Environment Planning & Environmental Planning PDF

TOPIC 1: History, Concepts, Theories and Principles of Environmental Planning WMSU Course Instructor: Engr. Ethel Grace P. Mohammad 1 1.1 ENVIRONMENT, PLANNING AND ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING...

TOPIC 1: History, Concepts, Theories and Principles of Environmental Planning WMSU Course Instructor: Engr. Ethel Grace P. Mohammad 1 1.1 ENVIRONMENT, PLANNING AND ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING 2 Topics to be discussed: o Definition, Nature, Elements Of The Environment; o History And Foundation Of Planning And Environmental Planning; o Concepts, Goals, Nature, Classification, Theories Of Planning And Environmental Planning; o Training, Roles And Advocates Of Environmental Planners 3 Definition, Nature, Elements Of The Environment; 4 Definition, Nature, Elements Of The Environment; 5 Elements of the Environment: Abiotic elements: Sunlight, water, air, soil, and temperature. Biotic elements: Plants, animals, microorganisms, and humans. Social and cultural elements: Human practices, governance, technologies, and cultural beliefs. 6 Processes of Natural Ecology: - Natural ecology refers to the processes that govern interactions among organisms and their environment, contributing to ecological balance. Key processes include: Energy flow: Energy from the sun is captured by plants (photosynthesis) and passed through the food chain. Nutrient cycling: The movement of nutrients through ecosystems via processes like decomposition, nitrogen fixation, and the carbon cycle. Succession: The process by which ecosystems change over time, either through primary succession (from bare rock) or secondary succession (following disturbance). Predation and competition: Interactions among species that affect population dynamics and community structure. Mutualism and symbiosis: Cooperative interactions between species, such as pollination or nutrient exchange between plants and fungi. 7 Principles of Human Stewardship of the Natural Environment and Its Resources: - Human stewardship involves the responsible management and conservation of natural resources to ensure sustainability for future generations. Key principles include: Sustainability: Ensuring that natural resources are used at a rate that allows ecosystems to regenerate and maintain ecological balance. Conservation: Protecting biodiversity and natural habitats through sustainable practices, reducing pollution, and mitigating habitat destruction. Restoration: Rehabilitating ecosystems that have been degraded, such as reforestation and wetland restoration. Pollution control: Reducing waste, emissions, and contamination to preserve the integrity of natural environments. Eco-friendly practices: Promoting renewable energy sources, green technologies, and environmentally conscious consumer behavior. 8 Drivers of the Ecosystem and Its Impact on Human Ecology: Drivers of Ecosystems: These include both natural and human-induced factors: Climate and weather patterns: Temperature, precipitation, and seasonal changes influence ecosystems. Human activities: Agriculture, urbanization, deforestation, pollution, and industrial activities. Natural disasters: Events like floods, fires, and volcanic eruptions can disrupt ecosystems. Biotic interactions: Species interactions such as competition, predation, and mutualism shape ecosystem structure. Impact on Human Ecology: Human societies are deeply connected to ecosystems for resources like food, water, and shelter. Ecological disturbances (e.g., climate change, biodiversity loss) can affect food security, health, and the quality of life. For instance, habitat destruction or climate change may reduce available resources, leading to societal challenges like migration, conflict, or economic instability. 9 Global Environmental Problems and Solutions: Issues: Climate change: Rising global temperatures, sea level rise, and extreme weather events. Deforestation: Loss of forests, which leads to biodiversity loss, carbon emission increases, and disruption of water cycles. Pollution: Air, water, and soil pollution are major threats to ecosystem health and human well-being. Biodiversity loss: Extinction of species due to habitat destruction, overexploitation, and climate change. Overpopulation: Resource depletion, increased waste generation, and environmental degradation. 10 Solutions: International agreements: Treaties like the Paris Agreement to mitigate climate change. Sustainable development: Promoting eco-friendly technologies, renewable energy, and sustainable agriculture. Conservation and restoration programs: Protecting endangered species and restoring damaged ecosystems. Circular economy: Minimizing waste, reusing materials, and reducing consumption. Education and awareness: Engaging the public through environmental education and raising awareness about the impact of human actions. 