Underground Organs Lecture Notes PDF

Underground Organs Presented by Sahar Abdelaziz Level 2 Pharm D Students Pharmacognosy 2 PG303 Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy,...

Underground Organs Presented by Sahar Abdelaziz Level 2 Pharm D Students Pharmacognosy 2 PG303 Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig National University Sahar Abdelaziz_2024 Underground organs_Lecture 1 1  Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig National University Objectives The Root ( characters, zones, function, and types) Structure and secondary thickening in the root Anomalous secondary thickening in the root Subterranean Stems (function, Mode of branching, direction of growth, types) Structure of Subtarranean Stems Anomalous structures in subterranean stems Official roots (Ipecacuanha root) Sahar Abdelaziz_2024 Underground organs_Lecture 1 2  Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig National University Sahar Abdelaziz_2024 Underground organs_Lecture 1 3  Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig National University Drugs From Natural Plant Origin: 1. Organized Drugs (definite organs and difinit cellular structure)  Leaf  Flowers  Barks  Fruits and Seeds  Herb: when the active constituent distributed in all plant parts.  Underground: when drugs derived from underground parts e.g. Root and/or Rhizomes. 2. Unorganized Drugs Sahar Abdelaziz_2024 Underground organs_Lecture 1 4  Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig National University The subterranean organs Comprise two types : 1- Stem origin: such as rhizomes, corms, bulbs and tubers 2- Root origin: such as roots and root tubers. Subterranean organs are generally collected from perennial plants where they perform as storage organs for the reserve material required for the subsequent use of the plant and production of 2ry metabolites. Sahar Abdelaziz_2024 Underground organs_Lecture 1 5  Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig National University The Root The root is the portion of the plant axis derived from the radical and grows towards the soil and water. The roots are Characterized by:  It never develops leaves.  It shows no nodes and internodes.  It bears no buds.  Its growing point is covered by special tissue called root-cap or calyptra.  Unlike the stem, it shows no chlorophyll and has one kind of lateral appendage which is similar in structure to the parent root but differ in direction. Sahar Abdelaziz_2024 Underground organs_Lecture 1 6  Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig National University Composition of the root Root consists of four zones: 1. Zone of cell differentiation. http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/lsroot.gif 2. Zone of cell elongation. 3. Zone of cell division. 4. Zone of root cap Sahar Abdelaziz_2024 Underground organs_Lecture 1 7  Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig National University Functions of the root 1. Absorption of water, soluble minerals and organic compounds form the soil and transportation of them to the stem. 2. It anchors the plant to the ground. 3. As storage organ and for propagation. Sahar Abdelaziz_2024 Underground organs_Lecture 1 8  Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig National University Types of Roots 1&2 1. Primary roots: Developing into tap-root http://taibahchaudhary.edublogs.org/files/2012/06/92779-034-C3A77CFC-1yon6t3.jpg e.g. Senega. 2. Secondary roots: Lateral branches of tap- root e.g. Kremeria. 3. Adventitious roots: Arise from the stem super-added roots e.g. Ipecacuanha and 3 Calumba. 4. Prop roots: Adventitious roots but arise from the stem, above the soil and http://taibahchaudhary.edublogs.org/files/2012/06/92779-034-C3A77CFC-1yon6t3.jpg extending diagonally into the soil e.g. 5 http://t2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSRKPh5ztc93xP1Fh2_V1EmTQAEi_jnr2iNezUx7prXR8ex2mJGUQ Maize. 4 5. Fibrous roots: Very slender (slim) as in Grasses. Sahar Abdelaziz_2024 Underground organs_Lecture 1 9  Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig National University Sahar Abdelaziz_2024 Underground organs_Lecture 1 10  Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig National University Types of Roots Cont. http://t1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTtYyo5n4JRDXY3CGqO96QumYT8UhUubwMLuYU1qzhW7EXNTPx6Qw 6. Aerial roots: Adventitious roots hanging in the air or growing down to anchor in the ground e.g. 6 Ficus Bengalensis. http://t1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSF0qe09ccrlgMOsi5OHmXbtUqKQwOkvwRS5lI_hZ_ib_-Dzvq1RQ 7 7. Respiratory roots: Growing from the soil into air for respiration e.g. some plants growing in water-logged (saturated with water) soil. 8. Storage roots: Roots swollen with reserve food http://images.tutorvista.com/content/angiosperm-morphology/tap-roots-modification.jpeg 8 material. It may be primary e.g. Belladonna, secondary e.g. Umbelliferous roots, adventitious e.g. Calumba or it may be very swollen roots and called root tubers Sahar Abdelaziz_2024 Underground organs_Lecture 1 11  Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig National University Condition of the Roots Drugs occur usually in dry conditions rarely fresh. They may be: Entire (rarely) e.g. Senega Sliced longitudinally e. g. Alethea or transversly e. g. Calumba Peeled e.g. Liquorice Sahar Abdelaziz_2024 Underground organs_Lecture 1 12  Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig National University Structure and Secondary thickening in root http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-RNDd2Nj9f7E/Tc5MGutztgI/AAAAAAAAABE/YF66AtaA8PA/s1600/monodicot.jpeg Sahar Abdelaziz_2024 Underground organs_Lecture 1 13  Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig National University Monocot Dicot Sahar Abdelaziz_2024 Underground organs_Lecture 1 14  Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig National University Sahar Abdelaziz_2024 Underground organs_Lecture 1 15  Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig National University Plant tissues Epidermal tissue system, Ground tissue system, Vascular tissue system. Variation of these arrangement lead to classification of plants Root of Dicot structure 1- Ep. With no cuticle but has exogenous structure known as root hair which is unicellular outgrowth. 2- Cortex parenchymatous 3- Endodermis with casperian strip 4- Pericyle parenchymatous from which originate lateral roots and so known as endogenous in origin. 