Practical Research 1 Lesson 2 PDF

Practical Research 1 ​ Validity: Must be true of each case or Lesson 2 ideographic (case-oriented) ​ Variables: Describe relationship and Gen...

Practical Research 1 ​ Validity: Must be true of each case or Lesson 2 ideographic (case-oriented) ​ Variables: Describe relationship and Generally, quantitative and qualitative research differs establish meaning structures and contexts on the type of data they produce. The former dwells ​ Research Instrument: Interviews, literature on the collection of numerical data analyzed by content reviews, real world observations, statistical analysis, while the latter deals with case studies, ethnographies descriptive, in-depth and holistic data analyzed by summarizing, categorizing and interpreting. Subject Area Research Approaches On this note, you need to use quantitative research Research studies happen in any field of knowledge. if you want to confirm or test a theory or hypothesis Anthropology, Business, Communication, Education, and use qualitative research if you want to Engineering, Law, and Nursing, among others, turn in understand concepts, thoughts and experiences. a big number of research studies that reflect varied interests of people. Don’t you wonder how people in Example: Here is a simple example on how you can these areas conduct their research studies? apply two methods differently on the same research question, “How satisfied are students with their Belonging to a certain area of discipline, you have the studies?” option to choose one from these three basic research approaches: In quantitative research, you may survey 250 students at your school and ask them a question, “On a scale 1. Positive or scientific Approach (Quantitative Data) from 1-5, how satisfied are you with your studies?” 2. Naturalistic Approach (Qualitative Data) Then, you can perform statistical analysis on the data 3. Triangulation or Mixed method Approach and draw conclusions such as: “On average, students rated their studies 4.1”. The scientific approach gives stress to measurable and observable facts instead of personal views, In qualitative research, you may conduct in-depth feelings, or attitudes. It can be used in research under interviews with 15 students and ask them open-ended the hard sciences or STEM (Science, Technology, questions such as: “How satisfied are you with your Engineering, Medicine) and natural sciences (Biology, studies?”, “What is the most positive aspect of your Physics, Chemistry). The positive or scientific study program?”, and “What can be done to improve approach allows control of variables or factors the study program?” Based on their answers, you can affecting the study. (Laursen 2010) ask follow-up questions to clarify things. Furthermore, you can transcribe all interviews and try to find The naturalistic approach, on the other hand, is patterns and commonalities. people oriented. Data collected, in this case, represent personal views, attitudes, thoughts, Quantitative Research emotions, and other subjective traits of people in a ​ Question Domains: Who, What, When, natural setting. Collecting data is done in family Where homes, playground, workplaces, or schools. In these ​ Common Sample Size: 150 to 200+ places, people’s personal traits or qualities naturally ​ Contact Time: 10 to 20 minutes surface in the way they manage themselves or ​ Validity: Must be true of most of the data or interact with one another. The naturalistic approach nomothetic (law oriented) focuses on discovering the real concept or meaning ​ Variables: Define relationships and establish behind people’s lifestyles and social relations. general case ​ Research Instrument: Surveys, numerical Hard Sciences vs. Soft Sciences counts, statistical analyses, mathematical modeling Just like in other subjects under soft sciences such as marketing, man’s thoughts and feelings still take Qualitative Research center stage in any research studies. The purposes of ​ Question Domains: How, What, Why any researches in any of these two areas in business ​ Common Sample Size: 10 to 15 are to increase man’s understanding of the truths in ​ Contact Time: 45 to 240 minutes each line with markets and marketing activities, making him more intelligent in arriving at decisions about these 4. Qualitative research requires engagement and aspects of his life. Research types that are useful for neutrality. Direct contact with the people, situation, these areas are the basic and applied research. and phenomenon under investigation should be (Feinberg 2013) established by the researcher. A quantitative or qualitative kind of research is not 5. Qualitative research follows an inductive exclusive to hard sciences or soft sciences. These procedure. As the researcher immerses two research methods can go together in a research himself/herself in the phenomenon under approach called triangulation or mixed method investigation, specific details and data will be approach. This is the third approach to research that gathered from the target participant/s. allows a combination or a mixture of research designs, data collection and data analysis techniques. 6. Qualitative research is viewed in a holistic perspective. A study in a qualitative type cannot be Thus, there is no such thing as a clear dichotomy simply done in a linear and cause and effect between qualitative and quantitative research relationship approach. Rather, it requires the methods because some authorities on research claim researcher to view the whole phenomenon under that a symbiotic relationship, in which they reinforce investigation in a complex system, that is, different or strengthen each other, exists between these two variables can either cause or effect the phenomenon. research methods. Moreover, any form of knowledge, factual or opinionated, and any statistical or verbal Strengths and Weakness of Qualitative Research expression of this knowledge are deduced from human experience that by nature is subjective. As cited from University of Denmark Library (2020), (Hollway 2013; Letherby 2013) this type of research has its strengths and weaknesses presented as follows: Characteristics of Qualitative Research Strengths: Qualitative research can be easily characterized by 1. Qualitative research complements quantitative carefully observing how some research elements data. Interview and observation are the common such as: research design, data collection procedure, instruments used in the conduct of a qualitative study. and data analysis have been put into considerations. 