1st Periodical Exam in Understanding Culture, Society, and Politics Reviewer PDF

Republic of the Philippines Department of Education REGION IV-A CALABARZON SCHOOLS DIVISION OF BATANGAS...

Republic of the Philippines Department of Education REGION IV-A CALABARZON SCHOOLS DIVISION OF BATANGAS BAUAN TECHNICAL INTEGRATED HIGH SCHOOL 1st Periodical Examination in Understanding Culture, Society, and Politics Reviewer LESSON 1 – INTRODUCTION TO UNDERSTANDING Remember that Culture: CULTURE, SOCIETY AND POLITICS 1. Differ depending on the needs of the individual. Understanding Culture, Society, and Politics uses 2. Of any society represents an adaptation or insights to develop students’: adjustment to the various conditions of life, Awareness of cultural; including their physical, social, and supernatural environment. Social and political dynamics 3. People develop a culture of their own out of Sensitivity to cultural diversity their learnings and experiences from their environmental exposure. CULTURE 4. Culture creates the identities of individual Culture - Anything made by man, language, customs, which are distinct from one another. values, norms, mores, rules, tools, technologies, products, organizations and institutions. SOCIETY Foundation of mans continuing interaction with Society - a group of people interacting with each other. his surroundings. People that make up a society share a common The systems of knowledge shared by a relatively culture with the same language, traditions, large group of people. beliefs, technologies. Communication, communication is culture. Cultivated behavior; the totality of a person's Remember that Society: learned, accumulated experience which is 1. A product of human social processes intended socially transmitted, or more briefly, behavior to meet basic needs for survival. through social learning. 2. Organized by rules of conduct, customs, A way of life of a group of people--the traditions, folkways and mores and behaviors, beliefs, values, and symbols that expectations that ensures appropriate behavior. they accept, generally without thinking about 3. Is an important product of human interaction them, and that are passed along by and interconnectedness. communication and imitation from one 4. Provides us an idea of its importance in creating generation to the next. an equal, just and humane society. Consists of patterns, explicit and implicit, of 5. Man’s social behavior is greatly shape by behavior acquired and transmitted by society where he belongs. symbols, constituting the distinctive achievement of human groups, including their embodiments in CHARACTERISTICS OF A SOCIETY artifacts; the essential core of culture consists of 1. Is a complex whole. traditional ideas and their attached values; 2. Is relatively large. culture systems may, on the one hand, be 3. Socializes its members. considered as products of action, on the other 4. Endures, produces, and restrains its hand, as conditioning influences upon further members for generation. action. 5. Holds its members through a common The sum of total of the learned behavior of a culture. group of people that are generally considered to 6. Has a defined geographical territory be the tradition of that people and are transmitted from generation to generation. A collective programming of the mind that distinguishes the members of one group or category of people from another. 1  Republic of the Philippines Department of Education REGION IV-A CALABARZON SCHOOLS DIVISION OF BATANGAS BAUAN TECHNICAL INTEGRATED HIGH SCHOOL POLITICS SIGNIFICANCE OF CULTURE: Politics – activities of the government, members of law- 1. Culture make it possible for man to adapt and making organizations, integrate himself to his environment by being or people who try to influence the way creative and resourceful in coming up with ways a country is governed. and means of survival set of activities associated with the governance of a 2. Culture establishes patterns of acceptable social country, or an area. behavior. Involves making decisions that apply to members of a 3. Culture conveys and facilitates meanings group. through verbal and non-verbal communication. 4. Culture produces man made things. Remember that Politics: 5. Culture contributes to overall human satisfaction 1. Talks about collective decision of individuals based on defined rules of society that binds SIGNIFICANCE OF SOCIETY: people together to preserve culture and improve 1. Provides a system of stratification human life. 2. Provides basic needs of its members 2. Is a collective activity, involving people who 3. Regulates and controls people’s behavior accept a common membership or at least 4. Provides the means of social participation acknowledge a shared fate 5. Provides mutual support to the members 3. Presumes an initial diversity of views 4. Involves reconciling differences through SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDYING SOCIETY: discussion and persuasion 1. Representation of our identity 5. Political decisions became authoritative policy 2. Characterize the totality of a territory for a group, binding members to decisions that 3. Avenue for economic interdependence