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22  Environmental planning, also known as urban and regional planning, city planning, town and country planning, and/or human settlements planning, refers to the multi- disciplinary art and science of analyzing, specifying, clarifying, harmonizing, managing and regulating the use and development of land and water resources, in relation to their environs, for the development of sustainable communities and ecosystems. (RA 10587) 23 In the Philippines, an environmental planner refers to a person who is registered and licensed to practice environmental planning and who holds a valid Certificate of Registration and a valid Professional Identification Card from the Board of Environmental Planning and the Professional Regulation Commission.(RA10587) 24  One who creates and recommends plans on land use and other planning fields An advisor and regulator to the government, private sector, and the communities An urban designer Someone who looks far into the future for the welfare of a Place A capacity builder, facilitator, and educator An advocate of causes 25 History And Foundation Of Planning and Environmental Planning 26 WHAT WE’LL LEARN ABOUT 1The history and foundation of urban and regional planning 2 Theories 3 Evolution of urban forms 4 Types of planning 5 The role of a planner 27 HISTORY OF ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING 28 29 This area, often referred to as the "Cradle of Civilization," 30 31 32  The Ziggurat (temple) of Ur (one of the city-states) showed how religion was very important to the early civilisations. Source: purpleteal.wordpress.com Sumer was one of the early civilizations 15 city-states created located in the southernmost part of Mesopotamia, between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, in the area that later became Babylonia and is now southern Iraq, from around Baghdad to the Persian Gulf. Religion was power 33 Key Aspects of Sumer: 1. Geography: Location: Sumer was located in the southern part of Mesopotamia, in the area known as Sumeria, between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. This area was prone to seasonal flooding, which helped create fertile soil for agriculture but also required sophisticated irrigation systems to manage water and grow crops. Cities: Sumer was made up of several city-states, such as Ur, Uruk, Lagash, Nippur, and Eridu, each with its own ruler, but sharing a common language and culture. These cities were often in competition with one another, but they also cooperated on issues like trade and religion. 34 2. Urbanization and City-States: Sumer is notable for being one of the first places to develop urbanization. The Sumerians built impressive cities with monumental architecture, including ziggurats (stepped temples), palaces, and city walls. Each city-state was like a small, independent kingdom, centered around a large urban area with surrounding farmland. These city-states often had their own local gods and rulers but shared cultural and religious practices. 35 The ancient city-state of Ur. Observe how agricultural spots are present in the far north of the city, and that the temple and special houses for leaders, which are the source of power, are protected inside the walls, surrounded further by a moat. There is only a drawbridge to connect this special area to the surrounding houses. 36 Source: 2.bp.blogspot.com  3. Invention of Writing (Cuneiform): One of the most significant contributions of the Sumerians was the invention of cuneiform, one of the earliest systems of writing, around 3200 BCE. Cuneiform was initially developed for record-keeping purposes, particularly to track trade and agricultural Proto-Cuneiform Sumerian tablet, production. It was written using a 4th to 3rd millennium BC stylus to make wedge-shaped marks on clay tablets. Cuneiform evolved over time and was used for a variety of purposes, including recording laws, religious texts, and literature, and became the foundation for later writing systems in the region. 37 4. Religion and Ziggurats: The Sumerians were polytheistic, worshipping a pantheon of gods and goddesses, each associated with elements of nature, such as the sun, moon, and water. The most important god was Anu, the sky god, and others included Enlil (god of air) and Inanna (goddess of love and war). Sumerians built ziggurats, large stepped pyramidal temples dedicated to their gods. These temples were the focal point of religious life in each city-state. The largest and best-preserved Priests played an essential role ziggurat from the Mesopotamian in Sumerian society, as they period is the Great Ziggurat at Ur, acted as intermediaries between or present day Tall al-Muqayyar, the gods and the people, overseeing rituals, sacrifices, Iraq. and maintaining the temple estates. 