Community Interactions PDF

14.2 Community Interactions KEY CONCEPT Organisms interact as individuals and as populations. 14.2 Community Interactions Competition and predation are two important ways in which organisms interact. Competition occurs when two organisms fight for the same limited resource....

14.2 Community Interactions KEY CONCEPT Organisms interact as individuals and as populations. 14.2 Community Interactions Competition and predation are two important ways in which organisms interact. Competition occurs when two organisms fight for the same limited resource. – Intraspecific competition – Interspecific competition 14.2 Community Interactions Predation occurs when one organism captures and eats another. 14.2 Community Interactions There are three major types of symbiotic relationships. – Mutualism: both organisms benefit 14.2 Community Interactions There are three major types of symbiotic relationships. – Commensalism: one organism benefits, the other is unharmed Human Our eyelashes Commensalism Ø are home to tiny mites that feast on oil secretions and dead Demodicids Eyelash skin. Without harming + mites find all they need to us, up to 20 mites may be living in one eyelash survive in the tiny follicles follicle. of eyelashes. Magnified here 225 times, these creatures measure 0.4 mm in length and can be seen only with a microscope. Ø Organism is not affected + Organism benefits 14.2 Community Interactions There are three major types of symbiotic relationships. – Parasitism: one organism benefits, the other is harmed 0 Braconid wasp Parasitism Braconid larvae _ + feed on their host and Hornworm release caterpillar themselves The host hornworm shortly before will eventually die as reaching its organs are the pupae consumed stage of by wasp larvae. development. _ Organism is not affected 0 Organism benefits 14.2 Community Interactions There are three major types of symbiotic relationships. – Parasitism meet their needs as ectoparasites (such as leeches) and endopaasites (such as hookworms) 18.4 Domains and Kingdoms KEY CONCEPT The current tree of life has three domains. 18.4 Domains and Kingdoms What is the main difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes? Both prokaryotes and eukaryotes have DNA, but the main difference is that in eukaryotes, the DNA is enclosed within a nucleus, while prokaryotes lack a nucleus. 18.4 Domains and Kingdoms The broadest category in the classification used by most biologists is the domain. Three domains: Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya Six kingdoms: Bacteria, Archaea, Protists, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia Organisms are classified into domains based on cell type and structure. Organisms are classified into kingdoms based on cell type, structure, and nutrition. 18.4 Domains and Kingdoms The three domains in the tree of life are Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya. 18.4 Domains and Kingdoms Domain Bacteria and Domain Archaea 18.4 Domains and Kingdoms Domain Bacteria Prokaryotes Cell walls contain peptidoglycan Unicellular most abundant organism on the planet (there are more bacteria in your mouth than there are people that have ever lived! classified by shape, need for oxygen, and diseases caused. Bacteria come in three shapes. spiral, called spirilla spherical, called cocci rod-shaped, called bacilli or spirochetes Enterococci: spherical Lactobacilli: rod-shaped Spirochaeta: spiral 18.4 Domains and Kingdoms Domain Archaea Prokaryotes Their cell walls DON’T contain peptidoglycan Unicellular Live in extreme environment such as deep sea vents, hot geysers, Antarctic waters, and salt lakes. 18.4 Domains and Kingdoms Domain Eukarya 18.4 Domains and Kingdoms Domain Eukarya Made up of all organisms with eukaryotic cells Have district nucleus Includes 6 kingdoms ( plantae, animalia, protists, fungi) Some eukaryote are single celled like protists and some are multicellular like animals 18.4 Domains and Kingdoms Lets check our understanding https://quizizz.com/admin/quiz/6748017b557d017a1d85b51 9?aiQuizGen=true&aiQuizPublished=true https://quizizz.com/admin/quiz/674802cf36031b608406514c https://quizizz.com/admin/flashcard/674801f6185c0e7454a9618 6?searchLocale= 13.6 Pyramid Models KEY CONCEPT Pyramids model the distribution of energy and matter in an ecosystem. 13.6 Pyramid Models An energy pyramid shows the distribution of energy among trophic levels. Energy pyramids compare energy used by producers and other organisms on trophic levels. Between each tier of an energy pyramid, up to 90 percent of the energy is lost into the atmosphere as heat. Only 10 percent of the energy at each tier is transferred from one trophic level to the next. energy energy transferred lost 13.6 Pyramid Models Other pyramid models illustrate an ecosystem’s biomass and distribution of organisms. Biomass is a measure of the total dry mass of organisms in a given area. tertiary 75 g/m2 consumers 150g/m2 secondary consumers primary consumers 675g/m2 producers producers 2000g/m2 13.6 Pyramid Models A pyramid of numbers shows the numbers of individual organisms at each trophic level in an ecosystem. tertiary 5 consumers secondary 5000 consumers primary 500,000 consumers producers producers 5,000,000 A vast number of producers are required to support even a few top level consumers. 14.4 Population and Growth Patterns KEY CONCEPT Populations grow in predictable patterns. 14.4 Population and Growth Patterns Changes in a population’s size are determined by immigration, births, emigration, and deaths. The size of a population is always changing. Four factors affect the size of a population. – immigration – births – emigration – deaths 14.4 Population and Growth Patterns Population growth is based on available resources. Exponential growth is a rapid population increase due to an abundance of resources. 14.4 Population and Growth Patterns Logistic growth is due to a population facing limited resources. 