P comes out in a form you can use? U Input devices convert what T we understand into what the E R system unit can process H Output devices convert what A the system unit has processed The System Unit R into a form that we can understand D W A R E  Learning Objectives Part 3 – Input and Output 1. Define input. C 2. Describe keyboard entry including types and features of keyboards. O 3. Identify different pointing devices including game controllers and styluses. M 4. Describe scanning devices including optical scanners, RFID readers and P recognition devices. 5. Recognize image capturing devices and audio-input devices. U 6. Define output. T 7. Identify different monitor features and types including flat-panels and e-books. E 8. Define printing features and types including inkjet and cloud printers. R 9. Recognize different audio and video devices including portable media devices. H 10. Define combination input and output devices including multifunctional devices, A telephones, drones, robots, and VR headgear and gloves. The System Unit R 11. Explain ergonomics and ways to minimize physical damage. D W A R 32 E  What is Input? C ⚫Any data or instructions used by a computer O M ⚫Input devices translate data into a form that the P system unit can process U T ⚫Some hardware input devices include: E ⚫Keyboards R ⚫Mice H ⚫Pointing A The System Unit R ⚫Scanning D ⚫Image capturing W ⚫Audio-input A R E  Keyboard Entry C ⚫Keyboards O ⚫Traditional keyboards M ⚫Laptop keyboards P ⚫Virtual keyboards U ⚫Thumb keyboards T E R H A The System Unit R D W A R E  Pointing Devices Provide an intuitive interface by accepting pointing gestures C O and converting them into machine-readable input M ⚫Wide variety of devices such as Mouse, Touch screen, P Game controller, Stylus U T Mouse Types Touch Screen E ⚫Optical mouse ⚫Can be touched with R ⚫ Has no moving parts more than one finger ⚫ Emits and senses light to H detect mouse movement ⚫Common on mobile ⚫ Can be used on any devices A surface The System Unit ⚫Apple iPhone R ⚫Wireless mouse ⚫Notebook computers ⚫ Battery operated D ⚫ Uses radio waves or ⚫Desktop monitors W infrared light waves ⚫Stylus is a pen-like ⚫Touch pads device A ⚫ Controls pointer by ⚫Used on tablets moving and tapping your R fingers on the surface of ⚫Uses handwriting the pad recognition software 35 E  Gaming Controllers Scanning Devices ⚫Provide input to computer Scanners convert scanned data C games into a form the system unit can O Joysticks use pressure and process M direction of the stick ⚫Optical scanners P Gaming mice are similar to a ⚫Flatbed scanners U mouse but high precision Game pads use both hands ⚫Document scanners T Motion sensing device control ⚫Portable scanners E R games by user movement ⚫3D scanners H A The System Unit R D W A R E  Card Readers Bar Code Readers Interpret encoded Contain photo-electric cells that scan C information that is stored or read bar codes or the zebra striped O marks printed on product containers M on debit, credit and ⚫Wand readers P identification cards ⚫Hand –held readers U ⚫Magnetic card reader ⚫UPCs and MaxiCode readers T ⚫Information read from ⚫UPC are heavily used in grocery stores for automated checkout E strip when swiped and inventory control R through reader ⚫MaxiCode used by shipping H ⚫Smart cards hold companies for routing packages A additional security The System Unit R information D W A R E  RFID Readers Character and Mark Recognition Readers Radio-frequency identification Recognize special characters and marks C ⚫Character and mark recognition O Tiny chips embedded in most devices M anything contain electronically ⚫Magnetic-ink character recognition (MICR) P stored information that can be ⚫Used by banks to read encoded characters on checks U read using an RFID reader ⚫Optical-character recognition (OCR) T located several yards away. ⚫Reads preprinted characters such as wand scanners E ⚫Tracking pets ⚫Optical-mark recognition (OMR) R ⚫Update and control inventories ⚫Sense the presence of absence of marks used for test scoring H ⚫Read passports A The System Unit R D W A R E  Image Capturing Audio-Input Devices Devices Create or capture original ⚫Voice recognition systems C images ⚫Use a microphone, sound O ⚫Digital Camera card, and special software M ⚫Capture images digitally ⚫Users can operate computers P and store in memory and create documents using U ⚫Web Cams voice commands T ⚫Capture images and send E to a computer ⚫Included in many smart R phones H ⚫Siri in iPhones A ⚫Cortana in Windows