Biology 1602 Learning Objectives: Unit 2 PDF

Biology 1602 Learning Objectives: Unit 2 Chapter 8 Learning objectives o Explain what joints are, how they are named and what functions they serve a point where bones meet They're named...

Biology 1602 Learning Objectives: Unit 2 Chapter 8 Learning objectives o Explain what joints are, how they are named and what functions they serve a point where bones meet They're named , By freedom Of movement Diarthrosis , , amplarTHroSIS and SynarThrosis. Their functions are It enables movement STABILITY , and allow long BonesTo Lengthen , adjacent Bones (fibrous , cartilaginous , synovial) o Name and describe the 3 major categories of joints Fibrous Cartilaginous Synovial free" I I immorable S119HT movement movement o Describe the 3 types of fibrous joints and give an example of each Sutures-immovable It's only foundI n The SKULL , BINDS SKULL Bones , collagen Fibers ATTACH (Chewing) GOMPHOSES - minimal movement , TooTH attacked To ITS Socket , periodontal LIGamenT HOLDS ITS TOOTH TO JaWBone Syndesmoses-most movable 2 bones bound by Longer collagenous , fiber place o Describe the two types of cartilaginous joints and give an (radius una) - example of each SynchonDroses-Bones Joined Cartilage Itibla > - fibula) /sternocos By Hyaline between ribs and between art+ costochon y costal cartilage SYMPHYSes-2 bones joined by fibrocartilage (minimal movement) in public a o Explain why some joints change categories with age SymphUIDS , ePIPhyseaa Y plate) intervertebrae This happens due to a wear Tear. and It Is when the articular cartilage softens and degenerates reduction shock and causing in of mobility , absorption increased stiffness o Identify the anatomical components of a typical synovial · ↑ (cusition) synovial produces synovial membrane The joint fluid articular cartilage , joint fibrous layer Joint capsule in the ligaments cavity , , , Tendons , o Name and describe six classes of synovial joints Plane (non-axial Pivot (uniaxial , , gliding 1 Plane , only , Translation) rotation atlantoxial) , CONDYLOID Saddle (Blaxial , (Blaxial , 2 Planes 2 Planes , , rablocarpal metacarpal - Thumb) , Wrist , atianto-occipital conts)) You exes as Hinge (uniaxial , "Plane , Interphalangeal elbow knee) , + Ball + Socket /multiaxial , 5 planes including rotation , Shoulder + hip) o Use the correct standard terminology for various joint (rotation) movements ADDUCTION (fingers arms) circle ABDUCTION , -Circumpuction Internal /shouda legs up) -dorsiflexion (Toes plantar flexion (Toes down) leaning shoulder peDecreasingan angle - (feet and out) Inversion in Chapter 9: Learning Objectivest enversion -Types o Describe the physiological characteristics that muscle sendactionsal Of eXCITABILITY signals/electrical The ability to respond to changes types have in common ConTraCTILITY - muscles muscles shorten stimulated - ability to when Skeletal - WITHOUT cardlad ExtensIBILITY - ADILITY TO STRETCH Damage SMOOT recoil Back To ITS normal stape ElaSTICITY-ability - To o List the defining characteristics of skeletal muscle - voluntary muscle attacked to The skeleton/Bones includes - myofibers , muscle cells C b muscle transverse from the reflecting overlapping of the internal Has an alternating light + dark or striations (stripes - contractile proteins  o Describe the structural components of a muscle fiber * * See notes o Relate the striations of a muscle fiber to the overlapping pulls arrangement of its protein filaments When E-disc l-band filaments the sarcomere shortens , and causing thick filament filament to overlap No shorter Since thin is under thin +thick. strictions (stripes) under they overlap it creates a light and dark tranverse which is a A band seen as Is in , when microscope. o Name the major proteins of a muscle fiber and state the (THICK Filament) (Thin Filament activ function of each Contractive Protein : myosin and and stops contraction and switch that starts. Regulatory protein Tropomyosin : Troponin a troponmovesing , Contraction is activated by the release of calcium into sarcoplasm and its binding troponin. a I when themofibers contraction o Explain what a motor unit is and how it relates to muscle than muscle fiber. sites spino motor from the cord each neuron supplies more one supplied by muscle fibers are neurons , is called motor unit ing supplied by of fiber the same nevron caus to contract fibers/per The small group muscles that require quick and precise control have fewer muscle motor unit motor units muscles that don't require fine control have several hundreds. overlapping muscleiber large in a b o Describe the junction where a nerve fiber meets a muscle others support each ( ⑨ = contraction THIS IS called The Neuromuscular Junction When a motor neuron carries