History 1301 Exam 2 Fall 2024 Study Guide PDF

**History 1301\ Study Guide Exam 2** **Market Revolution (Ch. 8)** - What systems of transportation transformed the United States in the early 1800s? - Roads & Turnpikes - Canals - Assisted w/facilitating the movement of goods and people between the Atlan...

**History 1301\ Study Guide Exam 2** **Market Revolution (Ch. 8)** - What systems of transportation transformed the United States in the early 1800s? - Roads & Turnpikes - Canals - Assisted w/facilitating the movement of goods and people between the Atlantic seaboard and the interior of the country. - Railroads - Steamboats - What crop becomes incredibly lucrative in the early 1800s? why? - Cotton - What effect did this have on slavery? - What effect did new machinery have on cities? Why? - Industrial Growth: The advent of machinery, such as steam engines and mechanized looms, led to the rapid growth of factories. This industrialization transformed cities into bustling centers of manufacturing and commerce. - Urbanization: As factories proliferated, they created a demand for labor. This drew people from rural areas and smaller towns into cities, leading to significant urban growth. Cities expanded both in population and geographic size. - Economic Opportunities: While industrialization created new job opportunities, it also led to economic disparities. Factory owners and industrialists amassed wealth, while many workers faced low wages and harsh working conditions. - Living Conditions: The influx of workers into cities resulted in overcrowded and often unsanitary living conditions. Many people lived in cramped tenements without adequate sanitation or clean water, leading to public health issues - Social Changes: The new urban workforce included women and children, who often worked long hours in difficult conditions. This shift prompted social reform movements aimed at improving labor conditions and living standards - Technological Advances: Innovations such as electric lighting and indoor plumbing began to improve urban living conditions over time. These advancements made cities more attractive places to live and work. - How did it affect how people lived? - Shift from Home-Based Work to Factory Work: Before industrialization, many families worked together in home-based industries like weaving or farming. With the advent of factories, work moved out of the home, leading to a separation between home life and work life1. - Changes in Gender Roles: Men, women, and even children often worked in factories. However, over time, men became the primary wage earners, while women were increasingly expected to manage the household and care for children. This shift reinforced the idea of separate spheres for men and women1. - Child Labor: Many children worked long hours in factories under harsh conditions. This not only affected their health and education but also altered traditional family dynamics, as children contributed significantly to the family income. - Nuclear Family Structure: The economic pressures and mobility associated with industrial work led to the decline of extended family living arrangements. Nuclear families---consisting of parents and their children---became more common. - Economic Dependency: Families became more dependent on wages earned outside the home. This dependency made families vulnerable to economic fluctuations and job instability. - Urban Living Conditions: The move to cities for factory work often meant living in crowded, unsanitary conditions. This environment posed challenges for family health and well-being. - These changes were driven by the need for efficient production and the economic opportunities that industrialization brought, fundamentally transforming family life and social structures. - Why were clocks suddenly significant? - Clocks became a part of daily life with work and leisure time clearly separated from one another. - During the colonial era, bouts of intensive work were alternated with periods of leisure, but the market revolution brought work schedules based on production for specified hours per day. - Immigration - Nativism - While English immigrants were easily absorbed in American culture, the Irish faced bitter hostility. They were Roman Catholics in a mostly Protestant society with deep anti-Catholic traditions, and they increased the visibility and power of the Catholic Church. - Irish immigrants in the 1840s and 1850s alarmed many native-born Americans; "nativists," who feared the impact of immigration on American political and social life, blamed immigrants for crime, political corruption, heavy drinking, and job competition that undercut wages for native-born skilled workers. - The Irish were rapidly integrated into the Democratic Party's urban political machines, which dispensed jobs and poor relief to immigrants. - Nativists applied similar stereotypes to the Irish that were directed against blacks, namely that the Irish were a lazy, childlike, and irrational people unfamiliar with American ideas of liberty and subservient to the Catholic Church, thus threatening democratic institutions, social reform, and public education. - Riots targeted immigrants and their institutions, and nativist politicians were elected in the 1840s and 1850s. Nativism did not become a national political movement until the 1850s, but a nativist mayor was elected in New York City in 1844. - How were the Irish received? Why did they migrate to the US? - Between 1840 and 1860, 1.7 million Irish fled starvation and the oppressive English policies that accompanied it. - These migrants, having worked mostly in agricultural labor, moved into unskilled or low-skilled jobs---men into common labor, rail and canal construction, longshore and factory work, and women into domestic service. - Second Great Awakening - Mormonism - What happened with Mormons? Where did they go? - Driven from New York, Ohio, and Missouri by mobs, the Mormons settled in Illinois in 1839, where they intended to await the second coming of Christ. - Why did they have troubles? - Mormonism was founded in the 1820s by Joseph Smith, an upstate New York farmer who experienced religious visions as a