14.4 Population and Growth Patterns Carrying capacity is the maximum number of individuals in a population that the environment can support. A population crash is a dramatic decline in the size of a population over a short period of time. 14.4 Population and Growth Patterns Ecological factors limit population growth. A limiting factor is something that keeps the size of a population down. Density-dependent limiting factors are affected by the number of individuals in a given area. 14.4 Population and Growth Patterns Density-dependent limiting factors are affected by the number of individuals in a given area. – predation – competition – parasitism and disease 14.4 Population and Growth Patterns Density-independent limiting factors limit a population’s growth regardless of the density. – unusual weather – natural disasters – human activities Bacteria and Archaea  Domain Bacteria Prokaryotes Cell walls contain peptidoglycan Unicellular most abundant organism on the planet (there are more bacteria in your mouth than there are people that have ever lived! classified by shape, need for oxygen, and diseases caused. Bacteria come in three shapes. spiral, called spirilla spherical, called cocci rod-shaped, called bacilli or spirochetes Lactobacilli: rod-shaped  Bacteria – The amount of peptidoglycan within the cell wall can differ between bacteria GRAM NEGATIVE GRAM POSITIVE https://ww w.youtube. com/watch ?v=AZS2wb 7pMo4 Gram-negative bacteria have a thin layer of Gram-positive bacteria have a thicker peptidoglycan and stain red. peptidoglycan layer and stain purple.  Bacteria have various strategies for survival. Prokaryotes exchange conjugation genes during bridge conjugation. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v =7stZk6TesKk TEM; magnification Bacteria may 6000x survive by forming endospores. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v =NAcowliknPs  Domain Archaea Prokaryotes Their cell walls DON’T contain peptidoglycan Unicellular Live in extreme environment such as deep sea vents, hot geysers, Antarctic waters, and salt lakes. The structure of the bacteria and Archaea Bacteria and archaea have similar structures. – plasmid a small piece of DNA , which is also circular – flagellum help the cell to move – pili help cells attach to surfaces, serve as bridges between cells to send plasmids to each other.  Prokaryotes are widespread on Earth. Prokaryotes can be grouped by their need for oxygen. - obligate anaerobes are poisoned by oxygen – obligate aerobes need oxygen – facultative aerobes can live with or without oxygen  Bacteria & diseases Some Bacteria cause disease by invading tissues or making toxins. A toxin is a poison released by an organism. Antibiotics are used to fight bacterial disease. Antibiotics may stop bacterial cell wall formation. Antibiotics do not work on viruses. Antibiotics must be used properly.  Bacteria can evolve resistance to antibiotics. Bacteria are gaining resistance to antibiotics. A bacterium carries – overuse genes for antibiotic resistance on a plasmid. – underuse – misuse A copy of the plasmid is transferred through conjugation. Resistance is quickly spread through many bacteria.  Advantages of prokaryotes Prokaryotes live in digestive systems of animals. – make vitamins – break down food Bacteria help ferment many foods ( fermentation). – pickles, sauerkraut – soy sauce, vinegar – impart flavor to cheese Their functions in ecosystems. – photosynthesize – recycle carbon, nitrogen,hydrogen, sulfur – fix nitrogen – Bioremediation (applied to pollutants in order to break them down) Lets check our understanding https://quizizz.com/admin/quiz/6748145a4340c233e04f9c0c?aiQuizGen=true&aiQuizPubli shed=true Flash cards https://quizizz.com/admin/quiz/674814c59b99d881fb0595b9 Flash cards https://quizizz.com/admin/quiz/674816241c5e5355cbbb2c0f https://quizizz.com/admin/quiz/674817a64340c22af04f9cc8?ai QuizGen=true&aiQuizPublished=true  VIRUSES A virus has no structures to maintain—no membranes or organelles needing ATP, oxygen, or glucose. All it carries into the cell is what it needs to reproduce—its genes. Viruses, viroids, and prions can all cause infection. Any disease-causing agent is called a pathogen. 1 nanometer (nm) = one billionth of a meter eukaryotics cells viroids 10,000-100,000 nm 5-150 nm viruses 50-200 nm prokaryotics cells prion 200-10,000 nm 2-10 nm  A virus is made of DNA or RNA and a protein coat. – non-living pathogen – can infect many organisms - have DNA or RNA but never both - viruses cannot reproduce on their own. Instead, they need living cells to help them reproduce and make proteins. A viroid is made only of single-stranded RNA without a protein coat –causes disease in plants , they pass through seeds or pollen A prion is made only of proteins with no genetic materials – causes misfolding of other proteins , so the protein will not work properly – results in diseases of the brain VIRUSES DIFFER IN SHAPE AND IN WAYS OF ENTERING HOST CELLS. Viruses have a simple structure. genetic material capsid, a protein shell maybe a lipid envelope, a protective outer coat 1. enveloped 2. helical 3. polyhedral (influenza) (rabies) (foot-and-mouth disease) capsid nucleic acid surface capsid Surface proteins nucleic acid proteins lipid capsid envelope nucleic acid surface proteins lipid envelope  Bacteriophages infect bacteria. