12th History Chapter 3 - India and European Colonialism PDF

3.India and European Colonialism In this chapter we are going to learn about the spread of Colonialism in India. Portuguese:- 1498:- Vasco Da Gama, reached the port of Calicut(Kozhikode). They didn’t take much long to establish themselves in India. By the end of 16th century they had brought a cons...

3.India and European Colonialism In this chapter we are going to learn about the spread of Colonialism in India. Portuguese:- 1498:- Vasco Da Gama, reached the port of Calicut(Kozhikode). They didn’t take much long to establish themselves in India. By the end of 16th century they had brought a considerable portion of Indian coasts under their control. They took advantage of the strained relations among various rulers in South India. Colonies were established & forts were built on the Western coasts for their protection & reinforced them continuously with supplies by using seaways. They had a strong Navy. They used to attack suddenly on the enemy's territory & wreck it completely. Indian rulers could not match them in their war tactics. After establishing firm control on the Indian ocean it was made obligatory for Indian rulers to get licence(Cartaz) from them to sail on the Indian ocean. If found without the Cartaz the ships were either seized or sunk by force. Q. What were the places where Portuguese had their colonies by 1608?..... ➔ On the Western coast of India:- Diu, Daman, Chaul, Goa (including Sashti and Bardesh), Honnavar, Gangoli, Basrur, Mangalore, Kannur, Kodungallur, Cochi and Kollam. ➔ On the Eastern coast of India:- Nagapattinam, Mylapore (Mayilappore/ Sao Tome/ San Thom), and Hugli in Bengal. They had their capital at Goa. Q. Write about the details mentioned in the Portuguese licence ‘Cartaz’?..... ➔ Document of the ‘Cartaz’ usually carried the following details:- The name of the vessel (ship) The name of the captain of the ship` Port of departure and arrival The list of weaponry on the ship loaded for the purpose of self-defence The Portuguese colonies had spread from Cape of Good Hope to Macau in China. They all were considered to be part of the Indian Empire of the Portuguese (Estado da India). Q. What were the different office holders appointed by the Portuguese king?........ ➔ There were several office holders appointed by the Portuguese king:- ‘Vice-rei’ Capitaon-i-jaral’ (Viceroy and General of the Army) for 3 years tenure :- presiding head of this administrative set up ➔ There used to be an advisory board to assist the Vice-rei, which included:- Archbishop (Arcebispo) of Goa Judge (Chancellor) In-charge of Company’s possessions (Vedor da Fazenda) Captain (Capitaon) In the earlier half of the 17th century five ships equipped with cannons used to arrive every year in the Indian port. Q. At what places Portuguese had ship building facilities & why?.... ➔ Portuguese had shi[ building facilities at Goa, Diu and Daman because durable teakwood of the best quality, essential for building ships, was available in these regions. Q. Why it was difficult for the local Indian rulers to fight the strong Portuguese Naval forces?.... ➔ Indian rulers did not maintain a naval force, therefore, Indian rulers found it difficult to fight the strong naval forces of the Portuguese. ➔ Only one exception was that of Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj, who had built his own navy. The Portuguese naval forces were defeated by the British & Dutch in the 17th century in the sea- battles. Building of any religious monuments except that of Churches & celebrations of any religious festivals or wedding functions was prohibited by them under their rule. They also tried to suppress the local languages. With the intention to attract people to Christianity they were offered Employment. In the beginning of their rule they made Goa a free port. That resulted in attracting traders from various countries to Goa. British:- 31st December 1600:- British EIC was established as Queen Elizabeth granted a charter to EIC to trade in Eastern countries. Q. In the beginning for what operations the EIC was limited?.... ➔ In the beginning the EIC’S operations were limited to:- To send their cargos to the eastern countries. To sell British goods in those countries. To buy spices with the profits earned there and the cash carried from home. To sell the spices in England and to earn profits. Q. Why were Britishers in need of a permanent place to build Warehouses?.... ➔ The sailboats of those days needed to plan their forward and backward voyages in specific periods of the year. Therefore, to carry out trade transactions was more tedious. Under such circumstances the British were in need of a permanent place to build warehouses to store the goods bought at low prices. Q. What was the reason the company decided to build their factories in India?.... The British boats used to sail from England during the months of December to April and used to return to England after an year in the month of January after completing trading transactions in India. This required that they stay in India over a period of 9-13 months. Hence, the company decided to build their ‘factories’ in India. Q. Define Military & Civil law 1623 ?.... ➔ In 1623, the British government, under the civil and military law, granted the company an authority of adopting punitive measures for the erring staff. The company was also given the right of monopoly to trade in the eastern countries. Charles II, the king of England, issued a charter allowing the company to build forts in India, to maintain an army and to make treaties with non-Christians. In the latter half of the 17th century, the company operated from Surat and Chennai (Madras). The eastern coast, Odisha, Bengal in India and other eastern countries were under the company’s jurisdiction. Q. What were the places controlled by the Surat centre?.... ➔ Places controlled by the Surat centre were:- The factories at Rajapur in Maharashtra, port city of Mokha (Mocha in Yemen) in