20_Appendicular+Skeleton.pptx

Appendicular Skeleton Chapter 7, Human Anatomy (LibreTexts) "Skeleton Sitting Smiling " by Clker-Free-Vector-Images is in the Public Domain, CC0 Axial and Appendicular Skeleton • Composed of: • Arms: • • • • • • Pectoral girdle: clavicle and scapula Humerus Ulna and Radius Carpals Metacarpals Ph...

Appendicular Skeleton Chapter 7, Human Anatomy (LibreTexts) "Skeleton Sitting Smiling " by Clker-Free-Vector-Images is in the Public Domain, CC0 Axial and Appendicular Skeleton • Composed of: • Arms: • • • • • • Pectoral girdle: clavicle and scapula Humerus Ulna and Radius Carpals Metacarpals Phalanges • Legs: • • • • • • Pelvic girdle: os coxae Femur Tibia and Fibula Tarsals Metatarsals Phalanges "Axial Skeleton" by OpenStax is licensed under CC BY 3.0 Girdles • Girdles: bones of the appendicular skeleton that connect limbs to axial skeleton • The pectoral girdle holds the upper limbs and articulates them with trunk. Formed by: • left and right clavicle • left and right scapula • The pelvic girdle articulates the lower limbs with the end of vertebral column (sacrum). Formed by: • left and right os coxae Pectoral Girdle (Image) "Pectoral Girdle" by OpenStax is licensed under CC BY 3.0 Pectoral Girdle: Clavicle Clavicle: • Sternal end is articulating surface for sternum of thoracic cage, medial end. • Acromial end (acro = topmost or tip) is articulating surface for scapula at acromion, lateral end. • Conoid (“cone-shaped”) tubercle and costal tuberosity are elevations for muscle and ligament attachment. "Pectoral Girdle" by OpenStax is licensed under CC BY 3.0 Pectoral Girdle: Scapula Scapula: • Acromion is articulating surface for acromial end of clavicle (lateral and superior). • Glenoid cavity is articulating surface for head of humerus (lateral). • Coracoid process is elevation for muscle and ligament attachment (lateral and superior). • Borders: superior border, medial border, lateral border. • Angles: superior angle, inferior angle. • Subscapular fossa (anterior) is depression for muscle attachment. • From posterior view: spine is elevation; supraspinous fossa (superior to spine) and infraspinous fossa (inferior to spine) are depressions for muscle attachment. Scapula "The Scapula" by OpenStax is licensed under CC BY 3.0 Upper Limb • Composed of 30 bones • Divided into three regions • Arm (shoulder to elbow) • Humerus • Forearm (elbow to wrist) • Radius • Ulna • Hand (distal to wrist) • Carpal Bones (8) • Metacarpal Bones (5) • Phalanx Bones (14) "Axial Skeleton" by OpenStax is licensed under CC BY 3.0 Humerus I Proximal epiphysis: • Head is articulating surface for glenoid cavity of scapula (medial). • Anatomical neck is inferior to head. • Greater tubercle is elevation that makes rounded contour of shoulder (lateral). • Lesser tubercle is elevation anterior to greater tubercle. • Intertubercular sulcus is depression between tubercles contains tendon of biceps brachii. • Surgical neck at the beginning of diaphysis. Diaphysis: • Deltoid tuberosity is elevation for attachment of deltoid muscle (lateral). Humerus II Distal epiphysis: • Lateral epicondyle is an elevation for attachment of muscles (lateral). • Radial fossa is depression that fits the head of the radius (anterior). • Capitulum is an articulating surface for head of radius (lateral). • Medial epicondyle is an elevation for attachment of muscles (medial). • Coronoid fossa is depression that fits coronoid process of ulna (anterior). • Trochlea is an articulating surface for trochlear notch of ulna (medial). • Olecranon fossa is depression that accommodates olecranon of ulna (posterior). Humerus and Elbow Joint "Humerus and Elbow" by OpenStax is licensed under CC BY 3.0 Ulna Ulna is medial bone and stays in place during pronation and supination: • Olecranon process is an elevation that makes the posterior side of elbow. • Trochlear notch (makes the C) is an articulating surface for trochlea. • Coronoid process is an elevation that makes the anterior side of elbow. • Radial notch is articulating surface for head of radius. • Styloid process is an elevation on distal medial side of ulna. Radius Radius is lateral and rotates around anterior side of ulna: • Head is on proximal side and is an articulating surface for capitulum. • Radial tuberosity is elevation inferior to head on medial side. • Styloid process is elevation on the distal lateral side. • Ulnar notch is articulating surface for head of ulna. Interosseous membrane is dense regular connective tissue that holds together ulna and radius. Ulna and Radius "Ulna and Radius" by OpenStax is licensed under CC BY 3.0 Hand Bones • 8 Carpal Bones form wrist: Scaphoid, Lunate, Triquetrum, Pisiform, Hamate, Capitate, Trapezoid, Trapezium. • Mnemonic for Carpals: So Long To Pinky, Here Comes The Thumb. Start from anterior view, lateral side (aka thumb/pollex-side) and from a C with the