38  5. Social Structure: Sumerian society was hierarchical, with the king or ensign (the ruler of a city-state) at the top. Beneath the king were priests, nobles, merchants, and artisans. At the bottom of the social structure were farmers and laborers. Slavery existed in Sumerian society, and slaves were often prisoners of war or individuals who had fallen into debt. 39 6. Technological and Scientific Advancements: Irrigation: The Sumerians developed advanced irrigation techniques to manage water from the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, allowing them to cultivate crops in the arid landscape. Wheel: The wheel was invented around 3500 BCE, revolutionizing transportation and pottery making. Mathematics and Timekeeping: The Sumerians used a base-60 number system, which is the origin of modern timekeeping (60 seconds in a minute, 60 minutes in an hour). Astronomy: The Sumerians made significant contributions to early astronomy, developing calendars based on the lunar cycle and observing celestial movements. 40 7. Law and Government: The Sumerians developed some of the earliest known legal codes, such as the Code of Ur-Nammu (circa 2100 BCE), which is considered one of the oldest known legal texts. Government was centralized around the city-state, and rulers often claimed divine right, stating that they ruled by the will of the gods. They were responsible for maintaining order, protecting trade routes, and ensuring the proper functioning of the irrigation system. 41  8. Art and Culture: Sumerian art was characterized by sculpture, reliefs, and ceramics. The most famous example of Sumerian art is the Standard of Ur, a large, rectangular artifact depicting scenes of war and peace. Sumerians also produced epic literature, with the Epic of Gilgamesh, one of the earliest known works of literature, telling the story of the legendary Sumerian king Gilgamesh. 42 Mesopotamia, often referred to as the "Cradle of Civilization," made significant contributions to environmental planning through its innovative use of architecture and engineering. Here are some key points: 1. Urban Planning: Mesopotamian cities were among the first to implement organized urban planning. They designed cities with streets laid out in a grid pattern, which helped manage resources and improve sanitation 2. Water Management: The Mesopotamians developed advanced irrigation systems, including canals and aqueducts, to manage the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. This allowed them to cultivate crops in an otherwise arid region 3. Building Materials: They used locally sourced materials such as mud bricks, which were environmentally friendly and suited to the region's climate. This practice minimized the environmental impact of construction 4. Sustainable Practices: Mesopotamians practiced crop rotation and fallowing, which helped maintain soil fertility and prevent erosion. 5. Environmental Adaptation: Their architecture, including courtyard houses and tripartite structures, was designed to adapt to the hot and dry climate, providing natural cooling and ventilation. These contributions laid the foundation for future advancements in environmental planning and sustainable living. Mesopotamia's legacy in this field is a testament to their ingenuity and foresight. 43 References: Iqbal, Saira, Impact of Environment on Architecture of Mesopotamia with Respect to the Use of Materials, Tools and Mode of Construction (October 19, 2017). ARChive, Vol. 1, No. 1, 2017, Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3055608 44 Ancient Egypt (3,000 – 300 BC) 45 46  The power of and respect for religion extended all the way from the earliest of Mesopotamia all the way to the Egyptian civilisation. Ancient Egyptians worshipped their kings as gods, and once they died and were buried, lived forever. Thus the monumental temples, mortuaries, and tombs. The pyramids were constructed in capital cities, tying the power with the largest settlements. The city of the dead is called a necropolis. 47 The temple of Hatshepsut (left) and the Pyramids of Giza (right) are examples of how the ancients worshipped their buried kings. These grand tombs also exhibited perfect symmetry. Sources: cdni.condenast.co.uk 48 How Did Ancient Egypt Adapt to Their Environment? Ancient Egyptians significantly adapted to their environment by developing agricultural practices centered on the cycle of the Nile River, constructing architectural works that utilized local materials like limestone and sandstone, and creating complex irrigation systems for farming. The Ancient Egyptians primarily resided along the Nile River, where the fertile soil provided an excellent ground for agriculture. The annual flooding of the Nile created a natural irrigation system that deposited nutrient-rich silt onto the surrounding land. This led to the cultivation of staple crops such as wheat, barley, flax, and papyrus. 