the Red Sea, Basra in the Persian Gulf. Q. How was the Surat factory staff composed?.... ➔ The Surat factory staff consisted of an accountant, an in-charge of the stores, a treasurer, some factors and clerks. In addition there was a Christian priest, a surgeon and his assistant, cooks, Company President’s personal servants and a trumpet blower. Do u Know The British used to acquire large plots of land for their factories. These plots were used to build warehouses, residential quarters and offices were built on these plots. The main building of the factory carried ‘Union Jack’. The meals provided to the staff included bread, meat, rice, khichadi of pulses and rice, pickles, etc. Company had created beautiful gardens for the benefit of the staff at Surat, Karwar, Machilipatnam, Petapuli, Chennai and Mumbai. The company started building forts in India as part of their strategy. They built a fort and a factory in Chennai. The fort was named ‘Fort St. George’. A mint was also established in Chennai. The British issued their own coinage of gold, silver, alloys and copper from this mint. 1661:- Charles II, the king of England was engaged to Braganza, the Princess of Portugal. The king of Portugal gifted the islands of Mumbai to Charles II on this occasion. Q. Who was appointed as the Governor of Bombay?.... ➔ Abraham Shipman, an Englishman was assigned 500 soldiers and was appointed as the ‘Governor of Bombay’. 1665:- Mumbai was fully under British control. Q. Mumbai comprised how many islands?.... ➔ Mumbai comprised seven islands, namely, Mumbai, Mahim, Paral, Wadala, Worli, Sion (Shiv) and Mazgaon. Q. Why did Charles II leased Mumbai to EIC ?.... ➔ Charles II leased Mumbai to the East India Company because the expenditure for its maintenance exceeded the income earned from it. 1669:- Company appointed Sir George Oxenden as Governor of Surat and Commander-in-Chief of Mumbai. A British mint was established in Mumbai and coins of silver, copper and zinc were issued from there. This encouraged merchants and artisans to come and settle down in Mumbai. The company had 5-6 small ships and around 300 soldiers to ensure the security of Mumbai. The soldiers were given guns and swords. Dutch:- 1602:- Several Dutch companies came together to form the ‘United East India’. Q. What licence issued by the Dutch Govt mention?....... ➔ The Dutch government issued a licence to the company to conduct trading with the eastern countries. The same licence permitted them to appoint staff, to establish factories, to build forts, to engage in battles against the eastern countries and also to sign treaties with them. Accordingly the company appointed a Governor-General to take care of the Indian affairs. By the middle of the 17th century the company had established Dutch colonies and factories right from the eastern coast of Africa to Japan. Q. Where all were the Dutch colonies & factories present?.... ➔ It encompassed the present day regions of Mozambique, South Africa, Yemen, Iraq, Iran, Pakistan, India, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Siam, Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, Taiwan, China, Japan, Indonesia and Malaysia. The Dutch built various buildings in the premises of their factories and also fortification walls around them. They installed canons on the fortification walls for security. The Dutch also had native people in their staff. 1602:- First factory was established at Petapuli in the northern parts of Coromandel coast, Q. Where were the other factories of Dutch East India established?.... ➔ Their other factories were built in Machilipatnam, Pulicat, Thirupapuliyur, Port Nova, Karaikal, Agra, Ahmedabad, Bharuch, Chinsura, Thatta, Khambayat, Surat and Nagapattan. They obtained permission from the Vijayanagara court and built forts in Pulicat and Nagapattan. Later, they defeated the Portuguese and acquired the forts at Kochi, Kodunglur, Kannur and Kollam. Q. How did they obtained monopoly in Black pepper trade?.... ➔ They also obtained a monopoly in black pepper trade by entering a treaty with the king of Kochi. At the beginning of the 17th century the Dutch naval force was very strong. At any given moment they could deploy at least 20 war ships and an army of 3-4 thousand soldiers. The Mughal, Adilshahi and Qutubshahi ships were required to obtain a license from the Dutch. If any ship was launched without a license, it was seized by the Dutch. Do u Know The Dutch established their first colony at Machilipatnam. This port city came into existence in the 3rd century B.C.E. It is also mentioned in ‘Periplus’ of Erythrean Sea as ‘Mosalia’. French:- 1664:- French East India Company (La Compagnie des Indes Orientalis) was established, with the initiative of JeanBaptiste Colbert, the French finance minister to King Louis XIV. Q. What authorities were given to the FEIC?.... ➔ The company was given the authority to trade with eastern countries, to maintain army and navy and also exemption from taxes. The company was also given the authority to enter a war or treaty with the eastern rulers. 1666:- The company sent a diplomatic contingent to the court of Aurangazeb and obtained the permission to establish a factory in Surat. 1668:- The first French factory in Surat was established. Then the factories at Pondicherry (Puducherry), Chandranagar, Mahe, Karaikal and Machilipatnam were built. Q. What resulted in Carnatic Wars(Anglo-French Wars)?.... ➔ the French were fighting with the Qutubshahi ruler and the Dutch. Pondicherry was the main center of the French operations. ➔ It was ruled by the Nawab of Karnataka. The members of the Nawab’s family were fighting amongst themselves for the throne. The British and the French started intervening in the matter. ➔ It resulted in three battles between the British and the French from 1744 to 1763 C.E. These are known as ‘Carnatic Wars’. ➔ The French were defeated by the British in the third battle. With the defeat of the French, there was no European rival left in India for the British.