5- Vascular bundle: consists of patch of xylem and phloem If present on the same radius it is collateral VB as in the stem Radial vascular bundles in the root, where xylem and phloem are present on different radii In the Dicot root radial VB 2-4 patches di or tri or tetra arch sometimes hexa arch conditions Ex arch condition where protoxylem outside and metaxylem inside Contain Cambiam In monocot Root 2-20 polyarch condition with no cambium. Pith in the center Sahar Abdelaziz_2024 Underground organs_Lecture 1 16  Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig National University Structure and Secondary thickening in root Cont. Secondary thickening takes place in Dicotyledons and Gymnosperms only. The cambium is originated in the parenchyma below the phloem, in the conducting parenchyma and in the pericycle outside the protoxylem arches forming a stellate ring. This cambium divides to give secondary phloem outwards and much xylary tissue, secondary xylem, inwards so the cambium becoming circular in form. Opposite each protoxylem group the cambium forms a primary medullary ray. At the same time phellogen is formed in the pericycle dividing to give outer cork and inner wide pheloderm, thus cutting off the piliferous layer, primary cortex and endodermis. Sahar Abdelaziz_2024 Underground organs_Lecture 1 17  Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig National University Anomalous Secondary Thickening Some medicinal roots show abnormal types of secondary thickening which are described as anomalous. The following are examples of this type of thickening: Ipecacuanha: The vascular cambium yields a small and dense xylem to the inside and very narrow ring of phloem outwards with short wedges of sieve tissues. The phellogen produces a very wide starchy parenchymatous phelloderm. Sahar Abdelaziz_2024 Underground organs_Lecture 1 18  Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig National University A- Senega: The xylem is wedged by the formation of wide, V- shaped one or more parenchymatous medullary rays, Furthermore, excessive secondary phloem is abnormally developed and producing an external ridge termed the keel. B- Aconite: The cambium retains its stellate form and develops little secondary xylem and wide parenchymatous phloem with little amount of sieve tissue. The root shows wide medullary rays and parenchymatous pith. The tegumentary tissue in aconite is the metaderm. i.e.it is not formed of cork cells but of irregular arranged suberized cells derived from the outer layer of cortex forming the metaderm Sahar Abdelaziz_2024 Underground organs_Lecture 1 19  Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig National University Subterranean Stems Difference between aerial stem and the subterranean stem: 1. It bears scale and not foliage leaves. 2. It bears adventitious roots arising generally from the nodes. 3. It has growing point protected by scale and not by compactly arranged rudimentary leaves. Difference between subterranean stem and root: 1. It generally, has nodes and internodes. 2. It bears scale leaves with axillary buds. 3. Numerous adventitious roots are generally arising from the nodes. 4. It has growing point protected by scale leaves and not by root-cap. 5. Histologically, it shows a central pith and numerous collateral not radial vascular bundles Sahar Abdelaziz_2024 Underground organs_Lecture 1 20  Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig National University Subterranean Stems Functions of Subterranean Stem: 1. They function as a mean of prennation i.e. to survive from one growing season to the other 2. They serve as storage organs for reserve food materials e.g. starch, inulin, sugars etc. 3. May contain 2ry metabolites. Mode of branching 1- Monopodial in which the main axis continue growing and producing the successive yearly portions of the axis e.g. Filix mas 2- Sympodial in which the main axis stop growing as a result of destruction of the apical bud the main axis continue its growth by the development of axillary buds in the axil of scale leaves e.g. Ginger 3- Mixed starts monopodial then continue e.g. Iris. Sahar Abdelaziz_2024 Underground organs_Lecture 1 21  Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig National University Subterranean Stems Direction of growth may be: 1-Horizontally: It is the usual type. Show scars of the aerial shoots or buds with encircling scaly Leaves on the upper side and roots or their scars on the lower side e.g. Ginger and podophyllum 2- Vertically: In this type the subterranian stem shows roots and scaly leaves all over the surface with a large bud at the apex also it shows annulated surface due to the presence of the encircling leaf scars e.g Veratrum and valerian 3- Obliqquely: It is occasional type in which the aerial parts leave the subterranian stem with angels equal to that between the Subterranian stem and the ground level e.g. Filix mas Sahar Abdelaziz_2024 Underground organs_Lecture 1 22  Pharmacognosy Department, Conditions of Subterranean Stems Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig National University Subterranean stems usually present in dry conditions rarely fresh e.g. Colchicum corm They are Entire or nearly entire e.g. Veratrum In broken pieces e.g. Ginger In longitudinal slices e.g. Valerian In transverse Slices e.g. Colchicum Pealed or decorticated e.g. Ginger and Rhubarb Sahar Abdelaziz_2024 Underground organs_Lecture 1 23  Pharmacognosy Department, Types of subterranean stem Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig National University http://images.tutorvista.com/content/angiosperm-morphology/ginger-rhizome.jpeg 1- Rhizome: It is underground stem.It shows nodes and short or long internodes, terminal bud and arial shoots e.g. Rhubarb. http://images.tutorvista.com/content/angiosperm-morphology/root-stock-in-alocasia.jpeg 2- Sobole: It is a rhizome with long slender internodes e.g. Couch Grass. 3- Root Stock: It is composed of the lower modified http://images.tutorvista.com/content/reproduction/sucker-vegetative-propagation.jpeg subterranean portion of aerial stem attached to the root. It bears buds e.g. Senega. 4- Sucker: It is a branch growing under the ground and arising either from a stem e.g, Mentha or from the top of the http://media.tiscali.co.uk/images/feeds/hutchinson/ency/c02645.jpg root e.g. Rose. 5- Stem-tuber: It is swollen with reserve food material and shows small scales, buds as well e.g. Potato. Sahar Abdelaziz_2024 Underground organs_Lecture 1 24  Pharmacognosy Department, Types of subterranean stem Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig National University 6- Corm: It is a shortened swollen erect under http://images.tutorvista.com/content/angiosperm-morphology/colocasia-corm.jpeg ground base of the stem, covered with scale leaves, have large apical bud and small axillary ones. It usually produces a daughter corm e.g. Colocasia and Colchicum. http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-iMDsdvcQObg/UAl7-q2H2II/AAAAAAAAAaY/ngoZB3pLUdk/s1600/Garlic+2.jpg http://www.cactus-art.biz/note-book/Dictionary/aaa_Dictionary_pictures/bulb_cross_section.jpg 7- Bulb: It is formed of reduced flattened discoid stem with crowded fleshy scale leaves and adventitious roots. It bears a terminal and Compound axillary buds. There are two kinds of bulbs: tunicated bulb A- Tunicated bulb: The outer scales are larger and completely encircling the inner ones e.g. Onion and Squill. B- Scaly bulb: The fleshy scales overlap at their margins e.g. Scilla indica. Sahar Abdelaziz_2024 Underground organs_Lecture 1 29  Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig National University Structure of Subterranean Stems Subterranean stems generally resemble in structure the aerial stems. They are almost devoid of sclerenchymatous tissue as they are not in need of supporting themselves. They are formed of the following layers : 1. The Tegumentary layer: the outer protective layer and may be: a) Epidermis: is persistent in some cases as in couch Grass. b) Cork: is formed of few rows of regular layers of suberised or lignified cells with no intercellular spaces e.g. Liquorices and Rauwolfia. c) Metaderm: consists of few rows of irregularly arranged suberised cells derived from the outer layers of the cortex, so may show intercellular spaces. Sahar Abdelaziz_2024 Underground organs_Lecture 1 30  Pharmacognosy Department, Structure of Subterranean Stems Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig National University 2. The Cortex: It is formed of thin-walled parenchyma filled with reserve materials. In Dicotyledons, it is wide showing few root-or leaf-traces, while in Monocotyledons, it shows numerous closed vascular bundles. In pteridophyta, the cortex shows nonlignified sclerenchymatous hypodermis. 