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WGZffTv-SlM One group of viruses is the bacteriophages, often called simply “phages.” Bacteriophages are viruses that infect bacteria capsid DNA The tail and its spikes help attach the virus to the host cell. After attachment, the bacteriophage’s tail releases an enzyme that breaks down part of the bacterial cell wall. tail sheath The tail sheath contracts, and the tail core punches through the cell wall, injecting the phage’s DNA. The phage works like a syringe, injecting its genes into the host cell’s cytoplasm tail fiber  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WGZffTv-SlM – bacteriophages pierce host cells colored SEM; magnifications: large photo 25,000; inset 38,000x  Viruses infect eukaryotes. Viruses enter eukaryotes cells by endocytosis Endocytosis is a method of bringing molecules into a cell by forming vesicles, or membrane-bound sacs, around the Molecules ,or by fusing with the plasma membrane of the host cell and releasing the capsid into the cell’s cytoplasm. HIV is a virus that enters cells in this way. Once inside the cell, eukaryotic viruses target the nucleus of the cell https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oXzwtGFyBik  Viruses cause two types of infections. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qulwy6ow-Wc 1) A lytic infection causes the host cell to burst. host bacterium 1) The bacterophage attaches and injects it DNA into a host bacterium. 4) The host bacterium breaks apart, or lyses. Bacteriophages are able to infect new host cells. 2) The viral DNA forms a circle. 3) The viral DNA directs the host cell to produce new viral parts. The parts assemble into new bacteriophages.  2) A lysogenic infection does no immediate harm. 4) The prophage may leave the host’s DNA and enter the lytic cycle. 1) The viral DNA is called a prophage when it combines with the host cell’s DNA. 2) Although the prophage is not 3) Many cell divisions produce a active, it replicates along with colony of bacteria infected the host cell’s DNA. with prophage.  VIRUSES CAUSE MANY INFECTIOUS DISEASES There are many examples of viral infections. common cold Influenza SARS HIV HIV is considered a retrovirus because it uses RNA to make DNA  VACCINES ARE MADE FROM WEAKENED PATHOGENS. A vaccine stimulates the body’s own immune response. Vaccines prepare the immune system for a future attack. Vaccines are the only way to control the spread of viral disease.  CHECK UNDERSTANDING https://quizizz.com/admin/quiz/674e9012eb43c6ae19e786fe 18.4 Domains and Kingdoms KEY CONCEPT The current tree of life has three domains. 18.4 Domains and Kingdoms What is the main difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes? Both prokaryotes and eukaryotes have DNA, but the main difference is that in eukaryotes, the DNA is enclosed within a nucleus, while prokaryotes lack a nucleus. 18.4 Domains and Kingdoms The broadest category in the classification used by most biologists is the domain. Three domains: Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya Six kingdoms: Bacteria, Archaea, Protists, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia Organisms are classified into domains based on cell type and structure. Organisms are classified into kingdoms based on cell type, structure, and nutrition. 18.4 Domains and Kingdoms The three domains in the tree of life are Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya. 18.4 Domains and Kingdoms Domain Bacteria and Domain Archaea 18.4 Domains and Kingdoms Domain Bacteria Prokaryotes Cell walls contain peptidoglycan Unicellular most abundant organism on the planet (there are more bacteria in your mouth than there are people that have ever lived! classified by shape, need for oxygen, and diseases caused. Bacteria come in three shapes. spiral, called spirilla spherical, called cocci rod-shaped, called bacilli or spirochetes Enterococci: spherical Lactobacilli: rod-shaped Spirochaeta: spiral 18.4 Domains and Kingdoms Domain Archaea Prokaryotes Their cell walls DON’T contain peptidoglycan Unicellular Live in extreme environment such as deep sea vents, hot geysers, Antarctic waters, and salt lakes. 18.4 Domains and Kingdoms Domain Eukarya 18.4 Domains and Kingdoms Domain Eukarya Made up of all organisms with eukaryotic cells Have district nucleus Includes 6 kingdoms ( plantae, animalia, protists, fungi) Some eukaryote are single celled like protists and some are multicellular like animals 18.4 Domains and Kingdoms Lets check our understanding https://quizizz.com/admin/quiz/6748017b557d017a1d85b51 9?aiQuizGen=true&aiQuizPublished=true https://quizizz.com/admin/quiz/674802cf36031b608406514c https://quizizz.com/admin/flashcard/674801f6185c0e7454a9618 6?searchLocale= 18.1 The Linnaean System of Classification KEY CONCEPT Organisms can be classified based on physical similarities. 18.1 The Linnaean System of Classification Objectives Identify the Purpose of Classification Describe Linnaeus's Contribution Provide definitions for terms like taxonomy, genus, species, and binomial names. Demonstrate Scientific Naming Show how to write and interpret scientific names correctly. List Classification Levels Arrange the seven levels of classification from kingdom to species. Compare System Strengths and Limits Highlight what Linnaeus's system does well and where it falls short. Classify given examples of organisms and write their scientific names. 18.1 The Linnaean System of Classification Linnaeus developed the scientific naming system still used today. Taxonomy is the science of naming and classifying organisms. White oak: Quercus alba A taxon is a group of organisms in a classification system. 18.1 The Linnaean System of Classification Linnaeus’s system Linnaean taxonomy classifies organisms based on their physical and structural similarities. Organisms are placed into different levels in a hierarchy. Binomial nomenclature Linnaeus’s method of naming organisms, called binomial nomenclature, gives each species a scientific name with two parts. The first part is the genus name, and the second part is the specific name that identifies the species. Latin language was used for the binomial nomenclature system Scientific names allow scientists around the world to communicate clearly about living things. 18.1 The Linnaean System of Classification A genus includes one or more physically similar species. – Genus name is always capitalized. A species descriptor is the second part of a scientific name. – always lowercase – always follows genus name; never written alone 18.1 The Linnaean System of Classification Example of Binomial Nomenclature 18.1 The Linnaean System of Classification Is the scientific name written correctly? Explain your answer. The scientific name for the pill bugs is Armadillidium vulgare. 