Lecture 2: From Dust to a Planet Called Earth PDF

Lecture 2: From dust…to a planetServices Student Accessibility called EARTH ©JoAnna Wendel  Student Accessibility Services Volunteer Notetakers Needed! Stand out as a student and receive recognition on your Co-Curricular Record V...

Lecture 2: From dust…to a planetServices Student Accessibility called EARTH ©JoAnna Wendel  Student Accessibility Services Volunteer Notetakers Needed! Stand out as a student and receive recognition on your Co-Curricular Record Volunteers report improved grades Only takes an extra 15 minutes a week Login and upload your notes directly at https://sasclockwork.cc.umanitoba.ca/Clo ckWork/user/notetakingnotetakers/defaul t.aspx Thank you!  Reminder Quiz 1 due on Friday by 11:59pm Upload a link from a media source that references our changing world and/or the impact of geological processes and Earth science on our everyday lives. Find assignment under ‘Quizzes’ Gary Larson *complete on your own time  American Public University What is Geology? Objectives for Today What is the Scientific Method? Origin of our Universe, Solar System, & Earth What is Geology? Greek: geo (Earth), logos (study) The study of Earth, other planets, moons, and beyond Physical geology: the study of Earth materials and processes Historical geology: the study of the origin and evolution of Earth, its continents, oceans, atmosphere, and life What is Geology? Geologists study: Earth processes Landslides, earthquakes, floods, volcanoes Earth materials Oil, water, metals, ore Earth history Climate change, life on Earth University of Illinois What is Geology? Time sets geology apart from most other sciences (besides astronomy) Earth is a dynamic planet that has changed continuously for 4.6 billion years An understanding of deep time is necessary to understand how and why the planet is like it is Historical geology: what occurred, how it occurred, why it occurred - me tied into Theory of Plate Tectonics Theory of Evolution  Q exam The What is a theory? * Observation A testable explanation for Formulation natural phenomena, supported by lots of of Theories evidence Invent hypothesis to explain observation using the Is part of the scientific method Scientific Rules: Devise test of hypothesis More 1. Hypotheses must be Method testable tests 2. Results must be Did the hypothesis NO pass the test? YES reproducible 3. Hypotheses/Theories must be potentially Many successful tests falsifiable constantly t (can be proven wrong) Theory -testederested © J. Hawthorn Observation: cobbles in stream bed are well rounded Observation Derived hypothesis: rocks become rounded during transportation along stream bed Invent hypothesis to Prediction based on hypothesis: cobbles explain observation present in stream become increasingly rounded over time as transported Devise test of downstream hypothesis More tests Devise test of hypothesis: place labeled angular cobbles in a stream, return at Did the hypothesis NO YES various time intervals (months/years) to pass the test? measure their locations and roundness Many successful tests ✓Testable Theory ✓Reproduceable ✓Potentially falsifiable © J. Hawthorn Observation: cobbles in stream bed are well rounded Observation Alternative hypothesis: extraterrestrial organizations creates rounded cobbles and Invent hypothesis to places them in streams when nobody is explain observation looking Devise test of hypothesis More tests Testable? Falsifiable? NO Did the hypothesis pass the test? YES Many successful tests Theory © J. Hawthorn Origin of the Universe The universe Includes all matter and energy Has no edge, therefore no centre Is expanding & cooling Began with a Big Bang about 14 billion years ago The Big Bang created space and time  Observation The Big Bang Theory Invent hypothesis to Observations: explain observation The universe is expanding The universe is permeated by background radiation Devise test of Hypothesis: all matter and energy originated hypothesis More from one starting point tests is Tests: physics, astronomy theoretical ~ Did the hypothesis Theory: The Big Bang Theory NO pass the test? YES Created space and time 14 billion years ago from infinitely hot and dense single point Many successful tests Has not yet been falsified Theory © J. Hawthorn  The Expanding Universe neons expanding e relative ves Hubble Galaxies are moving away from each other te Fig 1.3 &-- Velocity increases with increasing distance - Remnant radiation should exist from cooling a Optical spectra are red-shifted galaxieshavedopp - Cosmic microwave background is remnant heat from Big Bang (penzias wilson + Fig 1.2 The Expanding Universe https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DClEXO0pCZ4 Diagrammatic Representation of the Solar System, part of the Milky Way Galaxy Fig. 1.4  How did the solar system form? The Solar Nebula Theory Fig 1.5 ❖ Condensation and collapse of ❖ Flattened into rotating disk ❖ Rotating cloud of material interstellar material ❖ Majority of mass in centre around centre: solar nebula ❖ Resulted in rotating cloud of ❖ Embryonic Sun ❖ Localized eddies condensed gases and small grains gases and solid particles ❖ Accretion of particles into larger masses: planets Terrestrial vs. Jovian planets Small, dense Non-solid surface Solid surfaces Dense H, He, ammonia, methane Slower rotation Faster rotation Metal cores Small rocky cores Formed at higher temp Formed at lower temp How did Earth form? The Homogeneous Accretion Theory ? become layered it did how I was likely cooler ↳ Slowly heatingsome started Fig 1.9 materials melled dense riddle one out ,