49 50 Ancient Egypt made significant contributions to environmental planning and the management of natural resources, particularly in the areas of ; water management, agriculture, and urban development. Due to the region's arid climate and reliance on the Nile River, the Egyptians had to develop sophisticated techniques to harness and manage their environment to ensure the prosperity of their civilization. 51 Ancient Egypt Key contributions to environmental planning: 1. Irrigation Systems and Water Management: The Nile River was the lifeblood of Ancient Egypt. The civilization relied on the annual flooding of the river to provide fertile soil for agriculture. However, the flooding was unpredictable, so the Egyptians developed advanced techniques to manage water for irrigation and agricultural production. Basin Irrigation: The Egyptians developed a system of basin irrigation, where they created embankments and reservoirs to trap the floodwaters from the Nile. The water would be channeled into fields, allowing them to grow crops such as wheat, barley, and flax. Shaduf and Siphons: To lift water for irrigation during times when the river was not flooding, Egyptians used a shaduf (a hand-operated device with a bucket) to draw water from the Nile and irrigate crops. Additionally, siphons and other water-lifting devices were employed to transport water efficiently. Canals and Dikes: The Egyptians built canals to connect various parts of the Nile and control the flow of water. They also constructed dikes to protect farmland from inundation during times of excessive flooding. 52 Shaduf 53 siphons Reed 54 2. Agriculture and Soil Management: Fertile Agriculture: The floodwaters of the Nile brought rich, fertile silt, which allowed for productive agriculture. The Egyptians developed crop rotation practices to maintain soil fertility and prevent overuse. Crop Diversification: They grew a variety of crops, including wheat, barley, flax, and papyrus, which helped reduce the risk of crop failure and ensured food security. Terracing: In areas where land was sloped, such as along the Nile Valley, the Egyptians created terraced fields to reduce soil erosion and optimize land use. 55 3. Sustainable Urban Planning: City Layout: Ancient Egyptian cities were carefully planned, often situated along the Nile for easy access to water, transportation, and fertile land. The layout of cities like Thebes and Memphis showed foresight in terms of resource access, climate, and natural landscapes. Construction Materials: They made use of local materials such as mudbrick and limestone, reducing the need for long-distance transportation and making their buildings more adaptable to the local environment. The use of mudbrick also helped with cooling in the hot Egyptian climate. 56 THEBES EGYPT MAP 57 58  ABYDOS ANCIENT CITY, EGYPT prominent sacred city and one of the most important archaeological sites of ancient Egypt. The site, located in the low desert west of the Nile River near Al-Balyanā, was a necropolis for the earliest Egyptian royalty and later a pilgrimage centre for the worship of Osiris. 59 4. Architecture and Environmental Adaptation: Energy Efficiency in Architecture: Egyptian buildings, especially in cities like Thebes, were designed to respond to the harsh desert environment. Their homes had thick mudbrick walls that provided insulation against the intense heat, and they often included courtyards or open spaces to maximize airflow and cooling. Pyramids and Tombs: The famous pyramids and tombs, built with an understanding of their desert surroundings, were constructed using materials that would last in the harsh conditions. The orientation of the pyramids, for example, was carefully considered in relation to the sun’s movement and the surrounding landscape. 60 5. Sustainable Resource Use: Papyrus for Writing and Construction: The ancient Egyptians used papyrus, a renewable resource, for writing material, making boats, mats, and baskets. Papyrus cultivation was a sustainable practice, as the plant grows abundantly along the Nile River. Mining and Quarrying: Egypt’s resource management extended to mining for materials such as gold, copper, and turquoise. Mining was conducted in a sustainable way to ensure these resources could be accessed without depleting the surrounding environment. 61 62 6. Waste Management and Sanitation: Drainage Systems: Ancient Egyptians had drainage systems in their cities, particularly in places like the ancient city of Amarna, to manage waste and prevent flooding. These systems helped manage stormwater and maintain clean living conditions. Bathing and Hygiene: They practiced personal hygiene and had some of the earliest forms of public baths, which were important for sanitation and disease prevention. 63 Dating as far back as 2000 BC, ancient Egyptians were amongst the first to widely adopt the power of the hot tub for its therapeutic values. 