Mughal Emperors PDF

# Mughal Empire ## Mughal Emperors * **Sultan Abu Sa'id** * **Sultan Muhammad Mirz**a * **Sultan Jalal-ud-din** * **Amir Timur Sahibqiran** * **Jalal-ud-din Muhammad Akbar** * **Nasir-ud-din Humayun** * **Zahir-ud-din Babur** * **Sultan Umar Shaikh Mirza** * **Shahzaada Muazzam** * **Mohi-ud-din*...

# Mughal Empire ## Mughal Emperors * **Sultan Abu Sa'id** * **Sultan Muhammad Mirz**a * **Sultan Jalal-ud-din** * **Amir Timur Sahibqiran** * **Jalal-ud-din Muhammad Akbar** * **Nasir-ud-din Humayun** * **Zahir-ud-din Babur** * **Sultan Umar Shaikh Mirza** * **Shahzaada Muazzam** * **Mohi-ud-din** * **Shahab-ud-din** * **Rafi-ud-daulah** * **Muhammad Farrukhsiyar** * **Jahandar Shah** * **Alamgir II** * **Ahmad Shah** * **Muhammad Shah** * **Rafi-ud-daraja** * **Muhammad Shah** * **Muhammad Shah** * **Abu Zafar Siraj-ud-din** * **Abu Nasr Akbar** ## Babur: 1526-30 * Defeated Ibrahim Lodhi * First usage of gunpowder massively * Battle of Panipat on April 21, 1526 * Established Mughal Dynasty * Original name: Zahir-ud-din Muhammad * Daulat Khan Lodi invited him to India * Called themselves as "Uzbek" * Assumed the title of Padshah ### Mughal Tulughma Formation * This formation was a military strategy used by Babur * **Enemy:** * Jaranghar * Taulghama * Qaraawal * Harawal * Illtimish * Kol * Chandawal * Baranghar * Taulghama ### Wars of Babur * **1526:** 1st Battle of Panipat * **1527:** Defeated Rana Sanga of Mewar at Khanwa (Battle of Khanwa) * **1528:** Defeated Medini Rai of Chanderi (Battle of Chanderi) * **1529:** Defeated Afghans in Battle of Ghagra (Between Babur and Mahmud Lodhi) * **1530:** Died at Agra. His tomb is in Kabul ### Babur's Descendance * From father's side: Descendant of Timur * From mother's side: Descendant of Genghis Khan * Became ruler of Ferghana in 1494 at the age of 12 * Was forced to leave his throne after the Uzbegs invaded * Conquered Kabul in 1504 ### Autobiography * **Tuzuk-i-Baburi:** Written in Turkish * Gave an excellent account of India and his empire * Translated in Persian by: Abdur Rahim Khanekhana * Translated in English by: Madam Bevridge ## Architecture built by Babur * **Kabuli Bagh Mosque in Panipat** * **Aram Bagh, Agra** ## Humayun: 1530-40 and 1555-56 * Eldest son of Babur * Ascended to the throne in 1530 * His succession was challenged by Kamran, Hindal, and Askari along with Afghans * Fought two battles against: * Shershah (Afghani ruler): At Chausa (1539) and Kannauj/Bilgram (1540) * Shershah Suri (Died in: 1545) completely defeated Humayun * Took shelter at Safavid Dynasty (Iran) * His sister, Gulbadan Begum, wrote his biography, *Humayunama* * Built: Din Panah at Delhi as his second capital. * After Sher Shah's death, Humayun regained his empire in 1555. * **Humayun's Tomb:** Built by his widow, Bega Begum (Haji Begum). ## Sher Shah: 1540-45 * Original Name: Farid Khan * Son of Hasan Khan, the Jagirdar of Sasaram * Ibrahim Lodhi transferred his father's jagir to him * Defeated Humayun in Battle of Chausa (1539) * Defeated Humayun in Battle of Kannauj/Bilgram (1540) and annexed Kannauj * Conquered: * Malwa (1542) * Ranthambhor (1542) * Raisin (1543) * Rajputana Annexation of Marwar (1542) * Chittor (1544) * Kalinjar (1545) * **Title Assumed:** Sher Shah * Died in 1545 while conquering Kalinjar, buried in Sasaram * **Coin Issued:** Rupa and fixed standard weights and measures all over the empire. * **Built:** G.T. Road - Runs from Calcutta to Peshawar * **Present Day:** Chittagong in Bangladesh ## Akbar: 1556-1605 * One of the greatest rulers of the Mughal Dynasty * Eldest son of Humayun * Full name: Abu’l-Fath Jalal-ud-din Muhammad Akbar * Ascended the throne at the age of 13 in Kalanaur, Punjab * **Regent:** His tutor, Bairam Khan ### Wars of Akbar * **2nd Battle of Panipat (1556):** Between Hemu (Hindu General of Muhammad Adil Shah) and Bairam Khan (Akbar's regent) * Hemu was defeated, captured, and slain * Akbar tried to win over the Rajputs. He inducted Rajput kings into the Mughal service and treated them at par with Mughal nobility. * **Married:** Harakha Bai (daughter of Bharmal/Bihari Mal or Bihar Mal, Kutchhwaha Rajput ruler of Amer, capital Jaipur in 1562 * **Rana Pratap Singh and his son, Amar Singh (Sisodiya Rajputs of Mewar, Capital-Chittor) did not recognize Akbar's supremacy.** ### The Battle of Haldighati * The battle of Haldighati (1576) took place between Rana Pratap and the Mughal army led by Man Singh of Amer. * Rana Pratap was defeated but never surrendered. ### Religion * Akbar proclaimed a new religion called **Din-i-Illahi** (1581) * **Din -i-Illahi** was based on a synthesis of values from several religions like: Hinduism, Islam, Jainism, and Christianity. * Birbal was the only Hindu to follow this religion. ### Architecture Built by Akbar * **Fatehpur Sikri:** Built in honor of Salim Chisti. Akbar shifted his court from Agra to Fatehpur Sikri. * **Agra Fort** * **Lahore Fort** * **Allahabad Fort** * **Buland Darwaza:** Built for Salim Chisti * **Humayun's Tomb at Delhi:** UNESCO World Heritage Site - Built after victory over Gujarat expedition. #### Notes * **Kangra Fort of Himachal Pradesh is considered the oldest in India.