are implemented by force if necessary 4. Symbol political independence SIGNIFICANCE OF POLITICS: 1. Can enhance personal happiness 2. Can enrich human freedom and well-being 3. Affects human lives 4. Foster moral and intellectual growth 5. Foster self-knowledge SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDYING CULTURE, SOCIETY LESSON 2 – ANTHROPOLOGY, POLITICAL SCIENCE AND POLITICS AND SOCIOLOGY Anthropology - the study of people and their culture. Branch of knowledge which deals to the scientific study of man, his works, his body, his behavior and values within a specific time and space. Man’s physical, social and cultural devt. Study of Mankind Mans behavior in relation to his environment ETYMOLOGY OF ANTHROPOLOGY “Anthropos” (Greek) = Man “Logos” (Greek) = Study “Anthropologia” = Study of Humanity 2  Republic of the Philippines Department of Education REGION IV-A CALABARZON SCHOOLS DIVISION OF BATANGAS BAUAN TECHNICAL INTEGRATED HIGH SCHOOL PLACE OF ORIGIN ETYMOLOGY OF POLITICAL SCIENCE Anthropology started as the study of non-European “Polis” (Greek) = City people by European people (outward). “Scire” (Latin) = To Know Written records about non-Europeans Political Science = Study of the state and the Focus on kinship, language, race, religion, government cultural perception etc. GOALS OF POLITICAL SCIENCE FOUNDER Make people a better citizens Franz Boas- Father of Modern American Anthropology Keep social order and harmony Historical Particularism - each society is Protect the rights of an individual considered as having a unique form of culture Avoid conflict and promote cooperation that cannot be understood under an overall definition of general culture. Sociology - study of patterned, shared human behavior. Systematic science of studying society and in 4-FIELD APPROACH OF ANTHROPOLOGY dealing with the solution of its basic problem 1. Biological Anthropology - study of human Analyzes human interaction. origins (genetics, race, evolutions, fossils, Social interactions: social arts, social primates) relationships, social organization, social 2. Cultural Anthropology - study of living people structures, social processes (religion, social system, language, clothing, food, the patterns of social interaction, and culture of beliefs, etc.) everyday life. 3. Linguistic Anthropology - study of language, its evolution, its connection to other languages and ETYMOLOGY OF SOCIOLOGY others. “Socius” (Latin) = Companion 4. Archeology - study of dead culture (religion, “Logos” (Latin) = Word, Knowledge social system, language, food, beliefs, traditions, “Ology” = the study of etc.) PLACE OF ORIGIN GOALS OF ANTHROPOLOGY Started at the height of Industrial Revolution which See the commonalities among people mobilized the entire population. Look at what makes us the same to understand more about human nature FOUNDER Discover what makes people different and 1. Isidore Auguste Comte- French Philosopher and preserve diversity mathematician. He coined the term sociology and Look at one’s own culture more objectively reinvented the term sociology in 1838 2. Emmanuel Joseph Sieyes- coined the term Political Science - study of a state and its government, sociology in 1780 in an unpublished manuscript. with the relationship of men in the community, with relation of men and groups to the state itself and the FIELDS OF SOCIOLOGY relations of a state with other sovereign states abroad 1. Social Organization - Group involvement/ Social science regarding the practice and relationship theory of politics, the analysis of political 2. Social Psychology - study of how individual or systems and the study of political behavior group behavior is influence by the presence and Emphasizes the use of power, interest, behavior of others influence and diplomacy 3. Applied Sociology - application of sociological Analyze how people attain political position, ideas, concepts, theories and models to address maintain their position, and the outcomes of every problem or situations their policy implementation 4. Human Ecology - study of interaction between man and nature in different culture 3  Republic of the Philippines Department of Education REGION IV-A CALABARZON SCHOOLS DIVISION OF BATANGAS BAUAN TECHNICAL INTEGRATED HIGH SCHOOL GOALS OF SOCIOLOGY 7. Culture is social. Culture is a group product 1. Obtain possible theories and principles about developed by many individuals interacting in society as well as various aspects of social group. life. 8. Culture is integration. Culture is integrated on 2. Study the nature of humanity to further the personality of each individual and become examine roles within a society parts of their behavior. 