Lesson 4: Digestive, Urinary, and Reproductive System Terms PDF

LESSON 4: DIGESTIVE, URINARY, AND REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM TERMS INTRODUCTION In the previous section, you became familiar with medical terminologies related to the musculoskeletal, circulatory, and respiratory systems. This section will focus on medical vocabularies and jargons related to digestion, mic...

LESSON 4: DIGESTIVE, URINARY, AND REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM TERMS INTRODUCTION In the previous section, you became familiar with medical terminologies related to the musculoskeletal, circulatory, and respiratory systems. This section will focus on medical vocabularies and jargons related to digestion, micturition or urination, and reproduc- tion. Detailed discussion on these systems can be found in Chapters 9, 10, and 11 of your textbook. SECTION 4.1: DIGESTIVE SYSTEM Read the following section, then read Chapter 9 in your textbook. Objectives When you complete this section, you’ll be able to distinguish and analyze medical terms associated with the digestive system. THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM The digestive system is responsible for the provision of water, nutrients, and minerals to the body. Alimentation (alimentum = to nourish) is the term used for the process of giving or receiving nutrition, while metabolism is used to describe all the body processes involved in maintaining life. There are four processes involved in digestion: QQ Ingestion: taking foods or fluids orally QQ Digestion: physical and chemical breakdown of food into smaller components that can be absorbed in the bloodstream QQ Absorption: passage of food molecules from the small intestine into the blood and lymph capillaries QQ Elimination: removal of food particles that were not digested through defecation MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY © PENN FOSTER, INC. 2017 PAGE 69 Lesson 4 Nutrients are classified into three major categories. They’re further broken down into simpler substances known as enzymes. The following table summarizes nutrient classifi- cations and their specific enzymes (-ase = enzyme). Nutrient Classification Associated Enzyme/s Word Parts carbohydrates lactase (breaks down lactose) lact + ase amylase (breaks down starch) amyl + ase proteins protease prote + ase proteinase protein + ase fats lipase lip + ase Study the following word parts related to digestion and nutrition: Word Part Meaning Word Association -ation action or process Defecation is the process of passing out stool or feces via the anus. bil/i, chol/e bile The biliary system consists of the liver, gall- bladder, and the bile duct. cirrh/o orange-yellow Liver cirrhosis refers to the chronic scarring and damage to the liver. de- down, from, reversing, or The removal of an amino group from a mole- removing cule is known as deamination. glycos/o sugar Glycolysis is the breakdown of glucose for cel- lular metabolism. -orexia appetite Anorexia is the loss of appetite. -pepsia digestion Dyspepsia is the term used to describe indi- gestion or painful and upset stomach. vag/o vagus nerve The vasovagal syncope is the sudden loss of consciousness caused by affectation of the vagus nerve. viscer/o viscera Visceral pain is a pain that originates from body organs. Structures of the Digestive System The structures of the digestive system can be divided into two categories: alimentary tract and the accessory organs of digestion. Alimentary Tract The alimentary tract, otherwise known as the digestive tract, starts from the mouth and continues down to the anus. MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY © PENN FOSTER, INC. 2017 PAGE 70 Lesson 4  QQ Intestinal intestin/o = intestines + -al QQ Gastrointestinal gastr/o = stomach + -al The alimentary canal consists of two parts, the upper and lower gastrointestinal tract. Upper Digestive Word Part Word Association Gastrointestinal Organs Tract lips cheil/o cheilosis teeth dent/i, dent/o, odont/o dentistry gums gingiv/o gingivitis tongue gloss/o, lingu/o glossitis mouth or/o, stomat/o oropharynx esophagus esophag/o esophagitis stomach gastr/o gastroenterologist Lower intestines intestin/o, enter/o intestinal, enteritis Gastrointestinal duodenum duoden/o duodenal Tract jejunum jejun/o jejunostomy ileum ile/o ileostomy colon or large col/o, colon/o colonoscopy intestine appendix append/o, appendic/o appendectomy cecum cec/o ileocecal sigmoid colon sigmoid/o sigmoidectomy anus or rectum proct/o proctologist rectum rect/o rectal anus an/o anal Accessory Organs of Digestion Proper digestion and absorption of nutrients is aided by the