1.1 Fundamentals of Design.pdf

1.1 Fundamentals of Design Technology Trends and Cost Computer Architecture Analogy The Food Chain Small fish eaten by bigger fish The Computer Food Chain Desktop Gaming PC...

1.1 Fundamentals of Design Technology Trends and Cost Computer Architecture Analogy The Food Chain Small fish eaten by bigger fish The Computer Food Chain Desktop Gaming PC Now Massively Parallel System who is eating Clustered System whom? Mainframe Laptop Tablet Server The Motivation of Change Performance Technology Advances Computer Architectural advances improves low-end Cost Simpler Development Higher Volumes Function Rise of interconnection technology Growth in processor performance since the late 1970’s (SPEC Benchmark) Trend in Technology Integrated Circuit Technology Transistor density TSMC to produce 5nm process chip in 2020. 80% higher density Trend in Technology Trend in Technology DRAM Demand: AI is driving a massive need for capacity and bandwidth in wide range of devices. Capacity: 25-40%/year (slowing) Flash Capacity 50-60%/year 15-20X cheaper/bit than DRAM Magnetic Disk Technology: 40%/year 15-25X cheaper/bit than Flash 300-500x Cheaper/bit than DRAM Network Technology Depends both on performance of switches and transmission system. The Designer’s Task Determine attributes for new machine Maximize performance Work within the cost constraints Cost Cost-sensitive designs are of growing significance. Use of technology improvements to lower cost, as well as increase performance, has been a major theme in the computer industry. Learning Curve Manufacturing costs decrease over time. The underlying principle that drives costs down. The learning curve is best measured by a change in yield. The percentage of manufactured devices that survives the testing procedure. Integrated Circuit Costs The Manufacturing Process A Sample Wafer 300 mm wafer containing 280 Sandy Bridge dies in a 32 nm process. A Sample Die Intel Core i7 microprocessor die. 18.9 mm by 13.6 mm in a 45 nm process Other Costs Contributors to IC production cost Die Cost Packaging Testing Yield Cost vs. Price References Computer Archicture, Regina Burns, URL: https://slideplayer.com/slide/14571397/ IT220 Computer Organization Lecture Slides (AdDU MSIT Class), Prof. Ariel Maguyon, AdMU Professor. Hennessy, J. L., & Patterson, D. A. (2011). Computer architecture: a quantitative approach. Elsevier.