18.1 The Linnaean System of Classification Scientific names help scientists to communicate. – Some species have very similar common names. – Some species have many common names. 18.1 The Linnaean System of Classification Linnaeus’ classification system has seven levels. Each level is included in the level above it. Levels get increasingly specific from kingdom to species. 18.1 The Linnaean System of Classification Each level in Linnaeus’s system is nested in the level above it. A kingdom contains one or more phyla, a phylum contains one or more classes, and so forth. 18.1 The Linnaean System of Classification The Linnaean classification system has limitations. Linnaeus taxonomy doesn’t account for molecular evidence. – The technology didn’t exist during Linneaus’ time. – Linnaean system based only on physical and structural similarities. 18.1 The Linnaean System of Classification Physical similarities are not always the result of close relationships. Genetic similarities more accurately show evolutionary relationships. 18.1 The Linnaean System of Classification Lets check our understanding https://quizizz.com/admin/quiz/674805490ad6f74ba03e2 5a2?at=674805494b927b20efda871e https://quizizz.com/admin/quiz/67480792d05a5ab7afcfe08c 14.4 Population and Growth Patterns KEY CONCEPT Populations grow in predictable patterns. 14.4 Population and Growth Patterns Changes in a population’s size are determined by immigration, births, emigration, and deaths. The size of a population is always changing. Four factors affect the size of a population. – immigration – births – emigration – deaths 14.4 Population and Growth Patterns Population growth is based on available resources. Exponential growth is a rapid population increase due to an abundance of resources. 14.4 Population and Growth Patterns Logistic growth is due to a population facing limited resources. 14.4 Population and Growth Patterns Carrying capacity is the maximum number of individuals in a population that the environment can support. A population crash is a dramatic decline in the size of a population over a short period of time. 14.4 Population and Growth Patterns Ecological factors limit population growth. A limiting factor is something that keeps the size of a population down. Density-dependent limiting factors are affected by the number of individuals in a given area. 14.4 Population and Growth Patterns Density-dependent limiting factors are affected by the number of individuals in a given area. – predation – competition – parasitism and disease 14.4 Population and Growth Patterns Density-independent limiting factors limit a population’s growth regardless of the density. – unusual weather – natural disasters – human activities 14.3 Population Density And Distribution KEY CONCEPT Each population has a density, a dispersion, and a reproductive strategy. 14.3 Population Density And Distribution Population density is the number of individuals that live in a defined area. Population density is a measurement of the number of individuals living in a defined space. Scientists can calculate population density. 14.3 Population Density And Distribution Geographic dispersion of a population shows how individuals in a population are spaced. Population dispersion refers to how a population is spread in an area. Clumped dispersion Uniform dispersion Random dispersion 14.3 Population Density And Distribution There are three types of dispersion. – clumped 14.3 Population Density And Distribution There are three types of dispersion. – uniform 14.3 Population Density And Distribution There are three types of dispersion. – random 14.3 Population Density And Distribution Survivorship curves help to describe the reproductive strategy of a species. A survivorship curve is a diagram showing the number of surviving members over time from a measured set of births. 14.3 Population Density And Distribution Survivorship curves can be type I, II or III. – Type I—low level of infant mortality and an older population – common to large mammals and humans – Type II—survivorship rate is equal at all stages of life – common to birds and reptiles – Type III—very high birth rate, very high infant mortality – common to invertebrates and plants 14.2 Community Interactions KEY CONCEPT Organisms interact as individuals and as populations. 14.2 Community Interactions Competition and predation are two important ways in which organisms interact. Competition occurs when two organisms fight for the same limited resource. – Intraspecific competition – Interspecific competition 14.2 Community Interactions Predation occurs when one organism captures and eats another. 14.2 Community Interactions There are three major types of symbiotic relationships. – Mutualism: both organisms benefit 14.2 Community Interactions There are three major types of symbiotic relationships. – Commensalism: one organism benefits, the other is unharmed Human Our eyelashes Commensalism Ø are home to tiny mites that feast on oil secretions and dead Demodicids Eyelash skin. Without harming + mites find all they need to us, up to 20 mites may be living in one eyelash survive in the tiny follicles follicle. of eyelashes. Magnified here 225 times, these creatures measure 0.4 mm in length and can be seen only with a microscope. Ø Organism is not affected + Organism benefits 14.2 Community Interactions There are three major types of symbiotic relationships. – Parasitism: one organism benefits, the other is harmed 0 Braconid wasp Parasitism Braconid larvae _ + feed on their host and Hornworm release caterpillar themselves The host hornworm shortly before will eventually die as reaching its organs are the pupae consumed stage of by wasp larvae. development. _ Organism is not affected 0 Organism benefits 14.2 Community Interactions There are three major types of symbiotic relationships. – Parasitism meet their needs as ectoparasites (such as leeches) and endopaasites (such as hookworms) 13.6 Pyramid Models KEY CONCEPT Pyramids model the distribution of energy and matter in an ecosystem. 