** * **Kumbhalgarh Fort (Rajasthan) built by Rana Kumbha of Sisodia Rajput clan of Mewar:** The wall is 36 km long and is considered as the second longest wall in the world. ### Akbar's Administration * **1571:** Akbar shifted his capital to Sikri * **1585:** Akbar shifted his capital from Sikri to Lahore * **1598:** Akbar shifted his capital from Lahore to Agra. #### Navaratna - The Nine Jewels of Akbar * **Birbal:** Administrator * **Abu’l Fazl:** Scholar and statesman * **Faizi:** Brother of Abu’l Fazal, scholar and statesman * **Todar Mal:** Finance Minister, Dahsala Bandobast/Jabti * **Bhagwandas:** Mansabdar, son of Bharmal * **Man Singh:** Mansabdar, grandson of Bharmal * **Tansen:** Musician * **Abdul Rahim Khanekhana:** Statesman, Hindu poet * **Mulla Do Piyada:** Scholar and poet #### Translations * **Faizi:** Helped Akbar start *Ibadatkhana* - A place for religious discourse * **Tansen:** Originally served under Raja Ramchandar Singh (Tomar, ruling in Gwalior), * **Composed:** Dhrupad Gharana - Rewa/ Gwalior. * **Given "Miya" title by Akbar:** * **Original Name:** Ramtanu Pande * **Abul Fazl:** Wrote *Akbarnama* (Akbar's biography) * **Played Rudraveena(Rabab)** * **The *Akbarnama* consisted of three parts:** 1. **About Akbar's ancestors** 2. **About Akbar's reign** 3. **Ain-e-Akbari** (Akbar's administration) which was inspired by Sher Shah Suri. ### Akbar's Land Revenue System * **Land types recognized:** 1. **Polaj:** Land actually cultivated for each crop in succession. 2. **Parauti:** Land that can be left fallow for 1-2 years to recover its strength. 3. **Chachar:** Land that had been left fallow for 3-4 years. 4. **Banjar:** Land uncultivated for 5 years or more. * **The best type of land:** Land that could not be left fallow. * **Revenue Fixed:** In ten-year estimates, known as *Dahsala* * **Taxes:** *Zabti* - 1/3rd of the land's produce * **Akbar abolished *Zizya* (tax on non-Muslims)** ### Akbar's Administration * **Mansabdari:** Implemented in 1571 * **Mansab:** Rank; Decidded on basis of *Zat* (land) and *Si Pahi* (horseman) * **Highest Rank Reached:** 7000 (Mirza Aziz Koka) * **Jagirdari System:** * If a Mansabdar's rank is more than the assigned land, they are made *Jagir* (revenue rights) * **Payment on basis of:** Cash or Jagir ### Last Expedition of Akbar * Defeated Meeran Bahadur, ruler of Khandesh * Won Asirgarh Fort in 1601 A.D. * Died in 1605 - Tomb of Akbar in Sikandra, Agra ## One Liners * **Charbagh Style of Architecture:** Introduced by the Mughals * **Military Commanders in Akbar's Empire:**Faujdars * **Humayun's brother Kamran Controlled:** Afghanistan and Punjab regions * **Mir Saman:** Given the charge of looking after the imperial household during the Mughal administration ### Provincial Divisions: * **Correct sequence order in terms of size:** Paragana - Sarkar - Suba * **Kotwals:** Police * **Diwans:** Revenue * **Bakhshis:** Assist military commanders ## Key terms and definitions * **G.T. Road:** Grand Trunk Road. * **Sarai:** Houses fully covered for rest or keeping materials while traveling along the G.T. Road. * **Patta:** Title deed; given to peasants * **Qabuliyat:** Deed of agreement. * **Zamindars:** Landowners * **Tuzuk-i-Baburi:** Babur's autobiography. * **Baburnama:** Babur's autobiography, translated from Turkish to Persian. * **Humayunama:** Humayun's autobiography, written by his sister, Gulbadan Begum. * **Din-i-Illahi:** A new religion proclaimed by Akbar, with elements from Hinduism, Islam, Jainism, and Christianity. * **Ibadatkhana:** Religious discourse * **Dhrupad Gharana:** Indian classical music style that originated in Gwalior * **Ain-e-Akbari:** Akbar's administration which was inspired by Sher Shah Suri. * **Dahsala:** Revenue fixed in ten-year estimates * **Zabti:** 1/3rd of the land's produce, a tax taken by the Mughal government. * **Zizya:** A tax levied on non-Muslims. * **Mansabdari:** A system of military and civil service * **Mansab:** A rank assigned to an official. * **Zat:** Land holdings * **Sipahi:** Horseman * **Jagir:** Revenue assignment * **Naqdi:** Cash payment * **Jagirdari System:** A system of land grants to Mughal officials. * **Pargana:** Village territory * **Sarkar:** District * **Suba:** Province * **Gaz:** A unit of measurement for length * **Tassuj:** Equal parts