Evaluation of Physical Fitness PDF

A. Components of Health Related Physical Fitness B. Objectives of Physical Fitness Testing C. Medical Clearance and Human Rights D. Characteristics of a Good Physical Fitness Test Course Learning Outcome 4. Describe the characteristics for assessing the design of physical fitness tests – va...

A. Components of Health Related Physical Fitness B. Objectives of Physical Fitness Testing C. Medical Clearance and Human Rights D. Characteristics of a Good Physical Fitness Test Course Learning Outcome 4. Describe the characteristics for assessing the design of physical fitness tests – validity, reliability, objectivity, accuracy, norms, economy and random and systematic errors. (I) (LE, IC) Learning Goal Develop a foundation knowledge of the factors considered in the design of physical fitness assessments. Learning Outcomes List the components of Health-related physical fitness. Describe the various objectives of physical fitness testing. Briefly describe the process of health screening prior to engaging in fitness assessments, including why it is included. List and describe each of the characteristics that are considered when creating a good physical fitness test, including validity, reliability, objectivity, accuracy, norms, economy and random and systematic errors. A. Components of Health Related Physical Fitness 1. Cardio-respiratory endurance - aerobic power 2. Muscular Strength 3. Muscular Endurance 4. Muscular Power 5. Flexibility 6. Body Composition Aerobic Power Muscular Strength robertsontrainingsystems.com Muscular Power Dylan Armstrong –Olympic Bronze medalist Photo Vancouver Sun Muscular Endurance Flexibility Simone Biles – USA – four gold medals in Rio 2016 Olympics B. Objectives of Physical Fitness Testing 1. To assess the status of individuals entering a program. – Often compared to age and gender specific normative data base 2. To aid in designing training programs and setting realistic goals. 3. To evaluate an individual's progress. 4. To increase individual motivation for entering and adhering to an exercise program. 5. To evaluate the success of a training program in achieving its goals.  C. Health Screening Subjects are screened for health prior to engaging in fitness assessments. Primary safety goal of health screening is to identify those who should receive further medical evaluation prior to exercise testing or training. Get Active Questionnaire CSEP – https://csep.ca/2021/01/20/pre-screening-for-physical-activity/ Informed Consent Form - Voluntary acknowledgement of purpose, procedures, and assumption of known (informed) dangers/risk(s) Physical Screening of body composition and resting heart rate and blood pressure. May also find out more about individuals risk factors for chronic disease. johnwelbornfitness.com D. Characteristics of a Good Physical Fitness Test Measurement error makes the observed value of a measure differ from the true value. 1. Validity 2. Reliability 3. Objectivity 4. Accuracy 5. Norms 6. Economy 1. Validity 1. Validity - a valid test is one that measures effectively what it is supposed to measure. Compare the test results to a criterion measure or reference standard - there should be a high relationship 2. Reliability 2. Reliability - are the results consistent and reproducible? A highly reliable test yields the same or approximately the same scores when administered twice to the same individuals, provided conditions and subjects are essentially the same. 2. Reliability - Error Error – the deviation of a measurement, observation, or calculation from the truth. Random errors influence the results in a random (statistically unpredictable) manner. They cause the results to spread in both directions (positive and negative) about the true value. If a result is not repeatable --> random errors --> repeat the measurement several times and take the mean 2. Reliability – Reducing Error There will always be a certain amount of random error - due to a combination technical error and biological variation in performance. Test administration should be rigidly controlled – – standard instructions to the subjects – standard practice or warm-up procedures – standard order of test items and recovery times between items – standard environmental temperature and humidity – standard equipment and equipment calibration procedures. Certification of examiners to ensure consistency and reliability. (CSEP – CPT; CFES – CPT) Skills that require a high proficiency of coordination and reaction should be tested before any tests that may cause fatigue and decrease performance.  3. Objectivity 3. Objectivity – reduction of bias, feelings and interpretations to provide a result that is close to reality and truth. Objective tests often use physical measurements - time, distance and weight. Subjective tests are often lower in objectivity as they require the judgment of the examiner - figure skating. To increase objectivity, many examiners are often used and the outliers are removed (top and bottom scores). Providing training for examiners, and very clear criteria for assessment can increase objectivity. 4. Accuracy 4. Accuracy - A measure of how close a result is to the “true” value. The accuracy with which things are measured, or with which differences are perceived, depends first upon the precision of the measuring instruments. All measuring instruments have their limitations. 4. Accuracy Systematic errors - errors that systematically shift the measurements in one direction away from the true value. They can be caused by instrumentation errors or by the use of incorrect measurement techniques. Systematic errors caused by a measuring instrument can be estimated by comparison with a more accurate and reliable instrument - calibration of instruments. 5. Norms 5. Norms - allow a relative rating or classification of the subject's performance. They describe a person’s position in a population. If the only information available about a subject's test performance is the raw score, interpreting it meaningfully can be difficult. A norm describes a subject in relation to a large number of people who have taken the test. 5. Norms Norm charts should be evaluated to determine their quality. The following questions should be asked: a) Were the sampling procedures for the construction of the norms based on a wide distribution of the population? b) Was a large sample size used to construct the norms? c) Are the norms being used for the specific groups for which they were prepared?  5. Norms Percentile – a point or a position on a theoretical scale of 100 divisions such that a certain fraction of the population of raw scores lies at or below that point. Median – the 50th percentile, the score that divides a distribution so that 50% of the scores are above this point and 50% fall below. 6. Economy 6. Economy - consider two factors: a) money costs and b) time required of subjects and testers Other things being reasonably equal (validity, reliability, accuracy), choose a test that meets your objectives and requires little in money and time.  reddit.com 6. Economy Laboratory tests – typically require specialized equipment and specialized training for the test administrator. They are usually administered to only one person at a time. Field tests – require no maltapersonaltraining.com expensive equipment and little, if any, specialized training. These tests can be administered to a group of individuals at the same time, and they are usually less precise than laboratory tests.