Noun Phrase Structure PDF

THE NOUN PHRASE STRUCTURE A closer look Talking points The structure of the NP (continued): complements vs. modifiers Typology of determiners (continued)  H dt mod mod this sensitive issue John raised the article published in the morning pap...

THE NOUN PHRASE STRUCTURE A closer look Talking points The structure of the NP (continued): complements vs. modifiers Typology of determiners (continued)  H dt mod mod this sensitive issue John raised the article published in the morning paper the article on the PM’s resignation published in the morning paper Ex. H+M+C Daniels is asked whether the story she’s told here today about her encounter with Trump is one she would have described to news outlets had she been interviewed then. cf. Brown, K.& Miller, J. (1991) H dt mod complement mod the sensitive issue of money raised by John NP complements “the Complement subcategorizes the Nominal Head” (Brown& Miller 1991,109) NP complements (cf. Brown& Miller, 1991) Clauses, e.g. the rumour that John intends to resign the question whether we enjoyed the play PPs, e.g. a discussion about linguistics a fight over a girl a picture of John Ex. Democratic and Republican negotiators failed to strike a compromise to accommodate G.O.P. demands that additional military assistance for Ukraine be accompanied by stringent new policies to keep would-be migrants out of the U.S. NP modifiers (Brown& Miller, 1991) AdjP, e.g. those boring arguments Clauses, e.g. those boring arguments that we used to have when we were students PPs, e.g. the people on the bus the exam in June the wines of France PPs (‘of’-phrases)in post-head position: Complements vs. Modifiers the sister of Mary the house of her former husband the roof of the cathedral a glass of water the death of their leader the conquest of Persia cf. Keizer’s ‘relational nouns’ (2007, 218; 221-245) PPs (‘of’-phrases)in post-head position: Complements vs. Modifiers the wines of France a man of honour a girl of sunny disposition a boy of sixteen a frame of steel a matter of no importance Immediate Constituents cf. Huddleston (1984, 233-4) Determiners: I. all, both, half, one-third, three-quarters...; double, twice, three times, such, what (exclamative); II. a. the, this, these, that, those, Poss.P; b. we, us, you; c. which, what (rel.), what (interr.); a, another, some, any, no, either, neither, each, enough, much, more, most, less, a few (pos.), a little (pos.); III. every, many, several, few (neg.), little (neg.), one, two, three...; (a) dozen. cf. Quirk, R., Greenbaum, S., Leech, G., Svartvik, J. (1985, 253 et seq.) DETERMINATIVES “When used in discourse, noun phrases refer to the linguistic or situational context. The kind of reference a particular NP has depends on its DETERMINATIVE element, i.e. the items which ‘determine’ it. This function is typically realised by a set of closed-class items, or DETERMINERS, which occur before the noun acting as head of the NP (or before its premodifiers).” cf. Quirk, R. et al., 1985 example CENTRAL DETERMINERS 1. Determiners of singular and plural count Ns and of mass nouns: the definite article THE: the chair, the furniture the possessive pronouns as determiners: my bag, her luggage the relative determiners WHOSE, WHICH: the man whose car, by which time the WH- determiners in –EVER: whichever reason, whosever idea the interrogative WHAT, WHICH, WHOSE: which car? the negative determiner NO: no books, no smoking cf. Quirk, R. et al. (1985) CENTRAL DETERMINERS (1) Articles THE, A/AN, Ø Possessive pronouns as determiners: MY, HER, THEIR … Demonstrative determiners THIS, THAT, THESE, THOSE Assertive and non-assertive determiners SOME (unstressed), and ANY Quantitative determiner ENOUGH CENTRAL DETERMINERS (2) Relative determiners WHOSE, WHICH WH- determiners in –EVER (e.g. whichever reason, whosever idea) Interrogative WHAT, WHICH, WHOSE (e.g. which car?) The negative determiner NO: no books, no smoking The universal determiners EVERY and EACH (e.g. every job) The non-assertive and negative determiner EITHER, NEITHER (e.g. either side) PREDETERMINERS They can occur before certain central determiners; they are mutually-exclusive: ALL, BOTH, HALF: all the boys, half an hour the multipliers DOUBLE, TWICE, THREE TIMES... etc.: double the sum, twice the money the fractions ONE-THIRD, ONE-FIFTH... etc.: one-third the time SUCH, WHAT: such a surprise! what a fine day! POSTDETERMINERS They follow predeterminers or central determiners (if present), but they precede any adjectives and other premodifying items: cardinal numerals: my three sons ordinal numerals and ‘general ordinals’ like NEXT, LAST, PAST (AN)OTHER, ADDITIONAL, FURTHER (items which, grammatically and semantically, resemble ordinal numbers: the first day, another three weeks closed-class quantifiers: few people open-class quantifiers: a large number of people.