3. The Endodermis: is usually indistinguishable in Dicotyledons, though it may be clear as in Valerian. In Monocotyledons it is distinct. Sahar Abdelaziz_2024 Underground organs_Lecture 1 31  Pharmacognosy Department, Structure of Subterranean Stems Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig National University 4- The Vascular Bundles : http://www.corbisimages.com/images/Corbis-42-23597236.jpg?size=67uid=4ee74058-6a2c-406d-bbd2-6d228c8cae22 A- Open: showing cambium, widely separated by medullaey rays forming a single ring around the pith e.g. Podophllum or the secondary tissues are greatly developed formed continuous ring around the pith e.g. Dicotyledons like A http://www.cls.zju.edu.cn/sub/fulab/plant_Antomy/plant/stemprim/mono3/images/38n.jpg Liquorice and Rauwolfia. B- Closed: numerous and scattered in both the cortex and the stele being smaller and more numerous near the endodermis e.g. Ginger and Monocotyledons. Sometimes, they are restricted to a single layer within the endodermis B surrounding a central pith e.g. Couch grass C- Dictyostele: of separate meristeles each is formed of concentric vascular strands surrounded by distinct endodermis e.g. petridophyta Sahar Abdelaziz_2024 Underground organs_Lecture 1 32 C  Pharmacognosy Department, Structure of Subterranean Stems Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig National University Sahar Abdelaziz_2024 Underground organs_Lecture 1 33  Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig National University Anomalous Secondary Thickening Anomalous structures in subterranean stems may be present. In Rhubarb, Abnormal bundles are developed in the pith as radiating stellate structure called star spot. It is formed by abnormally developed cambium which results from activation of parenchyma cells around the collapsed perimedullary phloem. This cambium gives phloem to the inside and xylem to the outside with radiating slightly curved medullary rays filled with dark brown contents. Sahar Abdelaziz_2024 Underground organs_Lecture 1 34  Underground Organs Presented by Sahar Abdelaziz Level 2 Pharm D Students Pharmacognosy 2 PG303 Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig National University Sahar Abdelaziz_2024 Underground Organs_Lecture 2 1  Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig National University Objectives: Official roots (Ipecacuanha, Liquorice, Senega) Unofficial roots (Radix ginseng, Calumba, Rauwolfia) Official rhizomes (Rhubarb, Ginger, Hydrastis, Valerian) Unofficial rhizomes (Curcuma, Garlic, Onion) Sahar Abdelaziz_2024 Underground organs_Lecture 2 4  Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig National University Ipecacuanha root (Erquel Thahab) Ipecacuanha is the dried root or the root and rhizome of Cephaelis ipecacuanha (Brot) known as Rio or Brazilian Ipecacuanha, or of Cephaelis acuminata known as Cartagena Ipecacuanha, Fam. Rubiaceae. C. Ipeca C. Acuminata Rio Cartagena Sahar Abdelaziz_2024 Underground organs_Lecture 2 5  Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig National University Macroscopical characters Rio Cartagena Rhizome Sub cylindrical, Uniform sylinder up to 3 Slender tortous mm diameter 5-7mm L,2-4mm thick Longer and thicker 3-9 mm thick Brick-red to dark brown Grayish brown Transverse constrictions Transverse ridges at intervals of Annulations are reach the wood , 1-3mm (no annulation) absent 8 annulations /cm The ridges extends only about 0.5 the way the circumference Short, horny or starchy in bark and splintery in wood Transverse cut surface Longitudinally shows Central core striated surface with of yellowish white scars and occasional dense wood occupying buds may be found 1/3 diameter, surrounded by Cambium line, wide greyish Internally shows Bark with a thin cork externally narrow bark, dense yellowish xylem and definite pith Sahar Abdelaziz_2024 Underground organs_Lecture 2 6  Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig National University Microscopical character Rio: Cork: narrow dark brown thin walled tangentially elongated cells with brown granular contents Phelloderm: wide parenchymatous contain starch granules of muller shaped with 15 - 22 µ and compound from, 2-8 granules in diameter and raphides of Ca-o. Phloem: very narrow with short widges of sieve tissues embedded in parenchyma no sclernchyma nor fibers. Xylem: tracheidal vessels and tracheids with bordered pits, substituted fibers with oblique slit like pits and contain strach grains. It traversed by M.R. 1-2 cells width contain starch. All elements are lignified. The primary xylem is triarch at the center of the root Cartagena: Starch grains never exceed 15 µ while Rio attain 22µ Rhizome: The T.S. shows a ring of xylem and large pith. The pericycle contains characteristic sclerenchymatous elongated rectangular cells with pitted lignified walls, the number of these cells /mg of stem is constant and used for stem detection in powdered Ipeca. Pith composed of pitted lignified parenchyma.Starch found in root A- Digramatic T.S. of the root and rhizome, compound 2-8 spherical to ovoid and Muller shape with rounded or cleft B- Detailed T.S. in the root C- Detailed T.S. of vascular shape hilum tissue D- Diagrammatic T.S. of the rhizome Sahar Abdelaziz_2024 Underground organs_Lecture 2 7  Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig National University Powder Color: Grayish-brown to light brown Odour: Irritating sternutatory Taste: Bitter acrid Abundant starch granules, mostly compound (2 to 8 components), ovoid to spherical or muller shaped.15 u & in Rio 22 u Parenchyma of the phelloderm, filled with starch granules or The tracheids or traceidal vessels occasionally, containing bundles of which are found in groups of acicular crystals of calcium small lignified, moderately thick- oxalate. walled cells and having numerous bordered pits. Sahar Abdelaziz_2024 Underground organs_Lecture 2 8  Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig National University Active constituents 1. Isoquinoline alkaloids emetine, cephaetine and psychotrine. 2. Monoterpinoid isoquinoline glycosides including ipecoside and alangiside. 3. Iridoid glycosides sweroside and 7-dehydrologainin. 4. Acid saponin and ipecacuanhic acid 5. Starch and calcium oxalate. Uses Psychotrine 1.Expectorant and emetic. Emetine 2. diaphoretic and cholagogue. 3.Its most important use is as a remedy for amoebic dysentry if given in large doses.(emetine hydrochloride is given by injection) 4.Emetine has antitumour activity. 