13.6 Pyramid Models An energy pyramid shows the distribution of energy among trophic levels. Energy pyramids compare energy used by producers and other organisms on trophic levels. Between each tier of an energy pyramid, up to 90 percent of the energy is lost into the atmosphere as heat. Only 10 percent of the energy at each tier is transferred from one trophic level to the next. energy energy transferred lost 13.6 Pyramid Models Other pyramid models illustrate an ecosystem’s biomass and distribution of organisms. Biomass is a measure of the total dry mass of organisms in a given area. tertiary 75 g/m2 consumers 150g/m2 secondary consumers primary consumers 675g/m2 producers producers 2000g/m2 13.6 Pyramid Models A pyramid of numbers shows the numbers of individual organisms at each trophic level in an ecosystem. tertiary 5 consumers secondary 5000 consumers primary 500,000 consumers producers producers 5,000,000 A vast number of producers are required to support even a few top level consumers. 13.5 Cycling of Matter KEY CONCEPT Matter cycles in and out of an ecosystem. 13.5 Cycling of Matter Water cycles through the environment. The hydrologic, or water, cycle is the circular pathway of water on Earth. Organisms all have bodies made mostly of water. precipitation condensation transpiration evaporation surface runoff lake water storage groundwater in ocean see pag e 13.5 Cycling of Matter Elements essential for life also cycle through ecosystems. A biogeochemical cycle is the movement of a particular chemical through the biological and geological parts of an ecosystem. The main processes involved in the oxygen cycle are photosynthesis and respiration. 13.5 Cycling of Matter Oxygen cycles indirectly through an ecosystem by the cycling of other nutrients. oxygen photosynthesis respiration carbon dioxide 13.5 Cycling of Matter Carbon is the building block of life. – The carbon cycle moves carbon from the atmosphere, through the food web, and returns to the atmosphere. – Carbon is emitted by the burning of fossil fuels. – Some carbon is stored for long periods of time in areas called carbon sinks. carbon dioxide respiration in air combustion photosynthesis respiration photosynthesis decomposition of organisms carbon dioxide dissolved in water fossil fuels 13.5 Cycling of Matter The nitrogen cycle mostly takes place underground. – Some bacteria convert gaseous nitrogen into ammonia through a process called nitrogen fixation. – Some nitrogen-fixing bacteria live in nodules on the nitrogen in atmosphere roots of plants; animals others live freely in the soil. plant nitrates nitrogen-fixing bacteria in decomposers nitrifying roots bacteria ammonification nitrogen-fixing nitrites bacteria in soil ammonium nitrifying bacteria denitrifying bacteria 13.5 Cycling of Matter – Ammonia released into the soil is transformed into ammonium. – Nitrifying bacteria change the ammonium into nitrate. – Nitrogen moves through the food web and returns nitrogen in to the soil during atmosphere animals decomposition. plant nitrates nitrogen-fixing bacteria in decomposers nitrifying roots bacteria ammonification nitrogen-fixing nitrites bacteria in soil ammonium nitrifying bacteria denitrifying bacteria 13.5 Cycling of Matter The phosphorus cycle takes place at and below ground level. – Phosphate is released by the weathering of rocks. – Phosphorus moves through the food web and returns to the soil during decomposition. rain – Phosphorus leaches geologic uplifting into groundwater weathering of from the soil and phosphate from rocks runoff is locked in plants sediments. animalsphosphate phosphate in solution – Both mining and in soil leaching agriculture add phosphorus into sedimentation decomposers forms new rocks the environment. 14.4 Population and Growth Patterns KEY CONCEPT Populations grow in predictable patterns. 14.4 Population and Growth Patterns Changes in a population’s size are determined by immigration, births, emigration, and deaths. The size of a population is always changing. Four factors affect the size of a population. – immigration – births – emigration – deaths 14.4 Population and Growth Patterns Population growth is based on available resources. Exponential growth is a rapid population increase due to an abundance of resources. 14.4 Population and Growth Patterns Logistic growth is due to a population facing limited resources. 14.4 Population and Growth Patterns Carrying capacity is the maximum number of individuals in a population that the environment can support. A population crash is a dramatic decline in the size of a population over a short period of time. 14.4 Population and Growth Patterns Ecological factors limit population growth. A limiting factor is something that keeps the size of a population down. Density-dependent limiting factors are affected by the number of individuals in a given area. 14.4 Population and Growth Patterns Density-dependent limiting factors are affected by the number of individuals in a given area. – predation – competition – parasitism and disease 14.4 Population and Growth Patterns Density-independent limiting factors limit a population’s growth regardless of the density. – unusual weather – natural disasters – human activities 14.3 Population Density And Distribution KEY CONCEPT Each population has a density, a dispersion, and a reproductive strategy. 14.3 Population Density And Distribution Population density is the number of individuals that live in a defined area. Population density is a measurement of the number of individuals living in a defined space. Scientists can calculate population density. 