two rows of bones (from Scaphoid to Pisiform, then from Hamate to Trapezium). • Digits (fingers) 1 to 5: digit 1 is pollex (thumb), digit 2 is index finger, etc. • 5 Metacarpal Bones (1 to 5) form palm of hands. • 14 Phalanx Bones (pl. phalanges): proximal, middle and distal (except for pollex which is missing the middle one). Wrist and Hand "Hand and Wrist" by OpenStax is licensed under CC BY 3.0 Pelvic Girdle • Pelvic girdle is formed by: • Os Coxae (sing.) or Ossa Coxae (pl.). • Serves as the attachment point for each lower limb. • Each hip bone firmly joined to the axial skeleton via its attachment to the sacrum. • Pelvis is composed of: • • • • 2 Ossa Coxae Sacrum Coccyx Pubic symphysis Pelvis Os Coxae "Pelvis" by OpenStax is licensed under CC BY 3.0 Overview of Differences between Female and Male Pelvis Pelvic weight Pelvic inlet shape Lesser pelvic cavity shape Subpubic angle Pelvic outlet Female pelvis Bones of the pelvis are lighter and thinner Pelvic inlet has a round or oval shape Lesser pelvic cavity is shorter and wider Subpubic angle is greater than 80 degrees Pelvic outlet Male pelvis Bones of the pelvis are thicker and heavier Pelvic inlet is heart-shaped Lesser pelvic cavity is longer and narrower Subpubic angle is less than 70 degrees Pelvic outlet Female and Male Pelvis Image "Male Female Pelvic Girdle" by OpenStax is licensed under CC BY 3.0 Os Coxae I • Composed by 3 bones that fuse together around age 15 forming 3 regions: • Ilium (most superior) • Pubis (most anterior) • Ischium (most inferior) • Acetabulum is articulating surface with the head of femur (lateral). • Iliac crest is most superior elevation. • Other elevations: • Anterior superior iliac spine • Anterior inferior iliac spine • Posterior superior iliac spine • Posterior inferior iliac spine Os Coxae II • Greater sciatic notch is depression inferior to PIIS. • Ischial spine is elevation inferior to greater sciatic notch. • Ischial tuberosity is elevation where you sit on (inferior). • Obturator foramen is opening for obturator nerve. • Iliac fossa on medial surface of ilium. • Auricular surface is articulating surface for sacrum (medial). Coxal (Hip) Bone "Hip Bone" by OpenStax is licensed under CC BY 3.0 Lower Limb • Composed of 30 bones • Divided into three regions • Thigh (hip to knee) • Femur • Leg (knee to ankle) • Patella • Tibia • Fibula • Foot (distal to ankle) • Tarsal Bones (7) • Metatarsal Bones (5) • Phalanx Bones (14) "Axial Skeleton" by OpenStax is licensed under CC BY 3.0 Femur I Proximal epiphysis: • Head is articulating surface for acetabulum of os coxae (medial). • Neck is inferior to the head. • Greater trochanter is elevation on lateral side. • Lesser trochanter is elevation on medial side (inferior to head). • Gluteal tuberosity is elevation on inferior to greater trochanter (lateral). Diaphysis: • Linea aspera is elevation on posterior side. Femur II and Patella Distal epiphysis: • Lateral epicondyle is elevation for attachment of muscles (lateral). • Medial epicondyle is elevation for attachment of muscles (medial). • Lateral condyle is articulating surface for lateral condyle of tibia (lateral). • Medial condyle is articulating surface for medial condyle of tibia (medial). • Intercondylar fossa is depression between the two condyles. Patella is sesamoid bone within the patellar tendon, which is a ligament connecting patella and tibia. Patella articulates only with femur. It protects the knee and connects the muscles in the front of the thigh. Femur and Patella Image Os Coxae "Femur and Patella" by OpenStax is licensed under CC BY 3.0 Tibia and Fibula Tibia is medial bone and articulates with femur, fibula and foot (talus): • Lateral condyle is articulating surface for lateral condyle of femur (lateral). • Medial condyle is articulating surface for medial condyle of femur (medial). • Tibial tuberosity is elevation for muscle attachment (anterior). • Medial malleolus is elevation on medial inferior side (makes the medial protrusion at the ankle. Fibula is lateral bone and articulates with the tibia and foot (talus) but not with femur. Interosseous membrane is dense regular connective tissue that holds together tibia and fibula. Tibia and Fibula Image "Tibia and Fibula" by OpenStax is licensed under CC BY 3.0 Foot Bones • 7 Tarsal Bones form ankle: Talus, Calcaneus, Navicular, Medial cuneiform, Intermediate cuneiform, Lateral cuneiform, Cuboid. • Mnemonic for Tarsals: Tiger Cubs Need MILC. Start from superior view, medial side (aka big toe/hallux-side) and from an S (from Talus to Calcaneus and then Navicular, and so on). • Digits (toes) 1 to 5: digit 1 is allux (big toe), etc. • 5 Metatarsal Bones (1 to 5) form sole of feet. • 14 Phalanx Bones (pl. phalanges): proximal, middle and distal (except for pollex which is missing the middle one). Bones of the Foot "Bone of the Foot" by OpenStax is licensed under CC BY 3.0