secretion of substances by the accessory organs of digestion. These organs include the liver, gallbladder, pancreas, and salivary glands. The following table lists the word parts related to the accessory organs of digestion. Word Part Meaning Word Association cholecyst/o gallbladder Cholecystectomy is the surgical removal of the gallbladder. choledocho/o common bile duct The presence of gallstones in the common bile duct is referred to as choledocholithiasis. hepat/o liver Hepatitis refers to the inflammatory condition of the liver. pancreat/o pancreas Pancreatography is the radiographic examina- tion of the pancreas. sial/o salivary gland Sialorrhea refers to excessive salivation. MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY © PENN FOSTER, INC. 2017 PAGE 71 Lesson 4 Diseases, Disorders, and Diagnostic Terms Diseases and disorders of the digestive system are usually diagnosed through radiology or endoscopy. Radiologic studies of the digestive system (-graphy = process of recording): QQ Esophagography: esophagi/o + graphy QQ Sialography: sial/o + graphy Endoscopic examinations (-scopy = visual examination): QQ Esophagoscopy: esophag/o + scopy QQ Gastroscopy: gastr/o + scopy QQ Colonoscopy: colon/o + scopy QQ Sigmoidoscopy: sigmoid/o + scopy QQ Proctoscopy: proct/o + scopy The presence of stones in the digestive organs is a common occurrence (lith/o = stone). The following are examples: QQ Cholelithiasis: chole + lith + iasis QQ Choledocholithiasis: choledocho + lith + iasis QQ Pancreatolithiasis: pancreato + lith + iasis Diabetes mellitus is a group of diseases that pertain to the body’s utilization of glucose. Lack of insulin or insulin resistance results in hyper + glycemia (hyper = increased, glyc/o = sugar, emia = blood). Hyperglycemia may lead to the following signs and symptoms (poly = excessive): QQ Poly + phagia (eating) QQ Poly + uria (urination) QQ Poly + dipsia (thirst) The prefix hyper is also used in the following disorders (hyper = excessive or increased): QQ Hyperlipidemia: hyper + lipid + emia QQ increased level of lipids in the blood, including cholesterol and triglycerides QQ Hyperemesis: hyper + emesis QQ excessive vomiting Other health concerns related to the digestive system include: QQ Obesity QQ Emaciation MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY © PENN FOSTER, INC. 2017 PAGE 72 Lesson 4  QQ Anorexia nervosa QQ Bulimia QQ Malabsorption QQ Malnutrition QQ Dehydration Surgical and Therapeutic Interventions Some clients may need to be fed via an enteral (enter/o = intestine) feeding tube. The three most common types of feeding tubes are: QQ Nasogastric: naso + gastr/o + ic QQ Nasoduodenal: naso + duoden/o + al QQ Nasojejunal: naso + jejun/o + al Selected surgical procedures include: esophagostomy esophag/o + stomy gastrostomy gastr/o + stomy jejunostomy jejuno/o + stomy stomy = formation of an opening colostomy col/o + stomy ileostomy ile/o + stomy vagotomy vag/o + tomy tomy = creation of incision gastroplasty gastr/o + plasty plasty = repair lithotripsy lith/o + tripsy tripsy = surgical crushing appendectomy append/o + ectomy cholecystectomy cholecyst/o + ectomy gastrectomy gastr/o + ectomy ectomy = excision hemorrhoidectomy hemorrhoid/o + ectomy pancreatolithectomy pancreat/o + lith + ectomy laparoscopy lapar/o + scopy scopy = visual examination Some gastrointestinal problems may be treated with medications. These medications include: QQ Antidiarrheal (anti + diarrheal) QQ relieves diarrhea QQ Antiemetic (anti + emetic) QQ relieves or prevents vomiting MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY © PENN FOSTER, INC. 2017 PAGE 73 Lesson 4  QQ Emetic QQ induces vomiting QQ Laxative QQ promotes bowel movement QQ Purgative/cathartic QQ promotes complete bowel emptying Self-Check 4.1 Complete Practice Exercises 1–11 and A–I found in Chapter 9 of your text- book, then answer questions 1–15. Choose the correct answer. 1. The term ileostomy means a. creation of a surgical passage through the abdominal wall into the ileum. b. endoscopic examination of the ileum. c. herniation of the ileum. d. prolapse of the ileum. 2. A condition that results when output of body fluid exceeds fluid intake is termed a. achlorhydria. c. enterostasis. b. dehydration. d. peristalsis. 3. Which of the following is not part of the small intestine? a. Cecum c. Jejunum b. Duodenum d. Ileum 4. A disorder that’s characterized by episodes of binge eating and often terminates in self-induced vomiting is called a. anorexia nervosa. c. emaciation. b. bulimia. d. flatulence. (Continued) MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY © PENN FOSTER, INC. 2017 PAGE 74 Lesson 4