5.Psychotrine and O-methyl ether are selective inhibitors of human immunodeficiency virus. Sahar Abdelaziz_2024 Underground organs_Lecture 2 9  Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig National University Test for identity Digest about 0.1 g. of powdered Ipecacuanha with 4 cc (cubic centimeter = ml). of conc. HCL, Add 1 cc of water, filter, and add to the filtrate few small crystals of potassium chlorate, A yellowish colour is rapidly produced, Which gradually changes to orange And finally to red within an hour. (test due to emetine alkaloid). Sahar Abdelaziz_2024 Underground organs_Lecture 2 10  Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig National University Liquorice 2. Liquorice Sweet Wood, Erqusous Liquorice is the dried peeled or unpeeled root and rhizome of Glycrrhiza glabra Linne var. Typica known as Spanish Liquorices or Glycyrrhiza glabra var. Glandulifera known as Russian Liquorice or of other varieties of Glycyrrhiza glabra Linne. Fam. Leguminosae Sahar Abdelaziz_2024 Underground organs_Lecture 2 11  Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig National University Spanish Russian Consists chiefly of stolons with It consists mainly of roots few pieces of roots. together with root-stock. Mostly cylindrical The unpeeled drug occurs in somewhat tapering pieces 14-20 cm long and 5-20 mm up to 30 cm in length and in diameter. 1-5 cm in diameter The unpeeled drug is dark-brown or The surface is covered with a scaly reddish-brown in color purplish cork, the root stock bear buds and has pith longitudinally wrinkled The roots may be distinguished externally and the stolons From the Spanish stolons by the bear occasional small buds, scaly absence of buds leaves and scars of slender side-roots. The peeled drug has yellow slightly fibrous This variety is sometimes peeled exterior which often shows long. Flattish areas resulting from the use of knife for peeling Fracture is fibrous in the bark and splintery in the wood Fibrous, the fiber strands tending to separate from one another Odor is faint and characteristic. Sweet but usually not entirely free from Taste is sweet almost free from bitterness and acridity bitterness and acridity Sahar Abdelaziz_2024 Underground organs_Lecture 2 12  Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig National University Liquorice Microscopically Rhizomes and roots have typical structure except the absence of pith in the root and presence of the tetrarch primary xylem 1 in the center of the root. 2 3 Cork: Thick, brown or purplish-brown, formed of several layers 4 of flattened polygonal, thin-walled cells. Cortex: of phelloderm in root, somewhat narrow, yellow, formed of parenchyma cells containing isolated prisms of calcium 5 oxalate and simple starch granules, about 10µ 6 Pericycle: It is parenchymatous with small groups of fibers at intervals The phloem: It is wide, yellow and composed of alternating 1- Cork 2- Cortex and starch. zones of hard and soft bast traversed by numerous wavy funnel-shaped M.R. 3- Pericyclic fibers 4- Phloem fibers 5- Cambium 6- Xylem with wood The hard bast composed of groups of fibers, being yellowish fibers and slightly lignified, each group is surrounded by a sheath of parenchymatous cells and each cell contains a prism of Ca- All fibers with crystal sheath. ox forming a crystal-sheath. In case of Rhizome found Pith Sahar The Abdelaziz_2024 soft Underground bast consists of sieve tissue whichorgans_Lecture in the outer 2 part 13  Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig National University Liquorice Microscopically 1 3 2 4 5 6 1- Cork 2- Cortex and starch. 3- Pericyclic fibers 4- Phloem fibers 5- Cambium 6- Xylem with wood fibers All fibers with crystal sheath. In case of Rhizome found Pith Sahar Abdelaziz_2024 Underground organs_Lecture 2 13  Pharmacognosy Department, Liquorice Microscopically cont. Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig National University The sieve tissue adjacent to the cb being the only part which shows clearly the sieve tubes and phloem parenchyma. The cambium: an incomplete line composed of three layers of flattened cells The secondary xylem: Is composed of large vessels, wood fibers, and wood parenchyma. The vessels show reticulate or pitted walls , the pits are bordered with slit-like opening. They occur singly or in groups and alternate with bundles of wood fibers resembling the phloem fibers in form and in being enclosed in a crystal sheath The xylem parenchyma has lignified pitted walls Medullary rays: They are 3-5 cells being wide in xylem and funnel shape in phloem Pith: Present only in rhizome , dark yellow and parenchymatous The root with 4 archs primary xylem and show 4 broad primary M.R. radiating from the center at right angle to one another The pealed liquorice the cork, cortex and sometimes part of phloem are absent Sahar Abdelaziz_2024 Underground organs_Lecture 2 14  Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig National University Powder Color: Pealed : light brown Unpeeled: brownish-yellow or purplish- brown Odor: faint characteristic Tast: very sweetish almost free from bitterness and acridity Microscopically: characterized by the following fragments Cork cells Xylem vessels. Fibers with crystal sheath Sahar Abdelaziz_2024 Underground organs_Lecture 2 15  Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig National University Constituents 1. A sweet principal Glycyrrhizin, the potassium and calcium salts of glycyrrhizinic acid. 2. Flavonoid compounds, liquiritin, isoliquirtin rhamnoliquirtin which on drying is converted into liquiritin, liquiritigenin and isoliquiritigenin. 3. A coumarin compound, liqcoumarin. 4. Sugars, starch, protein, β-sitosterol and a bitter principle glycyramarin. Uses 1. Demulcent and mild expectorant. 2. In cough mixtures as expectorant and to mask the taste of nauseous medicaments. 3. For gastric and duodenal ulcers. 4. In treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and various inflammatory conditions due to its deoxycorticosterone effect. 5. As gentle laxative. 6. Mouth wash for mouth ulcers. N.B.: Contraindicated in pregnancy and hypertension. Sahar Abdelaziz_2024 Underground organs_Lecture 2 16  Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig National University Tests for Identity Mix a little of powder with 1-2 drops of sulphuric acid (66% v/v), an orange-red color is produced. Shake the aqueous decoction of liquorice, a voluminous froth is produced. Sahar Abdelaziz_2024 Underground organs_Lecture 2 17  Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig National University Adulteration: *Curcuma powder; It can be detected by presence of gelatinized starch and yellow masses. *Olive stone: Its presence is verified by presence of stone cells ( short, thickened plant cell of the sclerenchyma, typically containing branched pits) Sahar Abdelaziz_2024 Underground organs_Lecture 2 18  Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig National University 3. Senega It is the dried root and root - stock of Polygala Senega Linne, Fam. Polygalaceae. Powder: Taste: Pale gray to brown Odor: Characteristic odor of methyl salicylate Taste: is first sweet and become bitter and acrid Microscopically: Fragment of smaller vessels and numerous tracheids with border pits. Starch and Ca-OX are absent Fragments of smaller vessels and numerous slit-shaped pits tracheids. Sahar Abdelaziz_2024 Underground organs_Lecture 2 19  Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig National University