1Q Earth Science Review PDF

EARTH SCIENCE | Academics Committee EARTH SCIENCE 1ST QUARTER REVIEWER CREATED BY: Syesha Frias (11-STEM 5) LESSON 1 - Introduction to Mineralogy Minerals Earth Science Hydrology Water BRANCHES RELATED TO EARTH SCIENCE...

EARTH SCIENCE | Academics Committee EARTH SCIENCE 1ST QUARTER REVIEWER CREATED BY: Syesha Frias (11-STEM 5) LESSON 1 - Introduction to Mineralogy Minerals Earth Science Hydrology Water BRANCHES RELATED TO EARTH SCIENCE WHAT IS EARTH SCIENCE? Deals with the parts of the Earth BRANCH FOCUS Related to biology, ecology, Geology Earth’s etc. composition Studies the Earth’s subsystems Petrology Rocks Major Branches: geology, Pedology Soil hydrology, meteorology, and astronomy Paleontology Fossils FOUR MAJOR SPHERES Seismology Earthquakes Atmosphere - gaseous Volcanology Volcanoes envelope; provides the air that we breathe; protects us Meteorology Weather from harmful UV rays Biosphere - includes all life Climatology Climate on Earth from the ocean floor Astronomy Celestial bodies up to the atmosphere Hydrosphere - includes all Cosmology Universe liquid water on Earth; 97% EARTH SCIENCE | Academics Committee ocean water and 3% Global Positioning System groundwater (GPS)- provides latitude, Geosphere - consists of solid longitude, and altitude parts, but is not uniform; plate Very Long Baseline tectonics Interferometry - measures the geosphere - Main regions: crust, mantle, and core LESSON 2 - Origin of the Universe and Structure of the EARTH AS A SYSTEM Earth The Sun - drives external processes in the atmosphere HYPOTHESIS, THEORY, AND LAW ↓ HYPOTHESIS - tentative POLLUTION explanation that can be ↑ tested through investigations Earth’s Interior Heat - drives and experiments tectonic plates THEORY - a well-supported explanation of observations USES OF EARTH SCIENCE LAW - statement that Weather Satellite - monitors summarizes the relationship temperature and humidity between variables Navigation Device - assists ships and submarines THEORIES ON THE ORIGIN OF THE Landsat Satellite - collects UNIVERSE data on Earth’s landmasses 1. Big Bang Theory - Developed by Fr. Georges Lemaitre EARTH SCIENCE | Academics Committee - Most accepted model of the - Early period of formation of the universe exponential cosmic - States that the universe inflation originates from a singularity - Went to a period that inflated in a Big Bang, without matter forming the expanding - Energy dominated the universe we have now space and expanded - Matter did not exist at the start of time and the universe HYPOTHESES ON THE ORIGIN OF changes in density THE UNIVERSE 1. Nebular Hypothesis Singularity - pure energy - Developed by Immanuel compressed in a tiny, dense point Kant and Pierre-Simon Laplace separately - States that the solar system 2. Steady State Theory was formed through a nebula - Developed by Fred Hoyle, (rotating cloud of gas and Thomas Gold, and Herman dust) which formed the sun a Bondi protoplanetary disc - States that the universe is expanding at a constant/steady density EXISTENCE OF A GAS CLOUD - The universe does not ↓ undergo major changes GRAVITY CONTRACTS TO COLLECT GAS AND DUSTS 3. Cosmic Inflation Theory ↓ - Proposed by Alan Guth ROTATES AND HEATS UP - Aims to solve the ↓ uncertainties of the Big Bang FORMS A BALL AT THE CENTER & Theory OTHER MATTER FORMS RINGS EARTH SCIENCE | Academics Committee 3. Protoplanet Hypothesis ↓ FORMS THE SUN AND - Developed by Sir William H. PROTOPLANETARY DISC McCrea - Similar to the Nebular Hypothesis, wherein the solar 2. Encounter Hypothesis - Developed by Georges-Louis-Leclerc system was formed through - States that a rogue star a nebula passed the sun and - The nebula’s rotation removed matter formed the sun, and a through a gravitational plate-like disc (whirlpool) pull which formed the shrank to form the planets solar system CLOUDS OF GASES AND DUSTS