14.3 Population Density And Distribution Geographic dispersion of a population shows how individuals in a population are spaced. Population dispersion refers to how a population is spread in an area. Clumped dispersion Uniform dispersion Random dispersion 14.3 Population Density And Distribution There are three types of dispersion. – clumped 14.3 Population Density And Distribution There are three types of dispersion. – uniform 14.3 Population Density And Distribution There are three types of dispersion. – random 14.3 Population Density And Distribution Survivorship curves help to describe the reproductive strategy of a species. A survivorship curve is a diagram showing the number of surviving members over time from a measured set of births. 14.3 Population Density And Distribution Survivorship curves can be type I, II or III. – Type I—low level of infant mortality and an older population – common to large mammals and humans – Type II—survivorship rate is equal at all stages of life – common to birds and reptiles – Type III—very high birth rate, very high infant mortality – common to invertebrates and plants 13.5 Cycling of Matter KEY CONCEPT Matter cycles in and out of an ecosystem. 13.5 Cycling of Matter Water cycles through the environment. The hydrologic, or water, cycle is the circular pathway of water on Earth. Organisms all have bodies made mostly of water. precipitation condensation transpiration evaporation surface runoff lake water storage groundwater in ocean see pag e 13.5 Cycling of Matter Elements essential for life also cycle through ecosystems. A biogeochemical cycle is the movement of a particular chemical through the biological and geological parts of an ecosystem. The main processes involved in the oxygen cycle are photosynthesis and respiration. 13.5 Cycling of Matter Oxygen cycles indirectly through an ecosystem by the cycling of other nutrients. oxygen photosynthesis respiration carbon dioxide 13.5 Cycling of Matter Carbon is the building block of life. – The carbon cycle moves carbon from the atmosphere, through the food web, and returns to the atmosphere. – Carbon is emitted by the burning of fossil fuels. – Some carbon is stored for long periods of time in areas called carbon sinks. carbon dioxide respiration in air combustion photosynthesis respiration photosynthesis decomposition of organisms carbon dioxide dissolved in water fossil fuels 13.5 Cycling of Matter The nitrogen cycle mostly takes place underground. – Some bacteria convert gaseous nitrogen into ammonia through a process called nitrogen fixation. – Some nitrogen-fixing bacteria live in nodules on the nitrogen in atmosphere roots of plants; animals others live freely in the soil. plant nitrates nitrogen-fixing bacteria in decomposers nitrifying roots bacteria ammonification nitrogen-fixing nitrites bacteria in soil ammonium nitrifying bacteria denitrifying bacteria 13.5 Cycling of Matter – Ammonia released into the soil is transformed into ammonium. – Nitrifying bacteria change the ammonium into nitrate. – Nitrogen moves through the food web and returns nitrogen in to the soil during atmosphere animals decomposition. plant nitrates nitrogen-fixing bacteria in decomposers nitrifying roots bacteria ammonification nitrogen-fixing nitrites bacteria in soil ammonium nitrifying bacteria denitrifying bacteria 13.5 Cycling of Matter The phosphorus cycle takes place at and below ground level. – Phosphate is released by the weathering of rocks. – Phosphorus moves through the food web and returns to the soil during decomposition. rain – Phosphorus leaches geologic uplifting into groundwater weathering of from the soil and phosphate from rocks runoff is locked in plants sediments. animalsphosphate phosphate in solution – Both mining and in soil leaching agriculture add phosphorus into sedimentation decomposers forms new rocks the environment. Bacteria and Archaea  Domain Bacteria Prokaryotes Cell walls contain peptidoglycan Unicellular most abundant organism on the planet (there are more bacteria in your mouth than there are people that have ever lived! classified by shape, need for oxygen, and diseases caused. Bacteria come in three shapes. spiral, called spirilla spherical, called cocci rod-shaped, called bacilli or spirochetes Lactobacilli: rod-shaped  Bacteria – The amount of peptidoglycan within the cell wall can differ between bacteria GRAM NEGATIVE GRAM POSITIVE https://ww w.youtube. com/watch ?v=AZS2wb 7pMo4 Gram-negative bacteria have a thin layer of Gram-positive bacteria have a thicker peptidoglycan and stain red. peptidoglycan layer and stain purple.  Bacteria have various strategies for survival. Prokaryotes exchange conjugation genes during bridge conjugation. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v =7stZk6TesKk TEM; magnification Bacteria may 6000x survive by forming endospores. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v =NAcowliknPs  Domain Archaea Prokaryotes Their cell walls DON’T contain peptidoglycan Unicellular Live in extreme environment such as deep sea vents, hot geysers, Antarctic waters, and salt lakes. The structure of the bacteria and Archaea Bacteria and archaea have similar structures. – plasmid a small piece of DNA , which is also circular – flagellum help the cell to move – pili help cells attach to surfaces, serve as bridges between cells to send plasmids to each other.  Prokaryotes are widespread on Earth. Prokaryotes can be grouped by their need for oxygen. - obligate anaerobes are poisoned by oxygen – obligate aerobes need oxygen – facultative aerobes can live with or without oxygen  Bacteria & diseases Some Bacteria cause disease by invading tissues or making toxins. A toxin is a poison released by an organism. Antibiotics are used to fight bacterial disease. Antibiotics may stop bacterial cell wall formation. Antibiotics do not work on viruses. Antibiotics must be used properly.  