2 Geography Study Sheet PDF

1. What is a geospatial revolution? The Geospatial Revolution examines the world of digital mapping and how it is changing how we think, behave, and interact 2. Identify two types of geospatial technology. GIS (geographic information system) is a computer system that manages and analyzes. GPS (...

1. What is a geospatial revolution? The Geospatial Revolution examines the world of digital mapping and how it is changing how we think, behave, and interact 2. Identify two types of geospatial technology. GIS (geographic information system) is a computer system that manages and analyzes. GPS (geographic positioning system) is a satellite-based system that provides location data. 3. GPS - if you don’t know where you're going you can use GPS to help you, if you're stuck in traffic it will tell you the fastest route. Poor signal and battery life if you run out of battery you have nothing to rely on, privacy and data concerns they can know where you live and have information you might not want them to have. GIS - Maintains crucial data, can inform you about natural disasters happening near you. Depending too much, too much money. 4. 5. Which two foods help us to remember the structure of the Earth? Explain ONE of them with a diagram. The two foods that help us remember Earth are eggs and Apple. For eggs, the egg whites represent the mantle because it’s the most massive layer of the earth, and the egg yolks represent the inner layer of the earth because yellow. 6. Describe the CRUST of the Earth. This is the outside layer of the earth and is made of solid rock, mostly basalt and granite—the crust. Earth's crust is like the shell of a hard-boiled egg. It is extremely thin, cold and brittle compared to what lies below it. - the crust of the earth is cold and solid - Surface of the aether - Thinnest layer - Tectonic plates 7. Describe the MANTLE of the Earth. The best description of Earth's mantle is 'It is made up of rock so hot that it flows. -liquid wax -hot liquid magma 8. Describe the OUTER CORE of the Earth. The outer core is a liquid. The outer core is made of iron and nickel and it maintains a very high temperature. 9. Describe the INNER CORE of the Earth. The inner core is a hot, dense ball of (mostly) iron. The inner core is solid, unlike the outer core it is responsible for the generation of Earth's magnetic field. 10. Identify the three TYPES OF ROCKS. Give an example of each. igneous (for example: granite), sedimentary (for example: limestone), and metamorphic (for example: marble). 11. Draw and label the ROCK CYCLE. 12. Describe the characteristics of an IGNEOUS ROCK (i.e., what does it look and feel like?). They're made of primary minerals that are mostly black, white, or gray. They have a very fine-grained or even glassy texture, very hard and often have a baked appearance. Eg. granite. 13. Describe the characteristics of a SEDIMENTARY ROCK (i.e., what does it look and feel like?). The surface of the material feels ever so slightly abrasive or gritty, like the very finest sandpaper, it feels grainy and crunchy. Has distinctive layers. Eg. limestone, sandstone. 14. Describe the characteristics of a METAMORPIC ROCK (i.e., what does it look and feel like?). Metamorphic rocks are often squished, smeared out, and folded, they are generally hard. Eg. marble 15. Define the CONTINENTAL DRIFT theory. The continental drift theory was that at one point in time, all of the continents were joined together as one large mass of land, then the land spread apart and drifted into its current position. - the continents all collided due to tectonic plates moving over 300 million years ago 16. Who is the founder of the CONTINENTAL DRIFT theory? When did he come up with this theory? Continental drift theory was proposed by Alfred Wegener in the early 1900s. 17. What do we call the one massive continent that existed 300 million years ago? We call the one massive continent that existed 300 million years ago Pangea. 18. What are the four pieces of EVIDENCE to prove the continental drift theory? Explain each one. the congruent shapes of Jigsaw puzzle - the coastlines of some continents fit together like pieces of a jigsaw puzzle. Matching fossils across oceans- comparing similar rocks, mountains, fossils, and glacial formations across oceans. Corresponding mountain ranges- Mountain ranges with the same rock types, structures, and ages are now on opposite sides of the Atlantic Ocean. Ancient Galciers - Glaciers covered all or part of each of these continents during the same time period in the geologic past. 19. What was the problem with the theory of continental drift? (hint: the theory of plate tectonics fixed this problem). Plate tectonics explains why Earth's continents are moving; the theory of continental drift did not explain. Alfred did not have a mechanism as to why the continents were drifting. 20. Describe the theory of PLATE TECTONICS. When did it emerge? - The theory of plate tectonics explain that the Etta’s lithosphere is divided into large plates that float on the mantle, these plates interact at boundaries, causing geological activities - The theory of plate tectonics states that the Earth's outermost layer (lithosphere) is fragmented into large and small plates. These plates are moving relative to one another as they lie on hotter, more mobile material. It emerged 300 million years ago 21. What is a PLATE BOUNDARY? The location where two plates meet is called a plate boundary. Eg. mid-ocean ridges, volcanoes, and oceanic trenches. 22. How many tectonic plates make up the Earth’s crust? Which plate do we live on? There are seven major plates that make up 94% of the Earth's surface and many smaller plates make up the other 6%. We live on the North American plate. The 7 major tectonic plates North American plate. Eurasian plate. Pacific plate. South American plate. African plate. Indo-Australian plate. Antarctic plate. 