SUN ENCOUNTERS THE ROGUE STAR ROTATE SLOWLY ↓ ↓ REMOVAL OF HOT GASES FROM CLOUDS OF GASES AND DUSTS BOTH STARS COLLAPSE DUE TO GRAVITY ↓ ↓ ACCUMULATED GASES FORMED THE ROTATION AND COMPRESSION PLANETS MAKES CLOUD HOT - SUN FORMS ↓ From rogue star - outer FORMATION OF GREAT PLATE-LIKE planets DISC (WHIRLPOOL) From the Sun - inner ↓ planets WHIRLPOOL SHRANK TO FORM NEW PLANETS EARTH SCIENCE | Academics Committee 4. Fracture - Breaking in irregular or LESSON 3 - Minerals and Their jagged surfaces Properties 5. Hardness - Resistance to abrasion DEFINITION OF MINERALS - Mohs’ Scale of Hardness Naturally occurring Inorganic 6. Color Solids - Most obvious Definite physical properties - Most unreliable property Known chemical - Phenomenon of light compositions 7. Streak PROPERTIES OF MINERALS - Color of minerals in 1. Habit/Crystal Form powdered form - Overall shape - Orderly arrangement of the 8. Magnetism atoms - Attraction to magnet 2. Luster 9. Effervescence - Light reflected off the - Mixing in dilute acid to form mineral small bubbles of gases - Metallic or non-metallic 10. Specific Gravity 3. Cleavage - Ratio of the weight of - Minerals breaking in flat mineral to an equal volume surfaces and repeated of water shapes EARTH SCIENCE | Academics Committee CARAT KARAT SEDIMENTARY TO METAMORPHIC - Unit weight for - Refers to the - Metamorphism - extreme precious stones purity of gold heat and pressure - Alternative: Igneous to Metamorphic METAMORPHIC TO IGNEOUS LESSON 4 - Rocks and Their - Melting Types - Alternative: Sedimentary to Igneous ROCKS Mixture of different materials TYPES OF ROCKS and other natural minerals IGNEOUS ROCKS Can be made up of both - Begins as magma which organic and inorganic hardens to become igneous materials rocks Some can be man-made - Freezes between 700℃ to 3 types: Igneous, 1250℃ Sedimentary, Metamorphic - Uses: enriching soil fertility, for constructing ROCK CYCLE infrastructures and material IGNEOUS TO SEDIMENTARY for beautifying products - Weathering and erosion - Two types: Extrusive and - Transportation Intrusive - Deposition - Lithification EXTRUSIVE IGNEOUS ROCKS - Alternative: Metamorphic to Sedimentary Location: Outside the volcano EARTH SCIENCE | Academics Committee Formation: SEDIMENTARY ROCKS - Volcanic activity - Formed by weathering and - Solidification of lava erosion - Rapid cooling of lava - Stratification - process of - Rapid crystallization arranging sedimentary rocks into layers Properties: - Strata - layers - Fine-grained texture - No heat and pressure - Lack crystal growth needed - Compaction - squeezing Examples: Andesite, Basalt, the sediments Dacite, Rhyolite, Pumice, Obsidian, - Cementation - process of and Scoria depositing materials - Uses: materials for INTRUSIVE IGNEOUS ROCKS construction, fertilizers, source of fuel Location: Inside the volcano - Three types: Clastic, Chemical, and Organic Formation: - Slow cooling of magma - Crystallization CLASTIC SEDIMENTARY ROCKS - Made from pre-existing Properties: rocks cemented together - Coarse-grained texture with calcite or quartz - Large crystals - Examples: Breccia, Conglomerate, Sandstone, Examples: Diorite, Gabbro, Shale Granite, Granodiorite, and Pegmatite EARTH SCIENCE | Academics Committee CHEMICAL SEDIMENTARY ROCKS construction, jewelry, etc. - Crystallized from a solution - Two types: Foliated and - Ex: Limestone (CaCO₃) - Non-foliated mineral calcite + natural debris FOLIATED METAMORPHIC ROCKS - Other Examples: Chert, - Aligned grains of flat Gypsum, Halite, Limestone minerals - Examples: Gneiss, Schist, ORGANIC SEDIMENTARY ROCKS Slate - From remains of plants and animals NON-FOLIATED METAMORPHIC - Ex. Coal - preservation of ROCKS plant material, combustible - Do not have an arranged fossil fuel plains or bands of minerals - Other Examples: Peat, - Examples: Marble, Quartzite, Lignite, Anthracite, Soapstone Bituminous