64 7. Environmental Beliefs and Sustainability: The Role of the Gods and Nature: The Egyptians had a deep spiritual connection to nature, which informed their environmental practices. They believed that natural resources were gifts from the gods, and maintaining balance with nature was essential. The Nile, in particular, was seen as a divine blessing, and preserving it was considered a sacred duty. Conservation of Sacred Sites: Certain natural areas were treated as sacred and were protected by laws. For example, the ancient Egyptians would often designate certain groves of trees or areas of land as sacred and preserve them for religious purposes, which helped protect them from exploitation. 65 8. Land Reclamation and Agriculture Expansion: Desert Land Reclamation: The Egyptians also engaged in desert reclamation by using irrigation and water management systems to transform arid land into productive farmland. This helped expand their agricultural base and provided more resources for the growing population. 66 9. Long-Term Planning for Natural Resources: Sustainability of the Nile Floods: The Egyptians recognized the cyclical nature of the Nile River’s flooding and designed their agricultural practices around it. By understanding the flood cycles, they ensured that crops were planted in alignment with the natural rhythm of the river, creating a sustainable agricultural system. 67 10. Legacy of Environmental Planning: Influence on Future Civilizations: The techniques developed by the Egyptians for managing water, agriculture, and urban planning influenced later civilizations, including the Greeks and Romans. These early efforts at environmental planning contributed to the idea that humans could harness and manage natural resources for sustainable use. 68 11. Environmental Stewardship: The Pharaohs played a significant role in environmental stewardship, conducting rituals and ceremonies to ensure the balance and fertility of the land. They were seen as mediators between the gods and nature, responsible for maintaining cosmic order (Ma'at)2. 69 12. Animal Domestication: Egyptians domesticated animals such as cattle, goats, pigs, and geese for food, labor, and religious ceremonies. This practice helped them adapt to their environment and utilize resources efficiently3. 70 References https://ancientegyptianfacts.com/ancient- egyptian-environment.html https://egyptmythology.com/the-pharaohs- divine-role-in-environmental-stewardship/ https://historyrise.com/how-did-ancient- egypt-adapt-to-their-environment/ 71 ANCIENT GREECE 72 Ancient Greece, - known for its advancements in philosophy, science, and democracy, also made notable contributions to environmental planning, particularly in terms of sustainable resource use, city design, and natural resource management. The ancient Greeks, though living in a time without modern technology, demonstrated an understanding of the relationship between humans and the environment, which influenced their societal and architectural planning. 73 Below are some key contributions: 1. Urban Planning and City Design: The Hippodamian Plan: - One of the most important contributions of Ancient Greece to environmental planning was the development of the grid system of urban planning, attributed to the architect Hippodamus of Miletus. - He designed cities like Miletus and Piraeus (the port of Athens) using a grid layout, with streets intersecting at right angles. This design improved the organization of cities and facilitated easier movement of air and water, contributing to better hygiene and efficient resource distribution. The grid plan also helped in organizing residential, commercial, and public spaces in a way that optimized land use and access to key resources like water and food markets. 74 75 PIRAEUS GRID 76 PIRAEUS 77 The Grid: MEXICO 78 CHICAGO 79 BUENOS AIRES 80  Sustainable Use of Public Space: - Greek cities were designed with public spaces such as agoras (marketplaces) and gymnasiums, which were central to civic life. These spaces were often designed to allow for communal gathering, trade, and exercise, ensuring that human activity could take place in an environment that balanced social and environmental needs. 81 The Ancient Agora of Athens was one of ancient Greece’s most significant public spaces. 82 2. Water Management and Irrigation: Aqueducts and Wells: Ancient Greeks developed aqueduct systems to transport water from natural springs or rivers to urban areas. One of the most notable examples is the Athenian Aqueduct, which brought water into Athens from Mount Parnes. The Greeks understood the importance of water supply for both daily life and public health. They also built wells in cities and towns to provide fresh water for drinking, irrigation, and bathing. 83 Part of the ancient aqueduct of Athens in the area of Eleftheroupoli. Credit: Ministry of Culture and Sports / Ephorate of Prehistoric and Classical Antiquities 84  Irrigation Systems: Greek farmers developed effective irrigation techniques to cope with the Mediterranean climate, which had hot, dry summers and wet winters. Water from rivers and springs was diverted using channels, reservoirs, and other methods to irrigate crops like olives, grapes, and wheat. This practice helped sustain agriculture in areas with limited rainfall. 