Sensation & Perception PDF

SENSATION & PERCEPTION  “WE DON’T SEE THINGS AS THEY ARE, WE SEE THINGS AS WE ARE.”  Sensation vs. Perception “The process by which our sensory receptors “The process of organizing and interpreting and nervous system receive and represent sensory information, enabling us to r...

SENSATION & PERCEPTION  “WE DON’T SEE THINGS AS THEY ARE, WE SEE THINGS AS WE ARE.”  Sensation vs. Perception “The process by which our sensory receptors “The process of organizing and interpreting and nervous system receive and represent sensory information, enabling us to recognize stimulus energies from our environment.” meaningful objects and events.”  Making sense of the world Top-down What am I processing: seeing? using models, ideas, and expectations to interpret sensory information Bottom-up processing: taking sensory information and then assembling Is that and integrating something it I’ve seen before? 5 What’s on the bottle? 6 What’s on the bottle? Kids see eight to ten dolphins. Why do you think kids see something different than adults? Perception “ The study of perception is concerned with identifying the process through which we interpret and organize sensory information to produce our conscious experience of objects and object relationship.” “ Perception is the process of receiving information and making sense of the world around us. It involves deciding which information to notice, how to categorize this information and how to interpret it within the framework of existing knowledge. “ A process by which individuals organize and interpret their sensory impressions in order to give meaning to their environment. 1. Sensation 3.Organization  An individual’s  The process of ability to detect placing selected stimuli in the perceptual stimuli immediate into a framework environment. for “storage.” 2. Selection 4.Translation  The process a  The stage of the person uses to perceptual eliminate some of process at which the stimuli that stimuli are have been sensed interpreted and and to retain given meaning. others for further processing. Perceptual Process Factors influencing perception A number of factors operate to shape and sometimes distort perception. These factors can reside in the perceiver, in the object or target being perceived or in the context of the situation in which the perception is made. Perception  Perceptual Set Perceptual set is what we expect to see, which influences what we do see. Perceptual set is an example of top-down processing. Loch Ness Flying monster saucers or a tree or clouds? branch? Perceptual set can be “primed.” What do you see in this picture?  Perceptual set can be “primed.” Old Young woman woman Context Effect on Perception In which picture does the center dot look larger? Perception of size depends on context.  Effect of Emotion, Physical State, and Motivation on Perception Experiments show that: destinations seem farther when you’re tired. a target looks farther when your crossbow is heavier. a hill looks steeper with a heavy backpack, or after sad music, or when walking alone. something you desire looks closer.  Perceptual Organization Perceptual organization  It is the process by which we group outside stimuli into recognizable and identifiable patterns and whole objects.  Certain factors are considered to be important contributors on assembling, organizing and categorizing information in the human brain. These are - Figure ground - Perceptual grouping Our senses take in the The Role of blue information on the right. However, our Perception perceptual processes turn this into: 1.a white paper with blue circle dots, with a cube floating in front. 2.a white paper with blue circle holes, through which you can see a cube. 3.a cube sticking out to the top left, or bottom right. 4.blue dots (what cube?) with angled lines inside.  Figure-Ground  Perception In most visual scenes, we pick out objects and figures, standing out against a background.  Some art muddles this ability by giving us two equal choices about what is figure and what is “ground”: Goblet or Stepping two faces? man, or Perceptual Grouping  Grouping: How We Make Gestalts 22  Monocular Cue: Relative We intuitively know to Size interpret familiar objects (of known size) as farther away when they appear smaller. Tricks Using Linear Perspectiv  These two e red lines meet the retina as being the same size  However, our perception of distance affects our perception of length.  Monocular Cues: Shading Effects Shading helps our perception of depth. Does the middle circle bulge out or curve inward? How about now? Examples of Illusion 36 Perceptual Constancy  Color Constancy  This ability to see a consistent color in changing illumination helps us see the three sides as all being yellow, because our brain compensates for shading.  As a result, we interpret three same- color blue dots, with shades that are not adjusted for shading, as being of three different colors.  Brightness Constancy On this screen, squares A and B are exactly the same shade of gray. You can see this when you connect them. So why does B look lighter?  Shape Constancy Shape constancy refers to the ability to perceive objects as having a constant shape despite receiving different sensory images. This helps us see the door as a rectangle as it opens. Because of this, we may think the red shapes on screen are also rectangles.  The Moon Illusion The moon appears larger on the horizon than overhead.  Why do we perceive the moon as a different size depending on its location?  One possible theory is that our ancestors assumed overhead objects were closer than objects on the horizon.  The moon, like one of these monsters, seems larger because we see it as farther away. Size Constancy Perception Quiz Read out loud the text inside the triangle below. Read out loud the text inside the triangle below. More than likely you said, 'A bird in the bush,'! But.... you failed to see that the word THE is repeated twice! Look again. What do you see? What do you see? In black you can read the word GOOD, in white the word EVIL (inside each black letter is a white letter). Now, what do you see? Now, what do you see? You may not see it at first, but the white spaces read the word optical, the blue landscape reads the word illusion. Count every ' F ' in the following text: FINISHED FILES ARE THE RESULT OF YEARS OF SCIENTIFIC STUDY COMBINED WITH THE EXPERIENCE OF YEARS... Count every ' F ' in the following text: FINISHED FILES ARE THE RESULT OF YEARS OF SCIENTIFIC STUDY COMBINED WITH THE EXPERIENCE OF YEARS... HOW MANY?  Count every ' F ' in the following text: FINISHED FILES ARE THE RESULT OF YEARS OF SCIENTIFIC STUDY COMBINED WITH THE EXPERIENCE OF YEARS... WRONG, THERE ARE 6 -- no joke! READ IT AGAIN ! Really, go Back and Try to find the 6 F's before you scroll down. The reasoning behind is further down. The brain cannot process 'OF'. Incredible or what? Go back and look again!! Anyone who counts all 6 'F's' on the first go is a genius. (Three is normal, four is quite rare). Read this: Olny srmat poelpe can raed tihs. I cdnuol't blveiee taht I cluod aulaclty uesdnatnrd waht I was rdanieg. The phaonmneal pweor of the hmuan mnid, aoccdrnig to a rscheearch at Cmabrigde Uinervtisy, it deosn't mttaer in waht oredr the ltteers in a wrod are, the olny iprmoatnt tihng is taht the frist and lsat ltteer be in the rghit pclae. The rset can be a taotl mses and you can sitll raed it wouthit a porbelm. Tihs is bcuseae the huamn mnid deos not raed ervey lteter by istlef, but the wrod as a wlohe. Amzanig huh? And I awlyas tghuhot slpeling was ipmorantt!  Think about it… Think about a time when you failed to notice something around you because your attention was focused elsewhere. If someone pointed it out, were you surprised that you hadn’t noticed it right away?