electrical signals from the Brain/spinal cord. The end of a motor neuron is called an axor terminal S fiber. located at the end of a muscle fiber. When an action potential reaches The axon Termina , it receases the neurotransmitters cared h from the synaptic vesicles. ACh diffuses from the synaptic cleft and binds into the muscle fibers membrane (sarcolemma) The binding changes the electrical charge of the sarcolemma causing an action potential in the 3. - , muscle fiber. The action potential spreads into the and fiber sarcolemma muscle causing a muscle contraction ! Once the signal is transmitted ACh is broken down by the , called acetylcholinesterase enzyme to prevent the muscle from overstimulating to ensure muscle fiber is ready for the next signal. o Explain why a cell has an electrical charge difference - across its plasma membrane and how this relates to muscle muscle Nat ECF outside and Kinside ICF When the muscle resting the thereI s the contraction When is excess in. gradient Cas receptor contracts the opposite happen. Once ACh is released and binds to its it allow Nat to enter ICF. The positive in to ECF The loss of + called repolarization. The whole the plasma membrane is called depolarization. It is released from ICF. is change allows the SR to release Cat for muscle contraction. , o Explain how a nerve fiber stimulates a skeletal muscle fiber * see notes o Explain how stimulation of a muscle fiber activates its - Tropomyosin this releases off and the contractile mechanism binding Troponin to exposes When SR releases Cat , Cat binds , contraction. (phosphate) site on actin. Each myosin head has ADP and P from the previous the and releases The myosin releases P (phosphate) and binds into the actin binding. site Both myofilaments glides ATP attaches to heads breaking the bridge ATP is eventually stopped myosin cross gliding when. ADP The is turned intoADPactiv. o Explain the mechanism of muscle contraction & o Explain how a muscle fiber relaxes shortening of the musche (myobilaments sarcommerc, 2- discs) I (connects site. Cat stores back to SR since Ach is head from the When ATP attaches to myosin , it releases binding no longer released Tropomyosin. blocks the binding site le relaxes. o Explain why the force depends on the length of the muscle to not pull and overlay effectively to able causes short heads prior to stimulation If a muscle is too , myosin are less force production When the muscle is too stretched it can't perform contractio too much contraction and limiting. allows the to generate the most force when and little to force Length-tension relationship muscle may generate no effectively. maximum contractionn. it's in its optimal length allowing o Describe the stages of a muscle twitch > delayed/lay (preparation)- Latent period : Signal is recieved Cat , is released from SR , no contraction happening. Contraction Phase Cat attaches to Troponin shift of , Tropomyosin myosin , head attaches , filaments shorten. (musclecontractione Cat absorbed back into SR myosin head deattach troponin t tropo myosin go back to original position. Relaxation Phase : is ,  o Explain how successive muscle twitches can add up to produce stronger muscle contractions o Distinguish between isometric and isotonic contraction remainmusclecontracts bua movement muscle changes length tension is maintained and tension the but increase no 2 TypeS : Chapter 10 Learning Objectives concentric-shortening of muscle lengthening of muscle eccentric - o Describe the functions of muscular tissue movement of Body Paris and o rg a n s control openings and · of passageways movement posture swallowing · Maintain · and prevent Communication · speech expression writing Heat protection · : , , o Describe the connective tissue components of a muscle 3 connective Tissues : epimysium covers T h e entire muscle Perimysium Bundle CellsI n to groups (fasicles) endomysium Surrounds each Individual cell of a muscle Fiber o Relate muscle fascicle shape to relative strength of muscles Furmand Strength ROM) circovar (weakest for opens a anone ⑧ obicularis oculi/oris mouth eyes o Name the types of muscle-bone attachments movable Indirect attachment : attached via Tendons To Bone (ex. biceps brachiii) morestationarascapula), , > - more is called insertion (radius) le meperforming (Fleshy) pair-muscleameagonist : Direct attachment : Muscle Belly attached To Bone via Storage Fibers (brachialis/Tricep brachini Aponeurosis (sHeeT-Like rather THAT cord like) : ex palm called palmar aponeurosis synergist (flexion). o Distinguish between intrinsic and extrinsic muscles hand (fine and percise movements) Intrinsic muscle contained in one region. ex. moves fingers > - region : but attached /larger movements) Extrinsic somewhere else muscle