youth. - The religion was self-consciously democratic, admitting anyone who accepted Smith's message (though African Americans were excluded from the priesthood until **1978**), and Smith condemned the selfishness of the rich. - Over time, Smith's visions led him to more controversial views, especially polygamy, or marrying more than one person, and he married no fewer than 30 women, which outraged non-Mormons. - Lowell and factory conditions - Who was excluded from the Market Revolution? - African Americans **Democracy in America (Ch. 9)** - Andrew Jackson and political changes - How did inventions in print technology change the public sphere? - The invention of the steam-powered printing press, which printed much more matter at far less cost. - A new style of *sensational journalism* catered to a mass readership, which was soon created in newspapers with a total circulation higher than that of all Europe. - Low postal rates and the growth of political parties also sparked the expansion of print and allowed newspapers to reach audiences far beyond their own locality. - What was up with the Second Bank of the United States (BUS)? Did people like it? - The Second Bank of the United States (BUS), a private, profit-making corporation that served as the government's financial agent, soon became resented by many Americans. The BUS was also tasked with regulating the volume of paper money printed by private banks to prevent fluctuations and inflation. - - - Panic of 1819 - Missouri Compromise - What happened in other parts of the Western Hemisphere in the 1820s? Why is that significant? - Between 1810-1822, Spain's Latin American colonies rebelled and established independent nations, including Mexico, Venezuela, Ecuador, and Peru. By 1825, Spain's empire in the Western Hemisphere contained only Cuba and Puerto Rico. - Did Americans like the results? - Americans sympathized with these republican revolutions, and the US was the first to recognize these new governments. - John Quincy Adams, Monroe's secretary of state, feared that Spain might try to regain its former colonies, and in 1823 he drafted a speech for the president that became known as the Monroe Doctrine. - This doctrine stated that the United States would oppose any future efforts by European powers to colonize the Americas, would abstain from involvement in Europe's wars, and would prevent European nations from interfering in the new Latin American nations. - This doctrine assumed that the Old and New World were separate political and diplomatic systems, and claimed for the United States the role of the dominant power in the Western Hemisphere. - Adams also meant to secure the commerce of the region for U.S., as opposed to British, interests. - What was the 'corrupt bargain'? - Jackson presidency - Andrew Jackson was a man of contradictions. - He was not well educated but he was eloquent; he championed the common man but excluded Indians and African Americans from democracy - He rose from modest origins to become a rich man and slaveowner in Tennessee; he disliked banks, paper money, and some of the results of the market revolution - He was a strong nationalist who believed that states, not the federal government, should govern; and he opposed federal intervention in the economy or interference in private life. - How did Jackson deal with the BUS? - Nullification Crisis - What happened to William Henry Harrison? - He contracted pneumonia and died. **Religion and Reform (Ch. 10)** - Temperance - What is it - Why? - Institutional reform- education and asylums - Reform efforts created a multitude of new institutions designed to transform individuals into free, morally upright citizens, performing services once rendered in the family or small community. - In the 1830s and 1840s, Americans built jails for criminals, asylums for the mentally ill, and orphanages. - These institutions emerged from reformers' belief that social ills could be cured and eliminated by placing individuals in an environment where their character could be changed. - While today many of these institutions have become overcrowded and focused mostly on holding inmates at bay away from society, reformers originally hoped to remake the afflicted into productive, self-disciplined citizens. - Horace Mann and the Common School Movement - Mann embraced industrialization but hoped that universal public education would restore social equality by bringing children from all social classes together and giving them an equal opportunity for upward social mobility. - Mann also insisted that schools would stabilize society by disciplining children and building individual character, teaching obedience to authority and adherence to strict time periods. - Colonization - What is it? - Deportation, to Africa, the Caribbean, or Central America. - Who supported it - Liberia - In 1816, supporters of this idea founded the American Colonization Society, which promoted the gradual abolition of slavery and the settlement of black Americans in Africa. It soon established Liberia on the coast of West Africa, to which some free blacks did emigrate - Abolition - - Women and the movement - Grimke sisters - Angelina and Sarah Grimké, daughters of a South Carolina slaveholder, converted to Quakerism and abolitionism while visiting Philadelphia and begin to denounce slavery in public. - The Grimké sisters used controversy over their speeches to denounce the idea that it was unfeminine for women to engage in public activity. Male criticism led them to advocate the necessity for sexual equality in all spheres of life. - Seneca Falls - Organized by: - Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott - What is it? - Raised the issue of women's suffrage for the first time in American history. - What did they want? - The Seneca Falls "**Declaration of Sentiments**," added women to Jefferson's proposition that "all men are created equal," and listed the injuries men had inflicted on women, including denying them the right to vote. - The Seneca Falls Convention further denounced an entire social structure that denied women access to education, employment, property and wages, and children in the event of