Constituents Triterpenoid saponins: ❑ Senegin, on hydrolysis it yields glucose presenegenin, senegenin, senegenic acid and polygalic acid. ❑ Senegin II on hydrolysis gives presengenin as the aglycone and a number of sugars ❑ Polygalitol,1,5-hydrosorbitol ❑ Minors as sucrose, fat, sterols and traces of methylsalicylates ❑ Number of oligosaccharides, senegoses A-I which are di and tetrasacharides esterified with acetic, benzole and ferutic acids USES: Senega is used as expectorant in chronic bronchitis. It is often prescribed with other expectorants such as ipecacuanha and ammonium citrate. Sahar Abdelaziz_2024 Underground organs_Lecture 2 20  Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig National University Tests for identity The powder is boiled with water, the solution is strongly shaken voluminous persistent froth is formed. Extract the powder with ether acidulated with dilute hydrochloric acid, drive off the ether, filter if necessary and then add ferric chloride solution reddish violet color is produced (salicylic acid) Extract the powder with ether, filter and then evaporate the ether. Dissolve the residue in chloroform, transfer to a test-tube and run in on the side of the tube (carefully) conc. sulphuric acid. A dark reddish- brown zone is formed between the two liquids and a faint greenish fluorescence in the acid within 24 hours. Sahar Abdelaziz_2024 Underground organs_Lecture 2 21 1 Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig National University 4- Aconite )‫)خانق الذئب‬ It is the dried tuberous root of Aconitum napellus Fam. Ranunculaceae. Active constituents: 1- Alkaloiods; aconitine, picraconitine and aconine 2- Other alkaloids; hypaconitine, neopelline, napelline, nealine and mesaconitine Uses: 1- Externally in neuralgia and rheumatism 2- Internally in case of fever and pain ( now rarely used as it is very potent poison) Sahar Abdelaziz_2024 Underground organs_Lecture 2 22  Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig National University Unofficial Roots Sahar Abdelaziz_2024 Underground organs_Lecture 2 23  Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig National University 1- Radix ginseng Ginseng is the dried roots of the cultivated plants of Panax quinquefolium Linne, known in commerce as American ginseng and of Panax Shin-seng Nees, known in commerce as Chinese ginseng, Fam. Araliaceae. Sahar Abdelaziz_2024 Underground organs_Lecture 2 24  Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig National University Constituents A complex mixture of saponins of both steroidal and pentacyclic triterpenoidal in nature. They are termed ginsenoside ( japaness) or Panaxosides ( Russian). 1. Panacene. 2. Volatile oil. 3. Sterols free or in glycosidal form. 4. Polyacetylene derivatives, B-elemene and panxinol. 5. Starch, pectin and simple sugars. 6. Vitamins, choline and flavonoids. Sahar Abdelaziz_2024 Underground organs_Lecture 2 26  Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig National University USes 1. Adaptogenic i.e. increase resistance to adverse influences and improve physiological functions. 2. Antifatigue (mental and physical). 3. Antistress and antiaging. 4. In treatment of diabetes. 5. Reproductive system enhancement as it promotes growth of testes and increases sperm formation (Phytoestrogens, natural estrogen decrease cardiovascular diseases and aphrodisiacs, stimulates sexual desires). 6. Antioxidant and anticancer. 7. Immune system enhancement. Sahar Abdelaziz_2024 Underground organs_Lecture 2 27  Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig National University Tests for identity: 1- With a drop of sulphuric acid, the powder shows a brick- red colour changing to red-violet and then violet within 5 minutes. 2- Evaporate few drop of the decoction in a test tube, and add to the residue benzidine solution in sulphuric acid 0.01% Persistent brick red color appears due to oxidizing agents Sahar Abdelaziz_2024 Underground organs_Lecture 2 28  Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig National University 2-Calumba It is the dried transversely or obliquely sliced root of Jateorhiza palmata Fam. Menispermaceae. Sahar Abdelaziz_2024 Underground organs_Lecture 2 29  Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig National University Constituents 1- Isoquinoline alkaloids; palmatine, jareorrhizine and calombamine 2- Non alkaloidal bitter principles, the furanoterpenes, calumbin, isocalumbin, palmarin, jateorin and isojateorin 3- Mucilage and starch. Uses: 1-Stomachic and bitter tonic 2- Prescribed in anorexia and flatulent dyspepsia 3- It may be prescribed with iron salts Sahar Abdelaziz_2024 Underground organs_Lecture 2 30  Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig National University 3-Rauwolfia (Indian snake root) It is the dried rhizome and roots of Rouwolfia serpentina fam. Apocyanaceae Sahar Abdelaziz_2024 Underground organs_Lecture 2 31  Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig National University 1-Alkaloids: ajmaline, ajmalinine, ajmalicin, serpintine, serpintinine, reserpine and rescinnamine 2- Phytosterols, fatty acids, unsaturated alc. And fumaric acid. Uses: 1-Used in hypertension, neuropsychiatric disorders 2- Used in treatment of insomnia 3-Ajmaline has a quinidine – like action used in cardiac arrhythmias 4- It promotes breast cancer from previously initiated cells Sahar Abdelaziz_2024 Underground organs_Lecture 2 32  Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig National University Offical Rhizomes Sahar Abdelaziz_2024 Underground organs_Lecture 2 33  Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig National University 1- Rhubarb Dried rhizomes and big roots of Rheum Palmatum, R. officinale, and other species of Rheum except Rheum raponticum Fam. Polygonaceae. Sahar Abdelaziz_2024 Underground organs_Lecture 2 34  Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig National University Macroscopical Characters Shape: sub cylindrical, barrel-shaped, conical Plano- convex or rectangular pieces Each occasionally showing perforation which was pierced for drying Size: It measures 5-17cm long and 4-10 cm wide. Surface: the drug is dusted with a fine, bright-brownish yellow powder and showing longitudinal reddish-brown lines and dots embedded in a grayish white ground tissue frequently forming a network of whitish lines, in the mesh of which, phloem parenchyma, and orange or brownish red lines, medullary rays, in addition to small patches of cork. Sahar Abdelaziz_2024 Underground organs_Lecture 2 36  Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig National University https://slideplayer.com/slide/4322742/ Sahar Abdelaziz_2024 Underground organs_Lecture 2 37  Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig National University Sahar Abdelaziz_2024 Underground organs_Lecture 2 38  Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig National University Sahar Abdelaziz_2024 Underground organs_Lecture 2 39  Pharmacognosy Department, Macroscopical Characters cont. Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig National University If the trimming has been severe there may be seen upon the surface numerous groups of radiating dark, reddish-orange lines known as (Star-spots), which result from sections of abnormal vascular strands occurring in the pith. Fracture: Rhubarb is compact, firm, hard and heavy with granular and uneven. Internally: the drug is pinkish-brown to grayish , not discolored or lacunous, showing numerous reddish- brown lines embedded in a grayish white matrix The smoothed transverse surface usually showing near the periphery an occasional dark cambium line followed by a radiating xylem, numerous star spots scattered, or in a more or less diffused ring, in the periphery of large grayish-white pith. Odor: Characteristic aromatic Taste: bitter astringent When chewed. It is very gritty( sandy or stony) between the teeth and colors the saliva yellow Sahar Abdelaziz_2024 Underground organs_Lecture 2 40  Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig National UniversityMicroscopical Characters The rhubarb T.S. shows the following layers: 1- Cortex if present, is very narrow consisting of polygonal parenchymatous cells, containing simple or compound starch granules and large clusters of Ca-Ox 2- The phloem if present is parenchmatous , the sieve tissue is in scattered groups, mostly obliterated (estroyed) and collapsed, it is traversed by reddish brown medullary rayes, 2-5 cells wide with reddish-brown contents and showing numerous large clusters of Ca-Ox., The phloem parenchyma contains starch granules. 3- The xylem: It is formed of a narrow ring within the cambium and traversed by parenchymatous medullary rays of 2-3 cells wide with brown amorphous contents.The vessels are non lignified, isolated or in small groups, mostly reticulate, may show spiral or annular thickening. 4- The pith: It consists mostly of parenchyma and irregularly traversed by star-shaped amphivasal, abnormal vascular bundle called star spots Sahar Abdelaziz_2024 Underground organs_Lecture 2 41  Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig National University The star-spots Arise as a result of the development in the pith of supernumerary concentric bundles having phloem towards the center and xylem externally In the center of the star spot there is a small amount of collapsed phloem, this is surrounded by a phloem developed from the cambium which arise around the original stand off phloem. Externally, the cambium forms xylem with large vessels The radiating orange arms of the star spots are the medullary rays, being slightly curved There is no sclerenchymatous fibers or cells and the commercial rhubarb has no cork Sahar Abdelaziz_2024 Underground organs_Lecture 2 42  Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig National University Powder: Color: reddish-brown to yellowish brown Odor: Characteristic aromatic Taste: bitter astringent Microscopically: 1- Fragments of non-lignified reticulate , spiral or annular vessels 2- Numerous large cluster crystals of Ca-ox 20-200µ in diameter, sometimes broken 3-Numerous starch granules, simple, mostly 20µ in diameter ,or compound of 2-4 components with a central Cleft or radiate hilum. Single granules are rounded, components of compound granules Are of muller shaped 4-Fibers and sclerides are absent Sahar Abdelaziz_2024 Underground organs_Lecture 2 43  Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig National University Active Constituents I- Anthraquinones derivatives (2-4.5%) of the following types:  Anthraquinones without a carboxyl group e.g. chrysophanol, aloe-emodin, emodin and physcion and their glycosides.  Anthraquinones with a carboxyl group e.g. rhein and glucorhein.  Anthrones or dianthrones of chrysophanol or emodin or aloe-emodin or physcion e.g. sennosides A & B and the oxalates of these, sennosides E and F.  Heterodianthrones e.g. palmidin A, palmidin B and palmidin C. Also sennidin C and sennoside C, reidin B and C.  Barbaloin II- Astringent compounds: glucogallin, free gallic acid, epicatechin gallate and catechin. III- Starch and calcium oxalate Sahar Abdelaziz_2024 Underground organs_Lecture 2 44  Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig National University Uses 1. In small doses rhubarb is used as a bitter stomachic and in large doses it is used in the treatment of diarrhea (purgation being followed by an astringent effect), due to the tannins present. 2. In cases of indigestion with diarrhea. 3. As a mild laxative. 4. It has been used in jaundice, sores and cancer. Sahar Abdelaziz_2024 Underground organs_Lecture 2 45  Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig National University Tests for Identity 1- Micro-sublimation: Powdered rhubarb gives a yellow needle-shaped sublimate, which dissolves in potassium hydroxide T.S. giving a reddish coloration. 2- Test for anthraquinone derivatives: Boil 0.1 g powdered rhubarb with 5. ml of 10% sulphuric acid for two minutes to hydrolyze any glycosides. Filter while hot, cool the filtrate and shake with benzene. To the clear benzene solution add half its volume of 10% ammonia, shake and allow to separate, the ammonical layer will have acquired a rose-pink color. Sahar Abdelaziz_2024 Underground organs_Lecture 2 46  Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig National University Tests for purity 1- When the powder is examined under Ultra Violet light no chiney blue violet spots or particles (Rhapontic Rhubarb). 2- Place on a slide 2-3 drops of 10% freshly prepared solution of furfural in alcohol and 3 drops of sulphuric acid, then sprinkle little of the powder and examine immediately under the microscope: a bluish- violet color should not be produced (Rhapontic Rhubarb) Sahar Abdelaziz_2024 Underground organs_Lecture 2 47  Pharmacognosy Department, Adulterants Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig National University English Rhubarb Chinese Indian Many sp. of R. officinale R. rhaponticum Rhapontic Rheum emodi Rumex Rhubarb root resemble the much shrunken and It closely resembles It is shrunken, and Chinese drug, usually pinkish in colour English rhapontic, but easily cut is usually darker, but being more transverse section which often hollow in it fluorecences spongy, shrink and shows a diffused circle deep-violet with the center. wrinkle as they dry of isolated star- have been Internally, it is yellow, certain amount of rather than pink velvety-brown patches used as spots substitutes are softer to cut, the when examined in Ultra- when examined in It does not contain for Rhubarb. white reticulations Violet light shows bright Ultra-Violet light rhaponticin They are commonly blue specks shows bright blue and contain absent, specks in a velvety- gives positive test anthraquin It contains traces of brown ground color emodin, aloe-emodin or for anthraquinone one rhein, derivatives derivatives. the star-spots Its most characteristic constituent is a crystalline are fewer and glycoside, rhaponticin, more scattered which fluoresces blue in constituents are Ultra-Violet light. similar to the Chinese drug. Sahar Abdelaziz_2021 Underground organs_Lecture 2 48  Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig National University 2- Rhizoma Zingiberis (Ginger - Ryzomatula Zanjabeel) Sahar Abdelaziz_2024 Underground organs_Lecture 2 51  Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig National University 1- Rhizoma Zingiberis (Ginger - Ryzomatula Zanjabeel) Ginger is the fresh or dried rhizome of Zingiber officinale roscoe Fam. zingiberaceae, deprived of the dark outer tissues and known as unbleached Jamaica Ginger. The plant is native