coal METAMORPHIC ROCKS - Changes shape due to LESSON 5 - Energy Resources metamorphism - Contact Metamorphism - rocks have a direct exposure NON-RENEWABLE ENERGY to heat and pressure Cannot be replenished - Regional Metamorphism - overtime Increase of heat and pressure due to the movement of plate 1. COAL tectonics - Black/brownish black rock - Uses: materials for made up of CHONS (Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, EARTH SCIENCE | Academics Committee Sulfur) or lake for millions of years - Formed from the remains of - Kerogen - organic matter plants millions of years ago to waxy materials - Catagenesis - waxy PEAT COAL material to hydrocarbons - Partially decayed plant matter in swamps (low heat 3. NATURAL GAS content) - Hydrocarbon made up of methane LIGNITE COAL - Originates from remains of - Low heat and sulfur content animals and plants - Thermal Cracking - oil BITUMINOUS COAL converted to natural gas - High heat and sulfur content (used as a fuel) 4. NUCLEAR ENERGY - Generated from nuclear ANTHRACITE COAL reactions - Highly desirable fuel (high - Involves nuclear fission and heat and low sulfur fusion content) - Involves different radioactive elements like uranium-235, uranium-238, 2. PETROLEUM and thorium-232 - “Petra” - rock - “Oleum” - oil - Composed of hydrocarbons FISSION FUSION - Derived from the - Separating of - Joining of microscopic aquatic atoms atoms organisms - Remains settled in the sea EARTH SCIENCE | Academics Committee RENEWABLE ENERGY 5. BIOMASS - Can be regenerated on a - Oldest source of energy human time scale - Biological materials derived from deceased organisms 1. HYDROELECTRIC ENERGY - Takes place in Carbon cycle - From hydropower - Hydropower - Energy from falling water to generate electricity LESSON 6 - Water Resources 2. WIND ENERGY EARTH’S HYDROSPHERE - WIND - movement of air 97% marine and 3% caused by difference in freshwater atmospheric pressure In freshwater, there is 77% - WIND FARM - collection of stored water (ice), 22% wind turbines groundwater, and >1% lakes - Process where wind is used and rivers to generate electricity Residence Time - average length of time of the water in 3. SOLAR ENERGY the reservoir - SUN - the center of the solar system - Converting sunlight into FRESHWATER energy - Glaciers & Permafrost - Surface Water 4. GEOTHERMAL ENERGY - Groundwater - Pertains to the heat coming from the Earth SALTWATER RESERVOIRS - For heating purposes, 1. Arctic Ocean planting, and electricity EARTH SCIENCE | Academics Committee 2. Atlantic Ocean SURFACE WATER RESERVOIRS 3. Pacific Ocean 4. Indian Ocean 1. Streams 5. Southern Ocean - Moving body of surface water that flows because of THERMOHALINE CIRCULATION gravity - involves the effect of - CHANNELS - passageways temperature and salinity of - TRIBUTARIES - small water on Earth streams Salinity - salt content of a body of 2. Rivers water - Stream with a considerable volume and well-defined channel FRESHWATER RESERVOIRS - Examples: Cagayan River, 1. Glaciers Rio Grande de Mindanao, and - Permanent body of ice Marikina River which consists of large crystallized snow 3. Lakes - Mostly found in Polar - Large inland body of regions and high-altitude freshwater regions - Store 67% total of surface and atmospheric water 2. Permafrost - Examples: Laguna de Bay, - Frozen soil, rock, or Taal Lake, and Lake Lanao sediments for more than two consecutive years 4. Swamps - Also found in high-altitude - Wetland with lush trees and regions vegetation found in low-lying areas beside slow-moving EARTH SCIENCE | Academics Committee rivers - Examples: Candaba Swamp and mangrove ecosystems 5. Estuary - Saltwater + Freshwater - Home to many organisms because it has a balance in salinity 6. Groundwater - Freshwater found underneath the rock and soil layer - Largest reservoir of liquid and freshwater - AQUIFERS - water bearing rocks