divorce; deprived women of independent legal status when they married; and restricted them to the home. - Implications **Cotton Revolution (Ch. 11)** - Significant of cotton to American slavery - Paternalism - Conditions of enslaved people - Slavery - How did the slave family function? - How did slaves rebel? - Underground railroad - Notable slave revolts - Nat Turner - Generally- how has slavery changed in this chapter compared to previously - What did Harriet Jacobs say about slavery conditions? - Texas - Independence - Debate about annexation - Annexation - Mexican American War - Conditions for Native Americans - The Gold Rush - The Fugitive Slave Act - It allowed special federal commissioners to determine the fate of alleged fugitives without jury trials or testimony from accused individuals. - It prohibited local authorities from interfering with fugitive slaves' capture and required individual citizens to assist in such capture when called on by federal agents. - Thus, southern leaders, usually committed to states' rights and local autonomy, supported a law that brought federal agents into northern communities and allowed them to override local law enforcement and local judicial procedure. - Kansas Nebraska Act - Was a significant piece of legislation in U.S. history. It created the territories of Kansas and Nebraska and allowed the settlers in those territories to decide for themselves whether to allow slavery, a concept known as popular sovereignty. This act effectively repealed the Missouri Compromise, which had prohibited slavery in that region. The act intensified the national debate over slavery and led to violent conflicts in Kansas, known as \"Bleeding Kansas\". - Dred Scott Decision - During the 1830s, Dred Scott, a Missouri slave, had accompanied his owner to both Illinois, where slavery was prohibited by the Northwest Ordinance and state law, and Wisconsin, where it was barred by the Missouri Compromise.After returning to Missouri, Scott sued for his freedom, arguing that residence on free soil had freed him. - They ruled that Illinois state law had no effect on Scott once he returned to Missouri, and that with regard to Wisconsin, Congress had no constitutional power to bar slavery from a territory. - This effectively made the Missouri Compromise unconstitutional, as was any law that interfered with southerners' rights to bring slave property into the territories. - The decision effectively made unconstitutional the Republican platform for restricting slavery and undermined the policy of popular sovereignty: if Congress could not prohibit slavery in a territory, how could a territorial legislature created by Congress do so? - John Brown - The attack on the federal arsenal at [Harpers Ferry, Virginia](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=11gevEoaJsk), led by John Brown also increased sectional tensions. Brown, a deeply religious man, had long been involved in antislavery activities. - Highly influenced by the Old Testament of the Bible, Brown avenged an 1856 attack on Lawrence, Kansas, by proslavery southerners by murdering five proslavery settlers. - In October, 1859, Brown led an interracial group of nearly two dozen men in the attack at Harpers Ferry. Brown and his men were soon surrounded and all of them killed or captured by federal soldiers commanded by Colonel Robert E. Lee. - Brown faced a trial for treason and behaved admirably, earning through his trial the admiration of millions of northerners, who nonetheless disapproved of his violent actions. - Brown's execution made him a martyr of northern abolitionists, while northern praise for Brown outraged and further alienated southerners. - Political parties- what did they stand for? - Election of 1860 - - - - - - - The election results were highly sectional. Lincoln won all the North except New Jersey, receiving 54 percent of the North's total votes, 40 percent of the national vote, and 180 electoral college votes, a clear majority. Week 13 - The War - Where does it start? - What made it different? - This was the first time mass armies fought with weapons forged by the industrial revolution, and the scale of casualties was unprecedented in American history. - What were the sides? - The North - The Union (South) - Who led them - The North - The Union -- George McClellan - Emancipation Proclamation - What is it - What actually ended slavery? - Overall- how did the war affect the US? - How were women involved in the war? - Northern Women - For many northern women, the war created economic opportunity. Women took manufacturing jobs and jobs in male professions such as nursing. Women found jobs as clerks in the expanding federal government. Women maintained a presence after the war in white-collar government jobs, retail sales, and nursing. - Southern Women - More than in the North, the war imposed many costs on women in the South. Often left alone on farms and plantations, women had to take over men's responsibilities to conduct business and discipline slaves. - Southern women organized to support soldiers and engaged in previously male occupations. - "Government girls" worked as clerks in the Confederate government. Many, in the absence of slave labor or their husbands, found it increasingly difficult to feed their families, petitioned the government for assistance, not as charity, but as a right, and forced state governments to begin distributing supplies to needy families. - While southern women's contribution to the war was legendary, more women came to believe that the war was not worth the sacrifices they were making. - Women's disaffection helped decrease civilian morale and fostered desertion from the army. - Problems in the union - Problems in the confederacy - How were black soldiers treated? Do they fight? - Key battles - - Where did the war end? - Reconstruction: - What did freed people want? How did the government respond? - How did the labor system change - 14^th^ amendment - Why is this amendment significant? - What happened to President Johnson? - 15^th^ Amendment - Women's movement - Wyoming - Black citizens during reconstruction - KKK - Problems with reconstruction - What went wrong?