CSB 20503 Green Infrastructure PDF

CSB 20503 GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE, SMART CITIES & SOCIETIES Topic 1: Overview of Definitions, Goals, and Objectives of Green Infrastructure Points of Discussion: Explore the historical development of green infrastructure. Green Infrastructure components - parks, wetlands, green roofs, etc. U...

CSB 20503 GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE, SMART CITIES & SOCIETIES Topic 1: Overview of Definitions, Goals, and Objectives of Green Infrastructure Points of Discussion: Explore the historical development of green infrastructure. Green Infrastructure components - parks, wetlands, green roofs, etc. Understand the importance of landscape ecology. The significance of resilience for urban areas. 2 Historical Development of Urban Infrastructure Indus Valley Civilization (3300 BCE to 1300 BCE) was one of the world's earliest urban societies. It thrived in what is now modern-day India and Pakistan and was marked by sophisticated urban planning and infrastructure. Some of its notable urban centers include Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa. Ancient Urban Infrastructure civilizations - Mesopotamians, Egyptians, Greeks, and Romans made remarkable use of gardens and aqueducts for urban planning. These practices were integral to their city design, offering various benefits contributing to their urban centers' functionality, aesthetics, and sustainability. 3 Historical Urban Infrastructures Urban Sanitation Architecture Artifacts and Grid Layout Craftsmanship 4 Emergence In Modern Urban Planning A complex interplay of historical, socio-economic, and technological factors has influenced the evolution of urban planning in the modern era. The emergence of modern urban planning can be traced back to the 19th century - rapid urbanization and industrialization of Western societies. Key Drivers of Modern Urban Planning = Industrialization The growth of factories and the influx of rural populations into urban centers created a pressing need for organized approaches to city development. Challenges posed by overcrowding, public health concerns (sanitary), and the changing nature of work and transportation (railroads and later automobiles) in cities. Other factors: Economic factors, including land speculation and the establishment of zoning regulations (Example: New York City's 1916 zoning resolution) The City Beautiful Movement aims to create aesthetically pleasing cities through architectural and landscape design. 5 Emergence In Modern Urban Planning Post-World War II planning witnessed a shift toward suburbanization and mass housing projects. Modern transportation systems, such as the interstate highway system, influenced the urban development of this era. The growth of suburbs and increased car usage profoundly impacted the spatial organization of cities. New Planning Concepts and Strategies: Sustainability and green urban planning have gained prominence, emphasizing environmentally responsible development. The rise of smart city initiatives underscores the importance of technology and data-driven decision-making in modern urban planning. Impact of Modern Urban Planning: Improved sanitation, public health outcomes, efficient transportation networks, and enhanced quality of life by creating parks and public spaces. 6 Definition of Green Infrastructure Green Infrastructure The key goals of Green (GI) refers to an Infrastructure include: interconnected network of natural and semi- Managing stormwater and natural areas and reducing flood risk. green spaces. Improving air quality and GI components - parks, mitigating urban heat forests, wetlands, green roofs, and urban islands. gardens. Enhancing urban Primary goal - to biodiversity and enhance urban supporting ecosystem environmental quality services. while promoting sustainability and Creating accessible green resilience. spaces for recreation and community well-being. 7 Historical Green Infrastructures Aesthetics and Recreation Environmental Cooling: Gardens also served as natural cooling systems, particularly in hot and arid regions. Cultural and Religious Significance: For example, the sacred groves in ancient Greece were dedicated to gods and served as spaces for rituals and reflection. Agriculture Water Supply: Ingenious systems of water supply that transport fresh water from distant sources to urban centers Irrigation Sewage Systems AQUEDUCTS allowed cities to access clean water for drinking, cooking, and sanitation, reducing the risk of waterborne diseases. 8 The objective of green infrastructure is to create and maintain a network of natural and semi-natural features in urban and rural areas to provide a range of ecosystem services, enhance environmental quality, and promote sustainable land use and development. Green infrastructure aims to balance the built environment with natural systems, ensuring the well-being of communities and the resilience of ecosystems. 9 Green Infrastructures Goals Environmental Ecosystem Climate Biodiversity Sustainability Services Resilience Conservation Urban Human Socioeconomic Community Planning & Wellbeing Benefits Engagement Land Use Water Disaster Management Resilience 10 Successful Green Infrastructure Projects Copenhagen's Bicycle Sponge City Initiative, Cheonggyecheon Thimphu's Green Superhighways China Restoration, Seoul Spaces, Bhutan These dedicated bike lanes The program aims to address The Cheonggyecheon River The capital city of Bhutan, connect the city with its urban flooding and water was restored by removing a Thimphu, has been dedicated to suburbs, reducing traffic pollution through green concrete highway that covered preserving its green spaces congestion and air pollution infrastructure. Cities like it. The revitalized river now and maintaining a low-rise, while promoting a healthier Wuhan have implemented runs through downtown Seoul, sustainable urban lifestyle. permeable pavement, green providing green space, natural environment. roofs, and wetland parks to beauty, and improved water absorb and purify rainwater. quality. 11 Prominent Green Infrastructure Biodiversity Project in Malaysia: Putrajaya Conservation Sustainable Land Use Educational & Recreational Space 12 Prominent Green Infra in Malaysia Klang Valley MRT (Mass Forest City is an Rapid Transit) features ambitious eco-friendly such as green stations, development in Johor energy-efficient Featuring green building designs, and park-and- designs, extensive green ride facilities, spaces, and sustainable Promoting sustainable transportation. urban transportation. Rainforest Discovery Centre, Sandakan, Sabah - canopy Taman Tugu, or walkways, rain gardens, "Citizens' Forest Park," eco-friendly buildings. is an urban green space Serves as an development in Kuala educational and Lumpur. research hub for rainforest conservation.  