3. Appreciate that all things in society are 9. Culture is not usually known by people. The interdependent way people interact and do things in their 4. Expose minds to different perspective everyday lives seems natural. People are unaware of their culture because they are so close to it and know it well. 10. Culture gives people a range of permissibly behavior patterns. Culture commonly allow a range of ways on how man will act. COMPONENTS OF CULTURE LESSON 3 – CONCEPT, ASPECT, CHANGES OF CULTURE CHARACTERISTICS OF CULTURE 1. Culture is learned and acquired. Acquired through the senses and experiences from COMMUNICATION COMPONENT (NON-MATERIAL) different agents of socialization. The means of Language- it forms the core of all culture acquisition are imitation, conditioning, Symbols- along with language and non-verbal suggestion, formal or informal instruction signals, symbols form a function of symbolic and mass media. interaction. Symbols vary within cultures, cross- 2. Culture is shared and transmitted. To culturally and change overtime continuously preserve culture, it is best to share to other people or to transmit it to the next COGNITIVE COMPONENT (NON-MATERIAL) generation. Culture is transmitted through Ideas- mental representation, used to organized language. stimulus 3. Culture is adaptive and dynamic. Culture is Knowledge- Storehouse where we accumulate always changing new ideas, procedures and representations, information, facts, assumptions. techniques are added, modified or discarded. Support learning 4. Culture is cumulative. Certain features of Beliefs- accept a proposition, statement, culture have been retained today and they are description of fact as true modified and innovated to make them new and Values- culturally defined standards of updated. desirability, goodness and beauty which serves 5. Culture is ideational. Culture is an ideal as broad guidelines for social living pattern of behavior which the members are Accounts- how people use that common expected to follow. language to explain, justify, rationalize, excuse, 6. Culture gratifies human needs. Culture or legitimized our behavior. continuous to exist if it satisfies human needs Motives- why of our behavior. biologically or psychologically 4  Republic of the Philippines Department of Education REGION IV-A CALABARZON SCHOOLS DIVISION OF BATANGAS BAUAN TECHNICAL INTEGRATED HIGH SCHOOL BEHAVIORAL COMPONENT (NON-MATERIAL) TANGIBLE AND INTANGIBLE HERITAGE Norms- rules and expectations by which a Cultural Heritage- The legacy of physical artifacts and society guides the behavior of its members. intangible attributes of a group or society that are Standards that defines obligatory and inherited from past generation, maintained in the present expected behaviors of people in various and bestowed for the benefit of future generations. situations. Mores- moralistic values TYPES OF CULTURAL HERITAGE Laws- most formal and important norm 1. Tangible Heritage- buildings and historic places, Folkways- habitual pattern, behavior monuments, artifacts which are considered patterns of society which are organized and worthy of preservation for the future. repetitive Objects are important to the study of human Rituals- highly scripted ceremonies that history. Their preservation demonstrates follow a specific sequenced of action recognition of the necessity of the past and of the things that tell its story. MATERIAL COMPONENT (MATERIAL) 2. Intangible Heritage - oral tradition, performing Material component - refers to physical objects arts, social practices, rituals, festive events, of culture, such as machines, equipment, tools, knowledge and practice concerning nature and books, clothing, etc. the universe and skills involved in producing traditional crafts. ASPECTS OF CULTURE Dynamic, flexible and adaptive EXAMPLES OF TANGIBLE AND INTANGIBLE Shared Learned through socialization or enculturation Patterned social interaction Integrated and at times unstable Transmitted through socialization Requires language and other forms of communication A product of human interaction to environment A social heritage that is complex and socially transmitted Provides socially acceptable patterns for meeting biological and social needs THREATS TO CULTURAL HERITAGE A distinguishing factor 1. Natural disaster An established pattern of behavior 2. Human Activity Cumulative 3. Social Change Meaningful to human being 4. Economic Change 5. Political Change TRANSMISSION OF CULTURE 1. Enculturation- learning culture of one’s own LESSON 4 – SOCIAL CHANGE AND POLITICAL group CHANGE 2. Acculturation- learning some new traits from another culture Social Change - any significant alteration over time in 3. Assimilation- an individual entirely loses any behavior patterns and cultural values and norms. awareness of his/her previous group identity and Transformation of culture and social takes on the culture and attitudes of another institution over time. group Social movements play in inspiring discontented members of a society to bring about social change. 5  Republic of the Philippines Department of Education REGION IV-A CALABARZON SCHOOLS DIVISION OF BATANGAS BAUAN TECHNICAL INTEGRATED HIGH SCHOOL EXAMPLES: What may be considered good etiquette in one Civil Rights Movement culture may be considered bad etiquette to Child Labor Laws another. Women’s Rights Gay Rights Cultural values - ideas about what is good, right, fair, Marijuana Legalization Movements and just. Remember that Social Change: IDEAL VS REAL CULTURE 1. A universal phenomenon. Real Culture - values and norms that a society follows. 2. Is community change. Ideal Culture - values and norms that a society professes 3. Speed of social change is not uniform. to believe. 