of South-eastern Asia. It is cultivated in India, Nigeria, West Africa and Jamaica. Sahar Abdelaziz_2024 Underground organs_Lecture 2 52  Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig National University -The rhizomes are collected -Cleaned by removal of soil, buds, roots, and soaked overnight in water. After soaking, the rhizomes are carefully peeled, (removing the cork and some of the underlying parenchyma) washed and then dried in the sun for 5 to 6 days. The product is known as "Unbleached Jamaica Ginger". Coated or Unscraped Ginger where little or no cork is removed from Ginger, these are sometimes whitened by dusting with lime or calcium carbonate (Limed Ginger). They are less susceptible to insect attacks. Sahar Abdelaziz_2024 Underground organs_Lecture 2 53  Pharmacognosy Department, Macroscopical characters Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig National University Unbleached Jamaica ginger Occur in branched pieces known as hands or races 7-15cm L., 6-5 cm hight Each piece consists of horizontal rhizome from which branches about 3-6 cm long known as fingers Arise vertically and terminated with depressed scar or in undeveloped bud Branching is sympodial The whole piece is laterally compressed1-2 cm thickness Externally: pale yellowish-buff Longitudinally striated or fibrous The scrapping has removed all the root scars Fracture is short with projecting fibers and is mealy or hard and somewhat resinous Sahar Abdelaziz_2024 Underground organs_Lecture 2 54  Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig National University Microscopical characters T.S. of the unbleached rhizome shows the following 1- Cork: several layers of thin-walled polygonal tabular cells 2- Cortex: Thin walled parenchyma contain starch grains which are simple, ovoid or sac shape with an eccentric hilum and transverse striations (sctameinaceous starch) also scattered oil cells with suberized wall contains yellowish brown oleo-resin 3-Endodermis: A single layer free from starch 4- pericycle: contain no starch, and it is the outer most layer of the stele 5- The stele: The ground mass consists of parenchyma cells containing strach grains and shows numerous oil cells The vascular bundles: are numerous scattered allover the cortex and the stele They are collateral, closed with the exception of those neighbored the endodermis each is associated with arc-shaped group of fibers. Each vascular bundle consists of Phloem formed of well marked sieve tissue Xylem, annular, spiral, reticulate non lignified vessels as well as axially elongated parenchyma or secretion cells containing reddish brown contents. Fibers , occur in arch shaped surrounding the Vb thin walled non lignified and have delicate pectosic transverse septa so known as septated fiber Sahar Abdelaziz_2024 Underground organs_Lecture 2 55  Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig National University Sahar Abdelaziz_2024 Underground organs_Lecture 2 56  Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig National University Powder: Color: Yellowish white Odor: Characteristic aromatic Taste: Pungent aromatic Microscopically shows: 1- Fragments of thin walled parenchyma contains starch granules(scitaminaceous) 2- Thin walled spectate fiber only the middle lamella is lignified 3- Fragments of undignified vessels accompanied with pigment cells 4- Yellowish brown oleoresin masses 5- Absence of stone cells , lignified elements, Ca-Ox, and cork cells Sahar Abdelaziz_2024 Underground organs_Lecture 2 57  Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig National University Sahar Abdelaziz_2024 Underground organs_Lecture 2 58  Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig National University Active constituents: 1-Volatile oil which is responsible for the aroma, consisting of monoterpenes (phellandrene, camphene, cineole, citral and borneol) and sesquiterpenes (zingiberene and bisabolene). 2- A yellowish oily body, called gingerol and shogaols, which is odourless but with an intensely pungent taste (phenolic compound). This pungency is destroyed by boiling with 2% potassium hydroxide solution. 3- Resin and starch (56%). Sahar Abdelaziz_2024 Underground organs_Lecture 2 59  Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig National University Uses 1-Travel and motion sickness (the phenolic compounds responsible for relaxing the muscles of the stomach), the study indicated that the powdered ginger may be a more effective antiemetic than dimenhydrinate (Dramamine). 2- Indigestion and nausea; sickness in pregnancy. 3- Sluggish circulation, especially where hands and feet are cold by improving the circulation, ginger helps high blood pressure, it also increases sweating and helps reduce body temperature and fever. 4- Ginger is warming and soothing for coughs, cold, flu and other respiratory problems. 5- High cholesterol levels. Sahar Abdelaziz_2024 Underground organs_Lecture 2 60  Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig National University Adulteration: 1- Japanese ginger: a) It occurs in small flattened, unscripted pieces, obtained from Zingiber mioga. b) Many of the starch grains are compound. c) The volatile oil differs from the official drug in physical properties. d) The taste is less pungent. 2- Exhausted ginger: Generally in the form of powder it can be detected by: a) Determination of the amount of extractives i.e. matter extracted by solvents such as water or alcohol (decreased). Sahar Abdelaziz_2024 Underground organs_Lecture 2 61  Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig National University b) Presence of gelatinised starch, exhausted ginger may have its pungency increased by the addition of capsicum or grain of paradise, which can be detected by: heating in a water bath the liquid extract with caustic alkali. The liquid is then evaporated, the residue acidified with HCl, and shaken with ether. Some of the ethereal solution evaporated on a watch-glass. The residue left should not be pungent to taste. 3- Foreign starches, and saw dust, easily detected microscopically. Sahar Abdelaziz_2024 Underground organs_Lecture 2 62  Pharmacognosy Department, Rhizoma Hydrastis (Golden Seal) Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig National University It is the dried rhizome and root of Hydrastis canadensis Fam. Ranunculaceae. Constituents 1- Isoquinoline alkaloids; hydrastine, berberine and canadine 2- Resin, starch and traces of V. oils Sahar Abdelaziz_2024 Underground organs_Lecture 2 63  Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig National University Test for identity On microsublimation, powdered hydrastis yields a yellow crystalline sublimate of hydrastine. Shake some powdered hydrastis with chloroform, filter and evaporate the filtrate. Add to the residue I or 2 ml of sulphuric acid and a small crystal of ammonium molybdate where a green color is given which changes to blue. Boil a little of hydrastis powder, previously extracted with chloroform, with water, filter and evaporate the filtrate to dryness. Moisten the residue with H2SO4 and add few drops of bromine, where a blood red color is produced. Sahar Abdelaziz_2024 Underground organs_Lecture 2 64  Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig National University Uses 1- Hydrastine constricts the blood vessels and stimulates the autonomic nervous system. 