Bacteria can evolve resistance to antibiotics. Bacteria are gaining resistance to antibiotics. A bacterium carries – overuse genes for antibiotic resistance on a plasmid. – underuse – misuse A copy of the plasmid is transferred through conjugation. Resistance is quickly spread through many bacteria.  Advantages of prokaryotes Prokaryotes live in digestive systems of animals. – make vitamins – break down food Bacteria help ferment many foods ( fermentation). – pickles, sauerkraut – soy sauce, vinegar – impart flavor to cheese Their functions in ecosystems. – photosynthesize – recycle carbon, nitrogen,hydrogen, sulfur – fix nitrogen – Bioremediation (applied to pollutants in order to break them down) Lets check our understanding https://quizizz.com/admin/quiz/6748145a4340c233e04f9c0c?aiQuizGen=true&aiQuizPubli shed=true Flash cards https://quizizz.com/admin/quiz/674814c59b99d881fb0595b9 Flash cards https://quizizz.com/admin/quiz/674816241c5e5355cbbb2c0f https://quizizz.com/admin/quiz/674817a64340c22af04f9cc8?ai QuizGen=true&aiQuizPublished=true 13.6 Pyramid Models KEY CONCEPT Pyramids model the distribution of energy and matter in an ecosystem. 13.6 Pyramid Models An energy pyramid shows the distribution of energy among trophic levels. Energy pyramids compare energy used by producers and other organisms on trophic levels. Between each tier of an energy pyramid, up to 90 percent of the energy is lost into the atmosphere as heat. Only 10 percent of the energy at each tier is transferred from one trophic level to the next. energy energy transferred lost 13.6 Pyramid Models Other pyramid models illustrate an ecosystem’s biomass and distribution of organisms. Biomass is a measure of the total dry mass of organisms in a given area. tertiary 75 g/m2 consumers 150g/m2 secondary consumers primary consumers 675g/m2 producers producers 2000g/m2 13.6 Pyramid Models A pyramid of numbers shows the numbers of individual organisms at each trophic level in an ecosystem. tertiary 5 consumers secondary 5000 consumers primary 500,000 consumers producers producers 5,000,000 A vast number of producers are required to support even a few top level consumers. 18.1 The Linnaean System of Classification KEY CONCEPT Organisms can be classified based on physical similarities. 18.1 The Linnaean System of Classification Objectives Identify the Purpose of Classification Describe Linnaeus's Contribution Provide definitions for terms like taxonomy, genus, species, and binomial names. Demonstrate Scientific Naming Show how to write and interpret scientific names correctly. List Classification Levels Arrange the seven levels of classification from kingdom to species. Compare System Strengths and Limits Highlight what Linnaeus's system does well and where it falls short. Classify given examples of organisms and write their scientific names. 18.1 The Linnaean System of Classification Linnaeus developed the scientific naming system still used today. Taxonomy is the science of naming and classifying organisms. White oak: Quercus alba A taxon is a group of organisms in a classification system. 18.1 The Linnaean System of Classification Linnaeus’s system Linnaean taxonomy classifies organisms based on their physical and structural similarities. Organisms are placed into different levels in a hierarchy. Binomial nomenclature Linnaeus’s method of naming organisms, called binomial nomenclature, gives each species a scientific name with two parts. The first part is the genus name, and the second part is the specific name that identifies the species. Latin language was used for the binomial nomenclature system Scientific names allow scientists around the world to communicate clearly about living things. 18.1 The Linnaean System of Classification A genus includes one or more physically similar species. – Genus name is always capitalized. A species descriptor is the second part of a scientific name. – always lowercase – always follows genus name; never written alone 18.1 The Linnaean System of Classification Example of Binomial Nomenclature 18.1 The Linnaean System of Classification Is the scientific name written correctly? Explain your answer. The scientific name for the pill bugs is Armadillidium vulgare. 18.1 The Linnaean System of Classification Scientific names help scientists to communicate. – Some species have very similar common names. – Some species have many common names. 18.1 The Linnaean System of Classification Linnaeus’ classification system has seven levels. Each level is included in the level above it. Levels get increasingly specific from kingdom to species. 18.1 The Linnaean System of Classification Each level in Linnaeus’s system is nested in the level above it. A kingdom contains one or more phyla, a phylum contains one or more classes, and so forth. 18.1 The Linnaean System of Classification The Linnaean classification system has limitations. Linnaeus taxonomy doesn’t account for molecular evidence. – The technology didn’t exist during Linneaus’ time. – Linnaean system based only on physical and structural similarities. 18.1 The Linnaean System of Classification Physical similarities are not always the result of close relationships. Genetic similarities more accurately show evolutionary relationships. 18.1 The Linnaean System of Classification Lets check our understanding https://quizizz.com/admin/quiz/674805490ad6f74ba03e2 5a2?at=674805494b927b20efda871e https://quizizz.com/admin/quiz/67480792d05a5ab7afcfe08c 14.4 Population and Growth Patterns KEY CONCEPT Populations grow in predictable patterns. 14.4 Population and Growth Patterns Changes in a population’s size are determined by immigration, births, emigration, and deaths. The size of a population is always changing. Four factors affect the size of a population. – immigration – births – emigration – deaths 14.4 Population and Growth Patterns Population growth is based on available resources. Exponential growth is a rapid population increase due to an abundance of resources. 14.4 Population and Growth Patterns Logistic growth is due to a population facing limited resources. 