phones The System Unit R ⚫Google Now in Google phones D W A R E  Output Processed data or information C ⚫Types of output (Text, Graphics/photos, Audio & video) O ⚫Output devices – Monitors, Printers, Audio-output devices M Monitors Monitor Types Curved E-book Readers Other Monitor Types P Monitors U -Known as screens or Flat-panel monitors: Has a concave An e-book is a Other monitors: T display screens and -Require less power to operate screen that provides traditional books i) Digital/interactive whiteboards present visual images -Portable and thin better viewing printed in electronic - Connects to a computer or project E of text and graphics -Most are backlit angles near the form - Controlled using a special pen or R -Output referred to as edges of the screen even your finger (used in Classrooms H soft copy Three types: - Used by high- E-book readers are and corporate boardrooms) -Features: 1. Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) end gamers dedicated mobile ii) Ultra High-definition television A The System Unit a) Clarity - Older monitors - Used for smart devices for storing (UHDTV) R b) Resolution/pixels 2. Light Emitting Diode (LED) watch displays and displaying e- - Digital output delivering a much c) Dot pitch - More advanced backlighting books clearer and more detailed image D d) Contrast ratios 3. Organic Light Emitting Diode that regular HDTV W e) Size (OLED) Use e-ink technology iii) Digital Projector f) Aspect ratio - Thin layer organic compound -Produce images that - Project the images from a traditional A that produces light reflect light (Kindle, monitor onto a screen or wall R Nook) 40 E  Printers C ⚫Translates information that has been O processed by the system unit M P ⚫Output referred to as hard copy U T ⚫Features E ⚫Resolution R ⚫Color H A ⚫Speed The System Unit R ⚫Memory D W ⚫Duplex printing A R E  Printer Types ⚫Ink-jet printers spray ink at a high speed C ⚫Reliable, quite and inexpensive O ⚫Laser printers uses a laser light beam to M produce images P ⚫Fast, excellent quality ⚫Personal or shared U ⚫3D Printers create 3-D shapes with a thin layer T of material repeatedly until created E ⚫Additive manufacturing R H Other Printers A The System Unit R D ⚫Cloud printers (Connected to W the Internet to provide services A to others on the Internet R ⚫Thermal printers E ⚫Plotters  Audio and Video Devices C ⚫Translates audio information O from M P the computer into sounds that U people can understand T E ⚫Speakers and headphones R ⚫Bluetooth Technology H A ⚫Wireless technology The System Unit R ⚫Used to connect to speakers and headsets D W A R E  Combination Input and Output Devices C ⚫Headsets O ⚫Combine a microphone and headphones M ⚫Multifunctional devices (MFD) P ⚫Cost efficient but lower quality U ⚫All-in-one printers are a good example T E ⚫Telephones R ⚫Known as Telephony and Internet H Telephony A ⚫Voice-over IP (VoIP) The System Unit R ⚫Hangouts D ⚫Face Time W ⚫Skype A R E  3D visual ⚫Hologram C - created using light interference patterns. O M - 3D image that can be seen without a screen or special glasses, appearing to have depth in space and being P visible from multiple angles. U T ⚫Virtual Reality (VR) headsets E - provide a fully immersive 3D experience, E.g –Oculus R Quest, HTC vive H ⚫Augmented Reality (AR)/ Mix Reality (MR) headsets A - overlay 3D virtual objects onto the real world, blending The System Unit R virtual and physical environments. E.g – Magic Leap D W ⚫Projection Mapping (3D projection System) A - Projecting 3D visual onto physical surfaces such as R building or objects to create depth and dimension 45 E  Drones and Robots C Drones or unarmed aerial vehicles O M ⚫Take input from a controller and P send back video and sound to the U user T E ⚫Very cost effective now R Robots H A ⚫Use microphones, cameras and The System Unit R other sensors as input D ⚫Output is dependent on the use W for the robot A ⚫ Assists in surgery R E  Making IT Work for You ~ Skype C ⚫Communications tool O using VoIP M P ⚫www.skype.com U T E R H A The System Unit R D W A R E  Ergonomics C ⚫Study of human O factors related to M P things people use U ⚫Fit the task to the T E user to avoid: R ⚫Eyestrain and H headache A The System Unit R ⚫Back and neck D pain W ⚫Repetitive strain A R injury E  Ergonomic Challenged Devices C Portable devices are not set up for ergonomics O M ⚫Laptops P ⚫Because the keyboard and monitor are connected, U they cannot be set up ergonomically T E ⚫Tablets R ⚫Tablet hunch is caused by the users head