2- Berberine has antibacterial, amebicidal and it has sedative action on the central nervous system 3- Canadine stimulates the muscles of the uterus 4- Reduce heavy menstrual bleeding and help to stop bleeding following childbirth (postpartum hemorrhage) 5- It increase digestive secretion and astringes the mucous memberanes that line the gut and checks inflammation. 6- Goldenseal is a potent remedy for disorders affecting mucous membranes of the body. 7- Bitter tonic Sahar Abdelaziz_2024 Underground organs_Lecture 2 65  Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig National University Rhizoma Valerianae (Valerian or Valeriana) Valerian is the dried rhizome and roots of Valeriana officinalis Fam, Valerianaceae. Sahar Abdelaziz_2024 Underground organs_Lecture 2 66  Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig National University Constituents 1- 1.4% of volatile oil present in the hypodermis of the root and in the endodermis of rhizome, containing chiefly bornyl isovalerianate which decomposes gradually by an enzyme to give isovalerianic acid (an oily liquid to which the unpleasant odor of valerian is ascribed). 2- Two alkaloids chatinine and valerianine. 3- Alcohols terpenes and a sesquiterpene alcohol (Valerianol). 4- Epoxy-iridoid esters called valepotriates (e.g. valtrate, didrovoltrate and acevaltrate Sahar Abdelaziz_2024 Underground organs_Lecture 2 67  Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig National University Uses 1-Valerian reduces mental over activity and nervous excitability. It is beneficial for almost any stress-related condition and in general, has a calming, rather than directly sedative, effect on the mind. 2- It is a useful remedy for insomnia, whether caused by anxiety or overexcitement. (Rauwlfia) 3- It relaxes over contracted muscles, and is helpful for shoulder and neck tension, asthma, colic, irritable bowel syndrome, muscle spasms, and menstrual pain. 4- It is used with other herbs in remedies for high blood pressure caused by stress and anxiety Sahar Abdelaziz_2024 Underground organs_Lecture 2 68  Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig National University Unofficial rhizomes Sahar Abdelaziz_2024 Underground organs_Lecture 2 69  Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig National University Curcuma rhizome Turmeric Sahar Abdelaziz_2024 Underground organs_Lecture 2 70  Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig National University Curcuma rhizome Turmeric Origin: Turmeric is the dried prepared rhizomes of Curcuma demestica, (C. longa) family Zingiberaceae. Sahar Abdelaziz_2024 Underground organs_Lecture 2 71  Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig National University Constituents 1- Orange-yellow volatile oil, that composed mainly of Turmerone (60%) Zingiberene (25%). 2-Yellow crystalline substance (curcumin). 3- Starch. 4- Resin. 5- Sugar. Sahar Abdelaziz_2024 Underground organs_Lecture 2 72  Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig National University Uses 1- As a condiment. Colouring agent, Stimulant and carminative. As a reagent for the detection of boric acid. 2- Anti-inflammatory, has an even stronger action than hydrocortisone. 3- Antioxidant, Curcumin is more strongly antioxidant than vitamin E (choleretic strong antihepatotoxic action). 4- Treatment of jaundice and hepatitis.( like rhubarb) 5- Curcumin when applied to the skin and exposed to sunlight, it is strongly antibacterial and is useful in treating a number of conditions including psoriasis and fungal infections Sahar Abdelaziz_2024 Underground organs_Lecture 2 73  Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig National University Tests for Identity 1- When a small quantity of the powder is sprinkled onto a mixture of equal parts of cone. H2SO4 and alcohol 95% the particles turn red and the red color gradually flows out into the reagent. 2- The yellow stain extracted with a mixture of ether and CHCl3 gives with a hot solution of boric acid an orange-yellow color turing to bluish-black then black on the addition of ammonium hydroxide solution Sahar Abdelaziz_2024 Underground organs_Lecture 2 74  Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig National University Garlic Origin Garlic is the fresh or dehydrated cloves of Allium sativum L. Fam. Liliaceae It is indigenous to central Asia, garlic is now grown worldwide. Sahar Abdelaziz_2024 Underground organs_Lecture 2 76  Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig National University Constituents 1- Volatile oil, composed of sulfur containing compounds: a) Alliin (S-allyl-cysteine sulfoxide), which is highly sensitive. and quite unstable, changes rapidly into allicin under the effect of allinase enzyme. b) S-methyl-L-cysteine sulfoxide, allylpropyl disulfide, diallyl disulfide, diallyl trisulfide and other sulfide components. c) Ajoenes (E. Z- ajoene, E,Z-methylajoene and dimethylajoene). 2- Enzymes; alliinase, peroxidase and myrosinase. 3- Protein (16.8%, dry weight basis). 4- Minerals, particularly selenium. 5- Vitamins A. B and C. Sahar Abdelaziz_2024 Underground organs_Lecture 2 76  Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig National University Uses 1. Garlic has healing powers and before the development of antibiotics, it was a treatment for all manner of infections, from tuberculosis to typhoid. 2. It was also to dress wounds in the first world war. The volatile sulfur compounds especially allicin, diallyl disulfide and diallyl trisulfide) are generally considered to be responsible for much of garlic's pharmacological activities. 3. It has antibiotic, antiseptic, antiviral, antioxidant and antimycotic effects. 4. Chest infections, coughs, colds and flu. 5. Reduce cholesterol, lower blood pressure and prevent the clotting of blood in thrombosis. 6. Reduce blood sugar levels. Sahar Abdelaziz_2024 Underground organs_Lecture 2 77  Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig National University Onion It is the fleshy bulb of Allium cepa Fam. Liliaceae Constituents: 1- Onion like garlic, contains organic sulfer compounds as A- Trans-S-(1-propenyl) cysteine sulfoxide B- S-methyl cysteine sulfoxide C- S-propyl cysteine sulfoxide All these compounds are converted into simpler sulfer compounds by alliinase persent when the onion cut or crushed. These simpler compound are unstable and undergo further decomposion to sulfides which are responsible for onion flavor The lachrymating (tear-producing) principle in crushed or cut onion is thiopropanal S-oxide (propanthial S-oxide) produced from its precursor, trans-S-(1- propenyl)-cysteine sulfoxide, by the action of alliinase enzyme Sahar Abdelaziz_2024 Underground organs_Lecture 2 78  Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig National University Uses 1. It is reported to have many similar pharmacological action as garlic, including, antihypercholesrolemic, hypoglycemic, antifungal, antibiotic and antiplatelet aggregation. 2. It is used as antispasmodic, carminative, diuretic, expectorant stomachic and anthelmintic. 3- Increase consumption of Allium vegetables (onion) reduce gastric risk. Sahar Abdelaziz_2024 Underground organs_Lecture 2 79  Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig National University Sahar Abdelaziz_2024 Underground organs_Lecture 2 80