4. Occurs as an essential law. 5. Definite prediction of social change is not An example of an ideal value is the idea of marriage and possible. monogamy based on romantic love. In reality, many 6. Shows chain-reaction sequence. marriages are based on things other than romantic love 7. Results from the interaction of a number of (such as money, convenience, or social expectation), and factors. many end in divorce. While monogamous marriages based on romantic love certainly do exist, such marriages Political Change - Political change is a normal function are not universal, despite our value ideals. of internal and external politics. Rulers will be voted out, retire, or die while in power, and the new leader will Cultural Diversity - Presence of multiple cultures and make changes. cultural differences within a society. Occurs when the rulers in a country lose power or the type of governance in the Cultural relativism - The attempt to judge behavior country changes. according to its cultural context. There is no moral standards of right and wrong TYPES POLITICAL CHANGE and good or bad for evaluating cultural 1. Internal political change - initiated by citizens phenomena. of the country. It can be done through regular What is right in one place can be wrong in events, such as elections and rulers choosing to another place. hand power over, or through irregular events, Standards is relative to the culture in which they such as a coup d'état or a rebellion. appear. 2. External political change - initiated by other The central point in cultural relativism is that in a countries. Usually achieved through military particular setting certain traits are right because threats/action but could occur through they work in that setting while others traits are embargoes and/or withholding foreign aid. If it is wrong because they clash painfully with the parts achieved by the military, then a new leader will of that culture. be placed in charge by the victorious, foreign power. The victorious country may also choose Ethnocentrism - Judging another culture solely by the to change the style of governance as well. values and standards of ones own culture. Evaluation of other cultures according to LESSON 5 – CULTURAL VARIATION, CULTURAL preconceptions originating in the standards and RELATIVISM, ETHNOCENTRISM customs of one's own culture. Belief of superiority in one’s personal ethic group. Cultural Variation - the rich diversity in social practices that different cultures exhibit around the world. Xenocentrism - tendency to value other cultures more the different social behaviors that different highly than one’s own, which can materialize in a variety cultures exhibit around the world. of different ways. Affected by man’s geographical set up and Preference for the products, styles, or ideas of experiences. someone else's culture rather than of one's own 6  Republic of the Philippines Department of Education REGION IV-A CALABARZON SCHOOLS DIVISION OF BATANGAS BAUAN TECHNICAL INTEGRATED HIGH SCHOOL Remember that Cultural Relativism: RACE VS ETHNICITY 1. Mitigates Ethnocentrism Race – based on Physical/Biological Characteristics. 2. All culture is valuable, and no one is better Ethnicity – based on Cultural Characteristics. than another. 3. Promotes greater appreciation of the cultures Nationality- Legal relationship between a person and that an individual might encounter. a state. 4. A good way to rehearse the norms and values Status of belonging to a particular nation. of a society. 5. Functions and meaning of a trait are relative CITIZENSHIP VS NATIONALITY to its cultural setting. Citizenship Nationality - Legal/Juristic - Ethnic/Racial SOCIAL DIFFERENCES - Can be changed or - Absolute, Innate Social Differences - differences among the individuals taken back on the basis of social characteristics and qualities. Ex: Class, Race, Culture, Age, Ability, Sex Socio-Economic Status- social standing or class of an individual or group. Gender - range of characteristics pertaining to, and An economic and sociological combined total differentiating between, masculinity and femininity. measure of a person's work experience and of Gender Role - a set of societal norms dictating an individual's or family's economic and social the types of behaviors which are generally position in relation to others, based considered acceptable, appropriate, or desirable on income, education, and occupation. for people based on their actual or perceived sex or sexuality. LESSON 6 – MAN’S CULTURAL EVOLUTION COMMON TRADITIONAL GENDER STEREOTYPES PALEOLITHIC AGE (OLD STONE AGE) FEMININE MASCULINE Traditionally coincided with the first evidence of tool construction and use by homo some 2.5 Not Aggressive Aggressive million years ago Dependent Independent Easily Influenced Not Easily Influenced Neanderthal and Cro-Magnon - men that are living in Submissive Dominant this period. Passive Active Home-Oriented Worldly ETYMOLOGY OF PALEOLITHIC “palacios” (Greek) = old Religion - any cultural system of designated behaviors “lithos” (Greek) = stone and practices, world views, texts, sanctified places, ethics, or