1810 HS331 Respiratory and cardiovascular systems SV.pptx

HS133: Respiratory and cardiovascular systems - overview Analisa Marie Pais With Thanks to María Miranda Rivera Respiratory system With thanks to Laura Graham, Respiratory Lead Clinician  Respiratory overview...

HS133: Respiratory and cardiovascular systems - overview Analisa Marie Pais With Thanks to María Miranda Rivera Respiratory system With thanks to Laura Graham, Respiratory Lead Clinician  Respiratory overview Main functions: Provide oxygen and remove carbon dioxide Contributes to disease resistance (filters air) Provides airflow for speech Upper and Lower respiratory tracts Upper respiratory tract Components: Nose Nasal cavity Pharynx Larynx (voice box) Functions Heating/cooling air Filtering air Sense of smell Moving air down to lower airway (Visible Body, 2019) Lower respiratory tract Components: Trachea (windpipe) Lungs Bronchi Bronchioles Alveoli Small air sacs within lungs Where gas exchange takes place Function: Supply blood with oxygen (BreathingSpaceNow, nd)  Gas exchange Be careful with terminology! Ventilation Movement of air from the environment into the lungs Respiration Gas exchange between environment and body’s cells Oxygen (O2) added to the blood Carbon dioxide (CO2) removed Breathing Automatic process Detecting changes in CO2 Respiration (Colbert et al, 2012, p.357 fig 15.2) Mechanics of breathing Inspiration Process by which we ‘bring oxygen to the cells of the body to sustain life by breathing in’ Expiration Process by which we ‘eliminate waste products by breathing out’ (Seikel, King & Drumright 2010) Mechanics of breathing Exhalation Inhalation Respiratory centres (medulla and Diaphragm relaxes and pons) initiate stimuli for inspiration. Impulses carried via nerves to rises (size of the inspiratory muscles thoracic cavity) Diaphragm tightens and lowers (size of thoracic/chest cavity) Intercostal muscles relax Intercostal muscles between ribs Ribcage falls and (size contract of the thoracic cavity) Ribcage moves up and out (size of thoracic cavity) Decreased volume Increased volume lowers pressure Increases air pressure within the thoracic cavity. within the thoracic Alveolar pressure decreases cavity. below atmospheric pressure Air is forced out Air is drawn in. What is the relationship between Muscles involved in respiration Abdominal muscles https://www.physio-pedia.com/File:949_937_muscles-of-res https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cophys.2019.0  Neural control in respiration Medulla – primary respiratory control centre Function: Send signals to respiratory muscles to inhale/exhale Pons – another respiratory control centre Function: control rate and speed of involuntary respiration Cerebral cortex – controls brains voluntary respiration (Lumencandela, nd) BREAK TIME  Cardiovascular system The basics System overview Main functions Bring O2 and nutrients to body’s cells Remove waste and CO2 Carry hormones from and to parts of the body Components Heart Blood Blood vessels (veins, arteries) (Colbert et al, 2012, p.285 fig (Martini et al 2018, Colbert et al, 2012, Armstrong 13.1) et al 2013 ) Heart (Martini et al, 2018, p.738 fig (Texas Heart 20.3) Institute, nd) Located slightly left of your 4 chambers (Rt atrium, Rt chest’s centre ventricle, Lt atrium, Lt (sternum/breastbone), above ventricle) the diaphragm, in between 4 valves (regulate blood flow your lungs through the heart)  Simplified blood circulation Right side: receives blood and sends it to the lungs Left side: receives blood from lungs, pumps it around body What happens at the lungs? (Peate, I, Nair, M, 2017, p.234, fig 8.9)  Break Time  Activity Time! Research task 1: Label the diagram below. Research task 2: Complete the table below. Inhalation Exhalation Diaphragm Contracts and moves downwards Intercostal muscles Volume of the ribcage Pressure inside the chest Movement of air Research task 3: What is the function of the muscles involved in breathing (below). Sternocleidomastoid Scalenes External intercostals Diaphragm Internal intercostals (except interchordial part) Respiratory conditions Can you think of any? What areas of SLT can be affected by respiratory conditions? Research task 4: Label the diagram below. Possible terms Right atrium Left atrium Superior vena cava Septum Aorta Right ventricle Left ventricle Heart valves X 2 Pulmonary artery Pulmonary veins Cardiovascular conditions Can you think of any? Any relation to SLT? References Armstrong, D, Brady, C, Durston, S, Howell, R, Jones, K, Luft, K, Sims, B, Skoruppa, D, Small, C, Thiele, B and Thweatt, P (2013) Anatomy & physiology made incredibly easy! Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins BreathingSpaceNow (nd) The respiratory system Available online at: http://breathingspacenow.hostica.com/respiratorySystem.html Colbert, B, Ankney, J, Lee, K, Steggall, M and Dingle, M (2012) Anatomy and physiology for nursing and healthcare professionals Harlow: Pearson Education Limited Lumencandela (nd) Respiration control Available at: https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-ap/chapter/respiration-control/ Martini F, Nath, JL, Bartholomew, DF (2018) Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology Harlow: Pearson Education Limited Peate, I, Nair, M (2017) Fundamentals of anatomy and physiology: for nursing and healthcare students Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd Seikel, J.A., King, D.W. and Drumright, D.G. (2010) Anatomy & Physiology for Speech, Language, and Hearing. New York: Delmar Cengage learning. Texas Heart Institute (nd) Heart anatomy Available at: https://www.texasheart.org/heart-health/heart-information-center/topics/heart-anatomy/ Visible Body (2019) Breathing in and speaking out: How the structures of the upper respiratory system Available at: https://www.visiblebody.com/learn/respiratory/upper-respiratory-system Post-live session tasks Please log in to Moodle to view and complete these during your self-study time.