85 3. Agriculture and Soil Conservation: Terracing and Erosion Control: The Greeks used terracing in mountainous regions to prevent soil erosion, particularly in places like the Peloponnese. By constructing stone walls and terracing hillsides, they were able to create flat areas for farming while minimizing the impact of heavy rainfall and reducing soil loss. 86 87  Crop Rotation and Sustainable Farming: Greek farmers practiced crop rotation and fallow periods to maintain soil fertility. For example, they would alternate between planting grains, legumes, and other crops to prevent the depletion of nutrients in the soil. This method helped preserve the long-term viability of their agricultural lands. 88  Olive Trees and Vineyards: The ancient Greeks extensively cultivated olive trees and grapevines, both of which are hardy plants well-suited to the Mediterranean climate. These crops were essential for food, oil, wine, and trade, and the Greeks managed these resources with sustainability in mind, focusing on long-term cultivation and preservation of the land. 89 4. Architecture and Climate Adaptation: Energy Efficiency in Building Design: Greek architecture, especially in homes and public buildings, was designed with an understanding of the local climate. In the hot summer months, buildings were constructed with thick walls and small windows to keep interiors cool. The use of open courtyards allowed for natural ventilation, providing cooling airflow through the buildings. Buildings such as the Parthenon and other temples were oriented with attention to solar exposure and weather patterns, demonstrating an early form of climate-responsive design. 90 91 Parthenon 92  Use of Natural Materials: The Greeks made use of local, sustainable materials in construction, such as limestone, marble, and clay. This minimized the need for long-distance transportation of materials, reducing environmental impact and supporting local economies. 93 5. Environmental Philosophy and Conservation: Philosophical Views on Nature: Ancient Greek philosophers, such as Aristotle and Plato, discussed the relationship between humans and the natural world. Aristotle believed in the importance of balance between human activity and nature. Plato’s works also emphasized the importance of living harmoniously with the environment, and many of his ideas about ideal cities incorporated the concept of balance between urban development and the preservation of nature. 94 95 96 97 98  Sacred Groves and Environmental Protection: - In ancient Greece, certain natural areas, particularly sacred groves, were preserved for religious and cultural reasons. These groves were often dedicated to gods and goddesses and were protected from deforestation or overuse. The concept of sacred natural sites helped promote the idea of protecting certain landscapes for the benefit of the environment, even if indirectly. 99 100 6. Environmental and Cultural Integration: Land Use for Culture and Recreation: The Greeks also created theaters, amphitheaters, and sports arenas that were often located in natural settings, integrated with the environment. These venues were designed with an understanding of acoustics, natural light, and the surrounding landscape. The concept of public gardens also played a role in Greek city planning, where open spaces were incorporated into urban life for recreation, socialization, and reflection, connecting people with nature. 101 Greek amphitheater of Epidaurus 2,300 years ago 102  Ancient Theater of Delphi (Central Greece, 4th century BC) 103 Address: Archaeological Site of Delphi, Delphi 330 54, Greece 7. The Greek Contribution to Knowledge on Ecosystems: Natural Histories: Greek philosophers and early scientists, such as Theophrastus (often called the "father of botany"), wrote extensively about the natural world, studying plant and animal life, soils, and ecosystems. Their work laid the foundation for later ecological studies, emphasizing the importance of understanding ecosystems and biodiversity. 104  Ancient Greece made lasting contributions to environmental planning through their innovations in urban design, water management, agriculture, and philosophy. The Greeks understood the importance of balancing human activities with environmental sustainability, and their techniques in city planning, resource management, and agriculture helped shape the development of future civilizations. Their practices also laid the groundwork for modern concepts in sustainable design, conservation, and environmental ethics. 105  The Roman Empire The Medieval period Renaissance 106 Assignment: What are the significant contributions of these ancient periods in environmental planning? List down and site examples. The Roman Empire The Medieval period Renaissance 107