organizations, that relate humanity to the IMPORTANT EVENTS DURING PALEOLITHIC PERIOD supernatural or transcendental. Use of simple pebble tools Learned to live in caves Ethnicity - category of people who identify with each Discovered the use of fire other based on similarities such as common ancestral, Developed sculptures; paintings, designs, and language, social, cultural, or national experiences. reliefs on the walls of caves. An inherited status based on the society in which Food-collecting cultures one lives. Membership of an ethnic group tends to be NEOLITHIC AGE (NEW STONE AGE) defined by a shared cultural heritage, ancestry, Occurred sometimes about 10,000 BCE origin myth, history, homeland, language or Knowned as “Polished Stone Age” dialect, symbolic systems such as religion, mythology and ritual, cuisine, dressing style, art, ETYMOLOGY OF NEOLITHIC AGE and physical appearance. “neos” (Greek) = new “lithos” (Greek) = stone 7  Republic of the Philippines Department of Education REGION IV-A CALABARZON SCHOOLS DIVISION OF BATANGAS BAUAN TECHNICAL INTEGRATED HIGH SCHOOL IMPORTANT EVENTS DURING NEOLITHIC PERIOD 4. Middens- dumps with human waste, also contain Stone tools were shaped by polishing/grinding a variety of archaeological material. Settlement in permanent villages Ex: animal bone, feces, shell, botanical material, Dependence on domesticated plants/animals vermin, sherds, lithics, other ecofacts associated Appearance of crafts like pottery and weaving with past human habitation. Food-producing cultures Ecofacts (Biofacts) - objects of archaeological interest BRONZE AGE created by organisms other than humans, such as those Occurred sometimes about 6,500 BCE from seeds/animal bones. Manuports - Natural objects which have been Copper and Alloy Bronze - used as chief hard materials moved but not changed by humans. in the manufacture of implements and weapons Ex: Seashells moved inland. LESSON 8 – CULTURAL, SOCIAL, POLITICAL AND DIFFERENTIATION OF THE CULTURAL EVOLUTION ECONOMIC SYMBOLS AND PRACTICES Symbol- an object, word, or action that stands for something else, without natural relationship, that is culturally defined. Provide clues to understanding experiences. Gestures, signs, objects, signals, and words, help people understand the world. LESSON 7 – ARTIFACTS AND ECOFACTS Symbolism- when something represent abstract ideas or Artifacts - any object made or modified by a human concepts; its assigns names, denominations, and defines culture, individual or group. relations between various elements (actors, actions, Recovered long after the time it served its goals, means, objects, values,) articulated within a purpose through an archeological endeavor or narrative. even by accident or chance. Ex: Stone Tools, Pottery Vessels, Metal, jewelry, and FUNCTIONS OF SYMBOLS AND SYMBOLISM clothing. Social symbols are used to transfer culture, ideologies, or beliefs from group to another group of Remember that Artifacts: people. 1. Gives information about previous cultures Symbols are used to preserve traditions or beliefs of and civilizations. a certain group of people. 2. Aid in dating earth’s time period and in Symbols contain the “face” and “hidden” values, the historical record keeping. hidden value, in a functional perspective, holds greater meaning and importance than the face SOURCES OF ARTIFACTS value. 1. Grave Goods - personal items buried along with Symbols and symbolism have been used to create the body. Ex: pottery, stone and metal tools but movements, spread ideas, and share advocacies there is a evidence that already decayed organic that surpasses time and distance. objects were also placed in ancient tombs. 2. Hoards - wealth deposit. A collection of valuable TYPES OF SYMBOLS objects or artifacts, sometimes purposely buried 1. Cultural Symbols – manifestation that signifies in the ground, in which case it is sometimes also ideology of a particular culture that has meaning known as a cache. within that culture. 3. Votive Offering - object left in a sacred place for 2. Social Symbols – relating to human societies ritual purposes. and its modes of organization i.e., social classes, problems, issues. 8  Republic of the Philippines Department of Education REGION IV-A CALABARZON SCHOOLS DIVISION OF BATANGAS BAUAN TECHNICAL INTEGRATED HIGH SCHOOL 3. Political Symbols – used to represent a political SOCIAL SYMBOLS AND PRACTICES standpoint; seen in various media and forms Social Symbols- visible, external denotation of one’s such as banners, flag, motto, etc. social position, indicator of one’s social or economic 4. Economic symbols – used in production, status. distribution, and consumption of goods and relates to how individuals and groups interact services like currency, market, labor, demands and interpret various cultural symbols. It can be and other economic activities. seen in clothing and possessions, societal recognition, material possessions and other CULTURAL SYMBOLS AND PRACTICES recognized symbols used worldwide such as Cultural Symbols - Objects, figures, sounds and colors. white dove for peace, red heart for love, etc. Facial expressions, word interpretations, or gestures such as handshakes