being H improperly aligned to the viewing surface A ⚫Smartphones The System Unit R D ⚫Blackberry thumb results from using thumbs to type on a W tiny keyboard A R E  HARDWARE -Part 4 (Secondary Storage) Introduction C ⚫Data storage has expanded from O text and numeric files to include M digital music files, photographic files, P video files, and much more. U T ⚫These new types of files require E secondary storage devices with much R greater capacity. H ⚫In Part 3 (hardware), you learn A about the many types of secondary The System Unit R storage devices including their D W capabilities and limitations. A R E  Learning Objectives Part 4 – Secondary Storage 1. Distinguish between primary and secondary storage. C 2. Identify the important characteristics of secondary storage, including O media, capacity, storage devices, and access speed. M 3. Describe hard-disk platters, tracks, sectors, cylinders, and head crashes. P 4. Compare internal and external hard drives. U 5. Compare performance enhancements including disk caching, RAID, file T compression, and E file decompression. R 6. Define optical storage including compact discs, digital versatile discs, and Blu-ray discs. H 7. Define solid-state storage, including solid-state drives, flash memory cards, A and USB drives. The System Unit R 8. Define cloud storage and cloud storage services. D 9. Describe mass storage, mass storage devices, enterprise storage systems, W and storage area networks. A R E  Storage C ⚫Primary storage is: O M ⚫Volatile storage P ⚫Loses content when the computer loses power U ⚫Temporary storage T E ⚫Random Access Memory (RAM) R H ⚫Secondary storage is: A ⚫Nonvolatile storage The System Unit R ⚫Stores programs and data regardless of power D ⚫Permanent storage W A ⚫Permanently saves information for future use R E  Secondary Storage Characteristics ⚫Secondary storage characteristics C O ⚫Media ⚫Physical materials that holds data and programs M P ⚫Capacity U ⚫How much the media can hold T ⚫Storage devices E ⚫Hardware that reads data and programs R ⚫Access speed H ⚫Amount of time required to retrieve data from storage A ⚫Writing is the process of saving information to storage The System Unit R ⚫Reading is the process of accessing information from D storage W A R E  Hard Disks Save files by altering the magnetic charges of the disk’s surface to C represent 1s and 0s O ⚫Use rigid, metallic platters that are stacked one on top of one M another P ⚫Store and organize files using tracks, sectors, and cylinders U T E R H A The System Unit R D W A How charges on a disk surface store the letter A Tracks and Sectors R E  Head Crash Occurs when read-write head C O makes contact with the hard M disk’s surface or with particles P on its surface U ⚫Disastrous T E R H A The System Unit R D W A R E  Types of Hard Disks C Internal O ⚫Located inside the system unit M ⚫Used to store programs and data files P U ⚫You should perform routine T maintenance and periodically backup all E important files R H A External The System Unit R ⚫Removable D ⚫Used to complement internal hard disk W A R E  Performance Enhancements C There are 3 ways to enhance performance. O M P U T E R H A The System Unit R D W A R E  Solid-State Storage Solid–state devices (SSDs) have no moving C parts O M ⚫Solid-state drives P ⚫Faster and more durable than hard disks U ⚫Access to slash memory or solid state storage T E R ⚫Flash memory cards H ⚫Widely used in laptops, smartphones, GPS A navigation systems The System Unit R D ⚫USB Drives (or Flash Drives) W ⚫Connect to USB port A ⚫Capacity of 1 GB to 256 GB R ⚫Portable E  Optical Discs ⚫Hold over 128 gigabytes (GB) of C data Optical Disc Types O ⚫Use reflected light to represent data M ⚫Lands represent 1s and 0s on the disc P ⚫Pits are bumpy areas on the disc that, when light is reflected, determine the U 1s and 0s T ⚫Use tracks and sectors to organize E and store files but only use a single track unlike the hard drive Optical Disc Formats R H A Type Access Description The System Unit R CD-ROM Compact disc – read only Cannot be written to or erased D mode W CD-R Compact disc – recordable Can be written to A CD-RW Compact disc – rewritable Can be written to and erasable R E  Cloud Storage C The Internet acts as a “cloud” O of servers M ⚫Applications provided as a P service rather than a product U T ⚫Supplied by servers that provide cloud storage or online E storage R H A The System Unit R D W A R E  Cloud Storage Services Benefits / Advantages C Maintenance O Hardware upgrades Cloud Storage