11.28 Mughal Empire of India .pdf

Mughal Empire of India What are three things you know about the Mughal Empire? Class Agenda for November 28, 2023 1. Review Warm-up Questions 2. Learning Objective: SWBAT understand the how the Mughal Empire emerged, before the British Imperial period 3. Essential Question: How did the Mughal Empi...

Mughal Empire of India What are three things you know about the Mughal Empire? Class Agenda for November 28, 2023 1. Review Warm-up Questions 2. Learning Objective: SWBAT understand the how the Mughal Empire emerged, before the British Imperial period 3. Essential Question: How did the Mughal Empire create unity when others did not? 1. Discuss the Mughal Empire and pre-British controlled India 2. Homework due: Please read the Textbook reading on Mughal Empire in India, pp. 82-89, and the assessment (1-8) on p. 87 3. Exit Ticket In the late 400s, the Gupta Empire fell - The Arabs came, then Muslim tribes from central Asia - Small kingdoms rose ruled by rajputs (son of kings) - They were descendants of Timur the Lame and Genghis Khan - They were the Mughals or Mongols From the 8th century, the Hindus and Muslims battled each other for almost 300 years…there still exists tension today India 1320 India 1453 The Muslims invaded India to the Indus River valley - Around 1000, Turkish armies, led by Sultan Mahmud of Ghazni, devastated Indian cities and temples in 17 brutal campaigns. - Delhi became the capital of a loose empire of Turkish warlords: - - The Delhi Sultanate. Between the 13th - 16th centuries (33) different rulers controlled different parts of India. - The Muslim rulers treated the Hindus as a conquered people. In 1398, Timur the Lame destroyed Delhi - In the 16th century Babur rose to unify the Mughal Empire in 1494 Babur (1483-1530) in present day Uzbekistan and Tajikistan. - A great military leader, but he was removed and exiled - He returned with his army in 1526. Babur only had 12,000 troops but he defeated a rajput army of 100,000 Babur’s son, Humayun, was incompetent and lost most of the conquered territory… The Grandson of Babur (only 13 years old) became the next ruler of the Mughal Empire Akbar means “greatest one” 1556 -1605, he ruled with Wisdom, Tolerance, and of course expansion Akbar recognized military power. “A monarch should ever be intent on conquest, otherwise his neighbors rise in arms against him.” - Akbar used heavy artillery and conquered walled cities and expand into much of the Deccan plateau. - He turned former enemies into allies by appointing rajputs as officers. - Akbar was able to unify a land of 100 million people—more than in all of Europe put together. He proved his tolerance by marrying Hindu princesses He welcomed different cultural influences and their traditions. - He didn’t force others to convert. - He ended the tax on Hindu pilgrims and the tax on the non-Muslims (jizya) He created a graduated tax system similar to the one in the US - He had a Spanish Jesuit tutor for his son - Persian was the court language, and Hindi of the people He gave generous land grants to his bureaucrats (officials). He prevented feudal aristocracies from gaining power, but… The cultural blending of Akbar affected art, education, politics, and language. - In the Mughal armies, their language was Urdu, which means “from the soldier’s camp.” - A blend of Arabic, Persian, and Hindi, Urdu is today the official language of Pakistan. The arts flourished in book illustrations, called miniatures Hindu literature was revived. - Architecture was developed into the Akbar period architecture. - Graceful structures decorated with intricate stonework with Hindu themes. - The capital city of Fatehpur Sikri is one of the best examples of this architecture. Akbar died in 1605 the son of Akbar, called himself Jahangir, “Grasper of the World,” - Nur Jahan was the wife of Jahangir and rukled with The iron glove, - Jahan essentially ruled and knew Nur how to use power. - Her father became prime minister - Jahangir’s son, Khusrau, rebelled against his father Khusrau, unlike his father, was not tolerant of other religions. - Khusrau turned to the Sikhs, - When they sheltered Khusrau they were persecuted by the Mughals Shah Jahan, son of Jahangir, assassinated all rivals. - He was a lover of architecture, of beautiful buildings, and his wife Mumtaz Mahal. - She died at 39 and Shah Jahan created the Taj Mahal in her memory, - His people suffered from famine and high taxes for the building of the Taj Mahal Aurangzeb (r. 1658-1707) expanded the Mughal empire to its greatest size. - Aurangzeb oppressed his people. - He enforced Islamic laws and outlawed vices. - He appointed a moral police, He oppressed Hindus, - Implemented the tax on non-Muslims - He dismissed Hindus and destroyed Hindu monuments He had to face many enemies including the Marathas-militant Hindus and the Sikhs Aurangzeb (r. 1658-1707)took power in a civil war and expanded the Mughal empire to its greatest size. - Aurangzeb oppressed the people. He enforced Islamic laws and outlawed activities he viewed as vices. He appointed a moral police. - He oppressed Hindus, brought back the tax on non-Muslims and dismissed Hindus from high positions and destroyed Hindu monuments He battled the Marathas-militant Hindus and the Sikhs Aurangzeb levied more taxes to pay for war - He doubled taxes on Hindu merchants - Over 2 million people died in a famine, - his power weakened, the local lords’ power grew, and a war of succession followed. The Dutch, Portuguese and the British came to India. They weren’t viewed as a threat, In 1661 Aurangzeb handed over Bombay to the British. It created a Foothold in India