and hand signals, instead of symbols and signs CULTURAL SYMBOLS IN THE PHILIPPINES Traditional Medical Practices- belief in “albularyo”, herbal medicines, alternative medicines, home remedies Religious/Spiritual Practices – Obando Festival in POLITICAL SYMBOLS AND PRACTICES Bulacan for fertility, Panaad sa Camiguin as act of Political Symbols- artifacts or objectifications of different penance and pilgrim. Black Nazarene Feast in political meanings especially related to power. Manila. Used to embody an ideology, an advocacy, or a Culinary Practices- Rice 3 meals a day, Adobo, group of people with same principles. Sinigang, street foods, Balut, rice cakes. Child-rearing Practices- respectful (used of mano, po at opo), obedience to parents and elders, no talking back to elders, removing footwear before entering the house, family mealtime, ninong/ninang, ate/kuya, punishment using belt. Cultural Practices- manifestation of a culture or sub- culture, concerning the traditional and customary practices of a particular ethnic/other cultural group. Examples: -Medical treatment -Child-rearing practices -Culinary -Housing -Forms of artistic expressions Political Practices- common things that are done within Religious Symbols- iconic representation to represent a a state or country. specific religion, or specific concept within a given religion Related to the practices done in the administration, distribution and attainment of power, bureaucratic composition. POLITICAL PRACTICES IN THE PHILIPPINES Political Dynasties–concentration, consolidation or perpetuation of public office and political power by persons related to one another. - families where members are involved in politics. - succession of rulers from same family or line. - Majority of the position in the Philippine government are currently held by members of political dynasties. 9  Republic of the Philippines Department of Education REGION IV-A CALABARZON SCHOOLS DIVISION OF BATANGAS BAUAN TECHNICAL INTEGRATED HIGH SCHOOL Political Dynasty occur in two ways: SOCIALIZATION CAN BE DETERMINED FROM THE 1. First is when a member of a family occupy a TWO POINTS OF VIEW: certain position in every term. 2. Second is when a number of family occupies a position at the same time. Filipino Clans Palakasan system –getting an advantage when having or knowing someone powerful from the office that can recommend you. Trapo (Traditional Politics) Catholic Church Influence Power Revolt FUNCTIONS OF SOCIALIZATION IN ESTABLISHING Celebrities turned Politicians SOCIAL ROLE The perspective on socialization helps identify formation ECONOMIC SYMBOLS AND PRACTICES of individuals which is essential in establishing his/her Economic Symbols-represents economic standpoint. social role. It includes the following function: Seen in various media such as Stock Exchange, Money, and Currency, Gold and Petroleum, Life Insurance, Banking. ECONOMIC PRACTICES IN THE PHILIPPINES Alkansya - use bamboo as a vault to their money until it becomes full and ready to be withdrawn by its owner. Paluwagan- group savings where group of people agrees to give money to a money manager who is also part of this group and manages the money. The money will cycle throughout the group. IMPORTANCE OF SOCIALIZATION SIGNIFICANCE OF SYMBOLS AND SYMBOLISM The use of symbols and symbolism have given mankind an avenue to communicate with different groups of people, influence others of different ideologies, preserve values transferred from generation to generation. LESSON 9 – SOCIALIZATION Socialization- continuing process whereby an individual acquires a personal identity and learns the norms, values, behavior, and social skills appropriate to his and her Agents Of Socialization - various social groups or social social position institutions that play a significant role in introducing and A continuous process in life that serves as an integrating individual as an accepted and functioning avenue for developing self-concept which is member of society. essential in role identification. 10  Republic of the Philippines Department of Education REGION IV-A CALABARZON SCHOOLS DIVISION OF BATANGAS BAUAN TECHNICAL INTEGRATED HIGH SCHOOL ASCRIBED ACHIEVED Son Honor Student Female Mother Family Heritage Doctor Filipino Nationality Husband Teacher SOCIAL CLASS can be an ascribed and achieved status at the same time. CONFORMITY & DEVIANCE 1. Conformity- individuals attempt to change his/her behavior because of the desire to conform with defined social norm. AGENTS OF SOCIALIZATION 1. Traditional - traditional, normal, part of culture, Compliance (Group Acceptance)- an individual accepts regular aspects an individual would be influence because he hopes to achieve a favorable associated with in their socialization process. reaction from another person or group. 