14.4 Population and Growth Patterns Carrying capacity is the maximum number of individuals in a population that the environment can support. A population crash is a dramatic decline in the size of a population over a short period of time. 14.4 Population and Growth Patterns Ecological factors limit population growth. A limiting factor is something that keeps the size of a population down. Density-dependent limiting factors are affected by the number of individuals in a given area. 14.4 Population and Growth Patterns Density-dependent limiting factors are affected by the number of individuals in a given area. – predation – competition – parasitism and disease 14.4 Population and Growth Patterns Density-independent limiting factors limit a population’s growth regardless of the density. – unusual weather – natural disasters – human activities 13.6 Pyramid Models KEY CONCEPT Pyramids model the distribution of energy and matter in an ecosystem. 13.6 Pyramid Models An energy pyramid shows the distribution of energy among trophic levels. Energy pyramids compare energy used by producers and other organisms on trophic levels. Between each tier of an energy pyramid, up to 90 percent of the energy is lost into the atmosphere as heat. Only 10 percent of the energy at each tier is transferred from one trophic level to the next. energy energy transferred lost 13.6 Pyramid Models Other pyramid models illustrate an ecosystem’s biomass and distribution of organisms. Biomass is a measure of the total dry mass of organisms in a given area. tertiary 75 g/m2 consumers 150g/m2 secondary consumers primary consumers 675g/m2 producers producers 2000g/m2 13.6 Pyramid Models A pyramid of numbers shows the numbers of individual organisms at each trophic level in an ecosystem. tertiary 5 consumers secondary 5000 consumers primary 500,000 consumers producers producers 5,000,000 A vast number of producers are required to support even a few top level consumers.  VIRUSES A virus has no structures to maintain—no membranes or organelles needing ATP, oxygen, or glucose. All it carries into the cell is what it needs to reproduce—its genes. Viruses, viroids, and prions can all cause infection. Any disease-causing agent is called a pathogen. 1 nanometer (nm) = one billionth of a meter eukaryotics cells viroids 10,000-100,000 nm 5-150 nm viruses 50-200 nm prokaryotics cells prion 200-10,000 nm 2-10 nm  A virus is made of DNA or RNA and a protein coat. – non-living pathogen – can infect many organisms - have DNA or RNA but never both - viruses cannot reproduce on their own. Instead, they need living cells to help them reproduce and make proteins. A viroid is made only of single-stranded RNA without a protein coat –causes disease in plants , they pass through seeds or pollen A prion is made only of proteins with no genetic materials – causes misfolding of other proteins , so the protein will not work properly – results in diseases of the brain VIRUSES DIFFER IN SHAPE AND IN WAYS OF ENTERING HOST CELLS. Viruses have a simple structure. genetic material capsid, a protein shell maybe a lipid envelope, a protective outer coat 1. enveloped 2. helical 3. polyhedral (influenza) (rabies) (foot-and-mouth disease) capsid nucleic acid surface capsid Surface proteins nucleic acid proteins lipid capsid envelope nucleic acid surface proteins lipid envelope  Bacteriophages infect bacteria. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WGZffTv-SlM One group of viruses is the bacteriophages, often called simply “phages.” Bacteriophages are viruses that infect bacteria capsid DNA The tail and its spikes help attach the virus to the host cell. After attachment, the bacteriophage’s tail releases an enzyme that breaks down part of the bacterial cell wall. tail sheath The tail sheath contracts, and the tail core punches through the cell wall, injecting the phage’s DNA. The phage works like a syringe, injecting its genes into the host cell’s cytoplasm tail fiber  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WGZffTv-SlM – bacteriophages pierce host cells colored SEM; magnifications: large photo 25,000; inset 38,000x  Viruses infect eukaryotes. Viruses enter eukaryotes cells by endocytosis Endocytosis is a method of bringing molecules into a cell by forming vesicles, or membrane-bound sacs, around the Molecules ,or by fusing with the plasma membrane of the host cell and releasing the capsid into the cell’s cytoplasm. HIV is a virus that enters cells in this way. Once inside the cell, eukaryotic viruses target the nucleus of the cell https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oXzwtGFyBik  Viruses cause two types of infections. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qulwy6ow-Wc 1) A lytic infection causes the host cell to burst. host bacterium 1) The bacterophage attaches and injects it DNA into a host bacterium. 4) The host bacterium breaks apart, or lyses. Bacteriophages are able to infect new host cells. 2) The viral DNA forms a circle. 3) The viral DNA directs the host cell to produce new viral parts. The parts assemble into new bacteriophages.  2) A lysogenic infection does no immediate harm. 4) The prophage may leave the host’s DNA and enter the lytic cycle. 1) The viral DNA is called a prophage when it combines with the host cell’s DNA. 2) Although the prophage is not 3) Many cell divisions produce a active, it replicates along with colony of bacteria infected the host cell’s DNA. with prophage.  VIRUSES CAUSE MANY INFECTIOUS DISEASES There are many examples of viral infections. common cold Influenza SARS HIV HIV is considered a retrovirus because it uses RNA to make DNA  VACCINES ARE MADE FROM WEAKENED PATHOGENS. A vaccine stimulates the body’s own immune response. Vaccines prepare the immune system for a future attack. Vaccines are the only way to control the spread of viral disease.  CHECK UNDERSTANDING https://quizizz.com/admin/quiz/674e9012eb43c6ae19e786fe