acts on a region : ex - moves fingers - region forearm o Describe how muscles work in groups to aid oppose and Prime(agonist) of movement moderate each other’s actions Synergist force : main a adding farce stabilizing : Assist Prime by either more or the jount prevents execisive movement Antagonist : Opposes preventing injury fixator : Stabilizes the bone o Note that Latin names may be helpful in learning muscle actions/locations o Name and locate the muscles that produce facial expressions ~ o Name and locate the muscles used for chewing and swallowing o Name and locate neck muscles that move the head and identify the actions of these muscles o Name and locate the respiratory muscles and explain their role in respiration  o Name and locate the muscles of the abdominal wall and back (superficial ones from slides) o Name and locate muscles that act on the pectoral girdle, shoulder, elbow, wrist and hand (will clarify in class) o Describe the actions of these muscles (above) and relate these actions to the joint movements described in chapter 8 o Name and locate the muscles that act on the hip, knee, ankle and toe joints o Describe the actions of these muscles (learning objective above) and relate them to the joint movements from chapter 8 Chapter 11: Nervous Tissue senses heat i on store sens As detects and sends info. to brain + spinal Part 1: and 2.) Integration 5) - the brain and information spinal cord spinal process the cord command o List the basic functions of the nervous system Motor-skeletal muscle , the brain + PNS the muscle to respond physically. · & I o Explain the structural and functional divisions of the nervous system (see flow chart) o List the types of neuroglia and state their functions GLIA = GLU Astrocytes Oligodendrocytes (CNs)]carries anInsulatoryare : The most abundant in T h e CNs provides , neuronal support and communication , repair damage and participate in information processing in the brain Schwann (PNS) Microglial : Primary Immune defense (removes any damage Neuron pathogens or foreign substances , protection orwastethe Satellite (PNS) : similar function to astrocytes in the CNS Ependymal : carries cerebrospinal fluid that circulates the brain for injury o Define neuron, describe its important structural components, and relate each to a functional role See Notes tract both o Differentiate between (1) a nucleus and a ganglion, and are a nerve and a hervePNsaS bundlesofavonsThe ganglion and the are both nerve cells (2) a nerve and a tract The nucleus outside CNS carries signals -nucleus is inside CNS ganglion (PNs) is The nerve motor ona ganglion transmits sensory or information while - and CNS nucleus process - the body between signals while within the the brain o Explain the importance of the myelin sheath and tract transmit or spinal cord describe how it is formed in the central and peripheral nervous systems InsulatesOligodendrotyes speeds and axon the transmission. CNS - PNS- Schwann cells o Classify neurons by structure and definition & mostcommon multipolar unipolar BIPOLar · and abundan , i s · rare ! Found in eyes/ear · Normally Found In PNS(ganglia) dendryte 1 avon-1 · · I axon-many dendrites -endryte =Taxon  V = 1XR o Describe the relationship between current, voltage, and voltage current resistance voltage is the force of a movement If V increase > - I increase (1) resistance is same) resistance current Resistance is the slows movement down the movement) blockage) If If resistance I increase increase > - - I V needs decreases to /1/ voltage increase is same o Identify different types of membrane ion channels Chemically/Ligand-opens (ex when a specific type of chemical binds. ACh , neurotransmitter) Voltage gated channel - open/closes in response to a change in the membrane potential (ex K" and Nat charge. changes in action potential) mechanically gated channel - opens when a physical deformation of the receptor (ex - stretching or pressure) o Define resting membrane potential, and describe its Typically (- TOmV) negative RMP Is The electrical chargeDifference of a resting neuron polarized inside electrochemical basis flowsoutofthe cellmakingtheindemore negative WhenNatflowsintothecell,makes itmore. a. poste o Describe graded potentials temporary changeexcitability charge inhibitory signal a it can either be in the cell or when it receives a o Compare and contrast graded potentials and action asmemberSt Leakens GP short/long potentials Ap length ~ same ,+ spreads Doesn't weaken or chemical happens al completely o Explain how action potentials are generated and reacher-60mV How Nat and K + leaves and comes back From the propagated along neurons point an action potential potassium Hyperpolarization Sodium pump restores balance in a cell a to just before repola