Definition: Interdisciplinary scientific study of the relationship between spatial patterns and ecological Landscape processes on a variety of landscape scales Ecology Landscape Ecology combines elements of ecology, geography, and spatial analysis to investigate the interactions between natural and human-made features in the landscape and their impact on the environment. 14 Key Concepts Significance Landscape Heterogeneity Biodiversity Conservation Scale Ecosystem Services Landscape Metrics Land Use Planning Patch Dynamics Climate Change Mitigation & Adaptation Connectivity Human-Wildlife Conflict Mitigation 15 Landscape Ecology: Malaysian Perspective Biodiversity Hotspot: Understanding and conserving this biodiversity, especially in the face of habitat fragmentation due to urbanization and agriculture. Palm Oil Industry: Analyse the impacts of palm oil plantations on natural ecosystems, aiding in sustainable land use planning and biodiversity conservation. Rainforests and Conservation: Conserve and manage these precious ecosystems by studying their spatial patterns and ecological processes. Urbanization: Understanding the urban landscape's impact - urban heat islands, green spaces, and water management, is essential for sustainable city planning. Water Resources: To manage watersheds, study water quality, and address issues like urban and industrial pollution affecting rivers and lakes. Community Engagement: To understand and ensure that conservation efforts respect local knowledge and customs. Climate Change Mitigation: To design strategies for carbon sequestration and adaptation. 16 Case Study: New Tioman International Airport The plan was rejected in 2009 due to the magnitude of the environmental impacts it would cause. The construction process will reclaim 64 hectares within the Tioman Marine Park and destroy coral reefs, seagrass beds, and mangroves. Construction will also destroy lowland forests, including the quarrying rock from an area of 32 hectares. The increased number of tourists would also place a huge strain on the already limited natural resources of the island. 17 Landscape Resilience Landscape resilience focuses on the capacity of landscapes to withstand and adapt to disturbances while maintaining their ecological functions and the well-being of associated communities. It represents a holistic approach to understanding and managing landscapes in the face of environmental changes, anthropogenic impacts, and natural disasters. 18 Significance of Landscape Resilience Climate Change Adaptation: Provides refuge for species and buffers the effects of extreme weather events like floods, droughts, and heatwaves. Biodiversity Conservation: Aids in the protection of endangered species and the restoration of degraded ecosystems. Ecosystem Services: Effective in providing ecosystem services such as clean water, pollination, and carbon storage. Disaster Risk Reduction: Reducing the risks associated with natural disasters like landslides, wildfires, and hurricanes. Sustainable Land Use Planning: Landscape resilience is a valuable framework for sustainable land use planning, ensuring that human activities are compatible with ecological goals. Community Well-being: Providing spaces for recreation, cultural practices, and a connection to nature - promotes a sense of place and enhances the quality of life. 19 Case Study: Landscape Resilience in Malaysian Palm Oil Plantations Malaysia is one of the world's largest producers of palm oil, a critical economic driver for the country. However, the palm oil industry has faced criticism due to its environmental impact, including deforestation, biodiversity loss, and carbon emissions. Landscape Ecology Approach: Sustainable Land Management - maintaining riparian zones, preserving buffer areas, and leaving corridors of natural vegetation within the plantations Biodiversity Conservation Resilient Agriculture Practices - intercropping palm oil with native tree species can enhance biodiversity and ecosystem services while providing additional income for farmers. Landscape resilience initiatives have engaged local communities, including smallholders, in the sustainable management of palm oil plantations. 20 Landscape Resilience in an Urban Setting Key Principles and Approaches: Green Infrastructure: The concept of green infrastructure involves integrating natural elements like parks, urban forests, wetlands, and green roofs into the urban environment. Flood Mitigation: Green spaces can absorb excess rainfall, reducing the risk of flooding during heavy storms. They act as natural sponges, helping to manage stormwater runoff. Cooling Effects: Urban heat islands, areas with elevated temperatures in cities, can be mitigated by increasing green spaces. Trees and vegetation provide shade and cool the environment. Biodiversity Conservation: Green infrastructure in urban areas supports biodiversity by creating habitats for various species, including birds and pollinators. Smart Urban Planning Mixed Land Uses: Encouraging mixed land uses in urban areas promotes walkability, reduces dependence on cars, and minimizes the carbon footprint. Compact and Efficient Design: Compact urban design reduces urban sprawl, conserves green areas, and promotes efficient land use. Community Engagement Disaster Preparedness: It includes developing evacuation plans, strengthening infrastructure, and ensuring critical facilities are resilient to shocks. 21 Case Study: Singapore - A Model of Landscape Resilience Singapore is often cited as a model for landscape resilience in an urban setting. Green Spaces Everywhere: Rooftop gardens, vertical greenery, and a network of parks and reserves contribute to enhanced landscape resilience. Water Management: Singapore is known for its innovative water management – which reduces the risk of flooding and water scarcity. Singapore's "Community in Bloom" program encourages community gardening, fostering a sense of ownership and pride among residents. Sustainable Transportation: The city-state promotes the use of public transport, walking, and cycling - reduces traffic congestion and air pollution 22 Discussion 23 24 25 Slide Title 26 Slide Title Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit consectetur adipiscing elit Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit consectetur adipiscing elit Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit consectetur adipiscing elit 27  Slide Title Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit 29  Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet ipsum Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet ipsum 30 Slide Title Lorem ipsum dolor sit Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur amet, consectetur adipiscing elit adipiscing elit Lorem ipsum dolor sit Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur amet, consectetur adipiscing elit adipiscing elit 31 Slide Title Chart Title Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, 6 consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor 5 incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. 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