23. Identify the four TYPES OF PLATE BOUNDARIES and draw arrows to describe the plate movement at each type. Describe at least one physical feature/effect each plate boundary has on the Earth’s surface. Divergent - since they rip away they create valleys Convergent - when they collide together they create mountains Subduction - when one goes under the other volcanoes Transformation - when two slide across each other earthquakes 24. Where is the RING OF FIRE located? Why is it important? The Ring of Fire is located around the edges of the Pacific Ocean. The Ring of Fire is home to more than 450 of Earth's volcanoes, which make up 75% of all the world's volcanoes. This area is also where 90% of the planet's earthquakes occur, including the most powerful and dramatic events. When they erupt overtime the ecosystems create new life around it 25. Which is HEAVIER – a plate under the OCEAN or a CONTINENT? A plate under the ocean because of the density and the weight. 26. Is the Atlantic Ocean GROWING or SHRINKING? Why? The Atlantic Ocean growing by a few centimetres every year because of seafloor spreading. Seafloor spreading occurs at divergent plate boundaries as the tectonic plates slowly move away from each other. 27. What does the RICHTER SCALE measure? How does it work (hint: ten-fold increase)? Measures the magnitude of earthquakes. The Richter scale is a base-10 logarithmic scale, meaning that each order of magnitude is 10 times more intensive than the last one. In other words, a two is 10 times more intense than a one and a three is 100 times greater. 28. Briefly describe two DAMAGES caused by Earthquakes. Earthquakes can cause ground shaking and tsunamis. Ground shaking can happen by the body and surface waves. If the tsunami is big and close enough to the water it can cause an earthquake. 29. Which area of Canada is waiting for “the big one”? (earthquake). Which other area of the country experiences smaller earthquakes? British Columbia - specifically the Vancouver island and other places Ontario and Quebec 30. What is the name of the fault that causes earthquakes in California? San Andreas Fault. 31. What is a tsunami? What causes them? Why do they “grow” taller as they reach the shore? A tsunami is a long-term ocean wave formed when water is displaced. Tsunamis can be triggered by earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and coastal landslides. They slow down when they reach the shallow water near the shore which causes them to get higher. 32. Identify FOUR dangers of a volcanic eruption. 33. How is the Earth’s GEOLOGIC HISTORY similar to our life as humans? Both involve significant changes over time. 34. How old is planet Earth? The earth is 4.543 billion years old. 35. Identify the four GEOLOGIC ERAS in order, starting with the earliest era. Precambrian, Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic 36. For each geologic era, describe one major GEOLOGICAL EVENT and one major BIOLOGICAL EVENT. Precambrian - Continents formed, first multi cell Paleozoic - Appalachian mountains are formed, first insects Mesozoic - Innuitian mountains are formed,reptiles eg. dinosaurs Cenozoic - North American take their present day shape formation, human beings develop 37. Define LANDFORM REGION and explain why it is called a LANDFORM region. A Landform Region is an area of the Earth with a unique set of physical features. It’s called landform region because it describes one special landform, like mountains or plains, and landforms are naturally built so it’s regions that are naturally built. 38. Identify Canada’s seven LANDFORM REGIONS on a Landform Regions Map. Western Cordillera Canadian Shield Great Lakes St.Lawrence Innuitian Mountains Hudson Bay- Arctic Interior Plains Appalachian 39. Identify the landform region that... a. Is the oldest and largest; has thousands of lakes; is used for outdoor recreation; has huge deposits of minerals - Canadian Shield b. Has a rolling landscape; is home to the largest source of freshwater in the world; has excellent conditions for agriculture; is known as “Canada’s industrial and urban heartland” - st. Lawerence Low lands c. Is the oldest highland region in Canada, therefore, mountains are eroded into rolling mountains, hills and wide valleys; its long deep bays create excellent harbours; has settlements and fishing along the coastlines - Appalachian d. One part of the region is low, flat, swampy forest region; the other part is made up of northern islands; mining of coal, oil and natural gas - Hudson Bay arctic Low land e. Made up of flat, sedimentary rock; is known as Canada’s “Breadbasket”; Canada’s primary source of oil and natural gas deposits - Interior Plains f. Is the youngest highland region in Canada, therefore, jagged peaked mountains; recreational tourism is popular; agriculture  and 1/8th of the country’s population in the valleys and plateaus between mountains - Western Cordillera g. Has rounded hills; harsh climate and permafrost; remote location; has some metallic minerals - Innuitian Mountains 40. What is glaciation responsible for? Glaciers not only transport material as they move, but they also sculpt and carve away the land beneath them. When tectonic plates slide paste each other - transformation Define ring of fire the ring of fire is where most earthquakes and tsunamis happen. Define plate boundary when two tectonic plates meet together Defining plate tectonics is around the earth which is divided unto different sections and is where most natural disaster happen. Defining divergent is when it is divided into different groups Defining cneozoic Defining subduction Defining convergent What is the oldest and longest geological era - Precambrian Who created drift theory Alfred Wegner When plates transform and hit they cause earthquakes Make sure to know how to do question 39 she will make us identify them *Half the map is covered by Canadian Shield She will ask question about rock cycle What rock is formed when magma cools - igneous What rock is formed when compacted together - sedimentary The hardest parts of the core - crust and inner core Biggest layer of the earth - core Short answers Naming geo technology GIS GPS Continental drift theory when all the continent were are together in one. Plate tectonic dirt theory is when the plates drifted Multiple choice section Fill in the blank section with word bank - looking at landform regions Another multiple choice section Ending with a few short answers with jot notes