2. Emergent- emerging, new dynamic, changing aspects an individual would become associated Internalization (Genuine Acceptance of Group with as a part of their socialization process. Norms)- an individual accepts influence because the content of the induced behavior- the ideas and actions of TRADITIONAL EMERGENT which it is composed- is intrinsically rewarding. He adopts Family Social Networks the induced behavior because it is congruent or Peer Group Media consistent with his value system. Church School Identification (Group Membership) - accepts influence and wants to establish/maintain a satisfying self-defining Social Status - the position an individual occupies in relationship to another person or group. E.g. Nurses, society and implies an array of rights and duties, Ingratiation - a person conforms to impress or gain Social Role- which involves the pattern of expected favor/acceptance from other people. It is similar to behavior in a social relationship with one or more persons normative influence but is motivated by the need for occupying other statuses. social rewards rather than the threat of rejection, i.e., group pressure does not enter the decision to conform. SOCIAL STATUSES CAN BE CLASSIFIED INTO TWO: 2. Deviation - the non-conformity of an individual from acceptable social norms. It refers to any behavior that differs or diverges from established social norms FUNCTIONS OF DEVIANCE 1. Serves as an outlet for diverse form of expression 2. Serves to define the limits of acceptable behavior 3. Promote in-group solidarity 4. Serves as a barometer of social strain 11  Republic of the Philippines Department of Education REGION IV-A CALABARZON SCHOOLS DIVISION OF BATANGAS BAUAN TECHNICAL INTEGRATED HIGH SCHOOL SOCIOLOGICAL THEORIES OF DEVIANCE SOCIAL CONTROLS OF DEVIANCE 1. Functionalist Theory - According to Emile Social Controls- It refer to the efforts of a group or Durkheim, deviance can serve a number of society to regulate the behavior of it’s member in functions to society. He asserted that there is conformity with established norms. nothing abnormal in deviance. TWO TYPES OF SANCTION FOUR MAJOR FUNCTIONS OF DEVIANCE a) Affirms cultural values and norms b) Clarifies moral boundary c) Promotes social unity d) Encourages social change 2. Strain Theory- Robert Merton argued that in an unequal society the tension or strain between socially approved goals and an individual’s ability to meet those goals through socially approved means will lead to deviance as individuals reject either the goals, the means, or both ROBET K. MERTON’S DEVIANCE TYPOLOGY LESSON 10 – SOCIAL ORGANIZATION SOCIAL INSTITUTION Needs serve as motivating factors in the organization of a society. People form GROUPS to meet and satisfy their need for affection or love, food, clothing, and shelter. Conformity- involves accepting both the cultural goal of They want to belong and to have security or to uphold success and the use of legitimate means for achieving their political ambitions and gain recognition. that goal. Innovation- involves accepting the goal of success but HOW SOCIETY IS ORGANIZE? rejecting the use of socially accepted means of achieving Society- is a social system that is composed of people it, turning instead to unconventional, illegitimate means. assigned to perform a definite task and function in a Ritualism- people deemphasize or reject the importance social system called social institution. of success once they realize they will never achieve it and People has a tendency to form a group because instead concentrate on following or enforcing these rules of their social personalities and maybe because than ever was intended. they badly need it. But maybe in some cases Retreatism- it is the withdrawal from society, caring both. neither about success nor about working. We live in groups to meet our certain social Rebellion- people reject and attempt to change both the needs. goals and the means approved by society. Our experience influence us to form groups with or without cognizant planning. Control Theory - Travis Hirschi assumed that the family, Basic to group formation is social interaction school, and other social institutions can greatly contribute to social order by controlling deviant tendencies in every individual. 12  Republic of the Philippines Department of Education REGION IV-A CALABARZON SCHOOLS DIVISION OF BATANGAS BAUAN TECHNICAL INTEGRATED HIGH SCHOOL WHAT IS A GROUP? Social Function- the results of action that occurs in Group - Constituted by two or more persons who have relation to a particular structure and includes the results something in common. of the activities of individuals occupying particular Interacting together statuses. It may be temporary Component of social organization Guided by a set of norms Remember that Social Organization: 3 REQUIREMENTS FOR A GROUP 1. Always perform a certain Function. 