2. Qualitative research provides more detailed information to explain complex issues. Since this type As cited from Spalding University Library (2020), of research study requires the researcher to immerse these three key elements will guide the researcher to himself/herself in the phenomenon under properly conduct a qualitative research study. To investigation, direct experiences can be acquired. further understand this kind of research, its 3. Qualitative research is cost efficient. Small number characteristics are presented as follows: of participants is usually considered in qualitative research. Hence, less resources will be needed to 1. Qualitative research is naturalistic. A study to be accomplish the study. conducted by the researcher should be based on real-life situations. Weaknesses: 2. Qualitative research is purposeful. In conducting a 1. Qualitative research cannot generalize the findings qualitative type of study, the researcher should select to the study population. The use of a small number of the participants in a purposive manner, that is, they participants in qualitative research may result in will be selected because they either have easy limited responses. access to the information needed or simply have the knowledge to provide a great deal of information 2. Qualitative research is more difficult to analyze. needed to the study. Hence, these participants are Unlike quantitative research which deals with numeric called “information rich” in the context of research. data and can be interpreted through statistical formula, qualitative research presents non-numeric 3. Qualitative research is detailed. A thick description data which are all based on the subjective responses of gathered data from the participants makes this type of the participants. of study a detailed one. 3. Qualitative research is time consuming. Though 4. Case Study. It is a qualitative research kind which qualitative research utilizes a small number of allows the researcher to have an intensive analysis of participants, this, however, demands the researcher the phenomenon. The aim of this study is to to spend more time in dealing and engaging with accurately describe the case through an in-depth them. examination of a single person or single institution. With this, thorough interview, observation, and Kinds of Qualitative Research documentation are all utilized as multiple data collection instruments. 1. Phenomenological. This kind of qualitative research focuses on subjective lived experiences of the Examples: participants in order to understand phenomenon. A researcher aims to explain the causes of the Here, the researcher is concerned with the feelings of reading difficulty of a grade 5 struggling reader. the participants regarding a particular event or activity, hence, the uniqueness of their lived situations can be 5. Historical. This qualitative research kind is described. Interview is the common instrument used concerned with the identification, evaluation, and for its data collection with the suggested sample size synthesis of past event data. Further, it aims to ranging from 5 to 25. understand present patterns and to anticipate future choices through clearly relating the past event data Examples: which are obtained from sources such as documents, A researcher aims to determine the challenges and relics and artifacts, and oral reports. coping mechanisms of senior high school working students in the second district of Bataan. Examples: A researcher attempts to explore the nature and 2. Ethnographic. It is a kind of qualitative research context of the political leadership of Bataan which concentrates on the study of a group of people governors. in a particular environment. To characterize behaviors, cultures, challenges, and possible 6. Narrative. Life accounts of individuals based on occurring themes, the researcher is required to their personal experiences are typically obtained and engage himself/herself with the participants through analyzed in the conduct of this kind of qualitative immersion in an extended period of time. research. The primary objective of the study is to Observation, along with the use of interview and extract meaningful context based on the documented survey, is an essential instrument for this type of experiences. Unlike phenomenological research study. which focuses on describing and explaining a phenomenon through the lived experiences of the Examples: participants, narrative research focuses merely on the nature of the story told by the participants. Hence, A researcher seeks to determine the cultural practices phenomenological research may use narrative, but and healthcare beliefs of the ethnic group living in narrative research does not necessarily need Bataan province. phenomenological. Discourse analysis is one of the commonly and widely employed approaches of 3. Grounded Theory. This kind of qualitative research narrative research. intends to explain a phenomenon through developing a theory. In comparison with phenomenological study Examples: that primarily describes lived experiences, grounded A researcher seeks to characterize the struggles theory aims to provide explanation and theory behind faced by student-athletes. those lived experiences. Interview and supporting documents are the commonly used data collection References: and, Description. “Practical Research 1 - Description and Importance of Qualitative Research.” instrument for its participants approximately ranging Google.com, 2020, from 20 to 30 or until data achieve saturation. sites.google.com/deped.gov.ph/practicalresearch120232024/chapter-2/description-and-importanc e-of-qualitative-research. Accessed 11 Jan. 2025. and, Quantitative. “Practical Research 1 - Quantitative and Qualitative Research.” Google.com, 2017, Examples: sites.google.com/deped.gov.ph/practicalresearch120232024/chapter-1/quantitative-and-qualitativ e-research. A researcher attempts to conceptualize the breast Different, in. “Practical Research 1 - Research in Different Areas of Knowledge.” Google.com, 2024, cancer survivorship process among Bataeños. sites.google.com/deped.gov.ph/practicalresearch120232024/chapter-1/research-in-different-areas -of-knowledge. Accessed 11 Jan. 2025.