Service Companies M File sharing and collaboration P U Disadvantages T Access speed E File Security R H A The System Unit R D W A R E  Making IT Work for You ~ Cloud Storage C Using a cloud storage service makes it easy to upload and O share files with anyone. M P U Starting Dropbox Dropbox Sharing Dropbox T Step 1 Step 2 E R H A The System Unit R D W A R E  Mass Storage Devices C To meet the needs of O organizations requiring large M amounts of secondary storage P requirements U ⚫Enterprise storage system T ⚫Safe use of data across an E organizational network R ⚫Devices include: H ⚫File servers A The System Unit R ⚫Networked attached storage (NAS) D ⚫RAID systems W ⚫Organizational cloud storage A R E  Storage Area Network (SAN) C ⚫Architecture to link remote computer storage O M devices P ⚫Enterprise storage systems can be connected to U ⚫Computers to provide local system access T E ⚫User’s computer provides file system, but SAN R provides disk space H A ⚫House data in remote locations and still allow The System Unit R D efficient and secure access W A R E  HARDWARE TRENDS –Part 5 Current Trend in Computer Hardware C 1. AI and Machine Learning Hardware O Hardware designed for AI/ ML workload such as GPUs and TPUs, AI M chips, NVIDIA Jetson P Optimized for parallel processing, large dataset, high computational U T 2. Edge computing and IoT devices E Localized processing to reduce latency in IoT applications. R Critical for real-time application such as autonomous vehicles, smart H cities A Growing demand for energy-efficient and low-latency hardware The System Unit R Edge server, IoT Sensor, IoT gateways, embedded system D 3. Multicore Processor W allow computers to handle multiple tasks simultaneously, improving parallel A processing and overall performance R Critical component in smartphones, PCs, servers, and edge devices E E.g ARM processor (Apple M1/M2 chips), RISC-V 65  HARDWARE TRENDS –Part 5 C 4. Non-Volatile Memory express (NVMe) storage O M NVMe SSDs are replacing older storage technologies due to their speed. P Faster data access and lower latency compared to traditional SATA SSDs. U Critical for data-intensive applications such as gaming, AI, and video T editing E 5. 5G integration and networking hardware R 5G networks drive demand for faster and more reliable data transfer.I H innovations in routers, switches, and modems for 5G applications. A Enables real-time applications like AR, smart cities, and IoT. The System Unit R D W A R 66 E  HARDWARE TRENDS –Part 5 Future Trend in Computer Hardware C O 1. Quantum Computing M leverages the principles of quantum mechanics—the fundamental theory in P physics that describes the behavior of particles at the smallest scales (atoms and subatomic particles). U T use quantum bits or qubits to process information, which can represent both 0 and 1 simultaneously due to the quantum property called superposition E R revolutionize fields like AI, cryptography, optimization and complex simulations H 2. Device and Nanotechnology A Nanotechnology is the aptitude to perceive, measure, operate, and build materials The System Unit R at the nanometer scale, the size of atoms and molecules. D enables the creation of smaller transistors and components, allowing for increased W transistor density on integrated circuits A enabling the development of smaller, faster, and more efficient components R 67 E  HARDWARE TRENDS –Part 5 3. Photonics and Optical computer C uses light (photons) instead of electrical signals (electrons) to perform O computations. This allows for higher data transfer rates and less heat M generation. P U 4. 3D chips stacking and heterogeneous computing T stacking chips vertically to increase performance and reduce E power consumption R combining different types of processors (CPU, GPU, FPGA) on a H single chip to optimize for specific tasks. A 5. Neuromorphic computing The System Unit R D Hardware that mimics the human brain, potentially leading to more advanced AI and cognitive computing W A Neuromorphic chips from Intel and IBM are already in development R 68 E  HARDWARE TRENDS –Part 5 C O 6. Emerging memories technology M Aim to address the limitation of traditional P memory type like DRAM and NAND flash storage U T Improve in speed, density, energy efficiency, E durability R ReRAM (resistive), MRAM (Magnetoresistive), H PRAM (Phase change), FeRAM (Ferroelectric), A The System Unit R universal memory D W A R 69 E  Performance of emerging memories C O M P U T E R H A The System Unit R D W A R 70 E