2. Have a structure and is composed of members with different roles. TYPES OF SOCIAL GROUPS Vary in size, quality of group interaction, purpose, structure, or combination of these. One specific classification of group is the character of the social interaction obtained in the group as can be seen from such established classification as the: Primary and secondary groups In-group and out-group SOCIAL ORGANIZATION Social Organization – is a concept that social scientists THE PRIMARY GROUP AND SECONDARY GROUP have developed for the scientific study of society, culture Primary Group- total personality of the human being is and personality. taken into account The relationships are intimate and face-to-face THE CONCEPT “ORGANIZATION” USED BY Communication is profound and strong SOCIOLOGIST: Personal satisfactions are outmost important 1. To stand for a relationship among people A person in a primary group cannot be replaced 2. As a type of a particular social system called formal by another person organization - a process of bringing ORDER and significance into Charles W. Cooley- He introduced the idea of "Primary human social life. It has its roots in social interaction. Group" (1957:23) and describes it as follows: - established pattern of relationship Primary Groups are characterized by intimate face-to-face association and cooperation Social Structure - the independent network of roles and Primary Groups is consist of small face-to-face the hierarchy of statuses which define the reciprocal structures such as the family groups where expectation and the power arrangement of the members personalities fuse into a common whole. of the social unit guided by norms. Primary groups are initial groups that a person join, and they provide him/her with experiences Role- refers to the sum total of behavior expectation and in social relations activities associated with a social position which a holder Cooley calls the primary groups as " the nursery is supposed to carry out and perform. of human nature. " - conveys the prescribe or ideal standard of Individual acquires ideas and experiences of behavior that a holder of a social position is love, affection, sympathy and kindness, and supposed to carry. notion of right and wrong. - It is a manner by which a given individual Individual learned the virtue of sympathy, fair performs the duties and obligations of a status play, loyalty and justice. and enjoys its privileges and prerogatives. Primary group give ones a sense of Personal Worth. Are marked by concern for one another, shared activities and culture 13  Republic of the Philippines Department of Education REGION IV-A CALABARZON SCHOOLS DIVISION OF BATANGAS BAUAN TECHNICAL INTEGRATED HIGH SCHOOL Influential in developing individual’s personal -Any member of the in- group has identity insufficient contact with the members of Ex: Family, Friends the out-groups. - It has a feelings of strangeness , Secondary Group- a reaction to only a part of the dislikes , avoidance , antagonism , individuals personality indifference, and hatred toward the out- Interaction between the members are business group. like, impersonal, casual heterogeneous and membership is numerous 3. References Group - It is the groups that are and widespread significant to us as models even though we This relationship tend to be casual, temporary ourselves may not be a part of the group. and limited in personal involvement -Any group with whom individuals The person's importance to the group is the identify and whose attitudes and values function that he/she performs in the group they adopt. The individual can be easily replaced by anyone -Individual is not necessarily a member who can carry out the same function in the group or belonging to the Secondary groups tend to improve patterns of individuals forming a group. conformity on their members -The central aspect of reference group is self- identification rather actual Focus is on the goal rather than personal membership. relationship Weak emotional ties and little personal knowledge of one another. Ex: Professional Association, Corporations, Co- workers IN- GROUP AND OUT-GROUP (SENSE OF BELONGINGNESS IN A GROUP) Prepared by: In- Group and Out-Group: MARCUS JAHRED A. CARAIG These are not actually groups but variety of relationships that exist in the mind as a person who learns to use pronouns “WE” referring to the in-group and “THEY” referring to the out- group. Insiders = “in-group” Understanding Culture, Society, and Politics Teachers: Outsiders = “ out –group or “ other group”. ROSE ANN M. ESCARO CRISTINA G. TEJERO 1. In- group- group with which the individual JUNE L. DIMALIBOT identifies ERIC L. LOSA - Gives a sense of Belonging, camaraderie, GLADYS B. MANALON MERLIE D. PANAGUITON and a protective attitude toward the other JUSTIN MICAH B. COMIA members. - The members are Loyal to each other, and one may accept responsibility for the others. -They know each other intimately and share common norms , activities , goals, and References: background. Escaro R.A (2023), LESSON-1.UCSP.pptx -Is simply any group someone belongs to and feels emotional attachment to members. Escaro R.A (2023), LESSON-2.UCSP.pptx 2. Out – Group- a group to which people feel they do not belong. Escaro R.A (2023), LESSON-3.ConceptAspectChanges- -Viewed as the outsider by the in- group. of-Culture (1).pptx 14  Republic of the Philippines Department of Education REGION IV-A CALABARZON SCHOOLS DIVISION OF BATANGAS BAUAN TECHNICAL INTEGRATED HIGH SCHOOL Escaro R.A (2023), LESSON-4.SOCIAL-AND- POLITICAL-CHANGE.pptx Escaro R.A (2023), Lesson-5.-CULTURAL- RELATIVISM.HNDOUTS.pptx Escaro R.A (2023), LESSON-6.CULTURAL EVOLUTION-STUDENTS COPY.pptx Escaro R.A (2023), W6.UCSP.pptx Arrevalo K., Escaro R.A (2023), Lesson-7-Symbols-and- Practices.pptx Escaro R.A (2023), W7.UCSP.pptx Escaro R.A (2023), W8.UCSP.pptx 15