11 Class Society, Law and Ethics PDF

UNIT 3 : Society, Law and Ethics Digital Footprints Digital footprints are a set of footprints (trackable information or activity) left behind while using any digital device such as smartphone, desktop or laptop computers, or performing activi...

UNIT 3 : Society, Law and Ethics Digital Footprints Digital footprints are a set of footprints (trackable information or activity) left behind while using any digital device such as smartphone, desktop or laptop computers, or performing activities such as browsing the internet, posting on social media, playing a game, editing a file etc. In other words, it can be considered as the data trail – intentional and unintentional - that is left behind while surfing the web. Digital footprints are the information that others can see or collect about you. Event Footprints(information) Visiting a website IP address, cookies, browsing history, interests Social media post Location, Username, personal Photos Sending email IP address, Email address Online shopping IP address, User behavior, Payment information How are digital footprints created ? Digital footprint are of two types 1. Active Digital Footprint An active digital footprint is intentionally/deliberately shared by the user, either by using social media sites, emails or by using websites. When is an active digital footprint created? Posting on social media: Sharing updates, photos, videos, and comments on platforms like Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, etc. e-commerce: Providing personal and payment information when shopping online. 149 2. Passive Digital Footprint Information that is unintentionally shared by the user creates a Passive Digital Footprint. When are Passive digital footprint created? Cookies and browsing history: Websites use cookies to track browsing behavior, preferences, and interactions on their site. IP address tracking: Websites can log your IP address, which can reveal approximate location and the internet service provider. How to minimize passive digital footprint? We can adjust privacy settings, clear cookies and browsing history regularly, and use tools that block online tracking. Digital Society and Netizen Anyone who uses digital technology along with the Internet is a digital citizen or netizen. A responsible netizen must follow 1. Net etiquettes 2. Communication etiquettes 3. Social media etiquettes Net etiquettes Etiquettes : set of rules that govern appropriate and respectful conduct. Netiquette, (Internet etiquette) refers to the set of guidelines and rules for polite, respectful, and responsible behavior while using digital communication platforms for communicating online. We should follow certain etiquettes during our social interactions. 150  Be Ethical o ethical : morally correct o No copyright violation: we should not use copyrighted materials without the permission of the creator or owner. o Share the expertise: it is good to share information and knowledge on the Internet so that others can access it. Be Respectful o Respect privacy ▪ In the physical world : Privacy is the state of being alone, or freedom from disturbance/intrusion. ▪ In the Digital world also everyone has the right to privacy and the freedom of personal expression. o Respect diversity: In a group or public forum, we should respect the diversity of the people in terms of knowledge, experience, culture and other aspects. Be Responsible o Avoid cyber bullying ▪ bully : to use your strength or power to hurt or frighten somebody who is weaker o In Cyber world ▪ Cyberbullying is bullying (to harass, threaten, embarrass) with the use of digital devices like cell phones, computers, and tablets. Don’t get involved in trolling. An internet troll is a person who posts inflammatory or off topic messages in an online community, just for amusement or seeking attention. The best way to discourage trolls is not to pay any attention to their comments Digital Communication Etiquettes (Rules for good Digital Communication) In Physical world o communication : the act of sharing or exchanging information, ideas or feelings In Digital world o Digital Communication : Digital communication includes email, texting, instant messaging, talking on the cell phone, audio or video conferencing, posting on forums, social networking sites, etc. Be Precise o We should be clear and accurate while communicating online. We should compress very large attachments before sending. Be Polite o Polite : showing respect for others o We should be polite and non-aggressive in our communication 151  Be Credible िसनीय) o Credible : that can be believed (विश्‍ o We should be cautious while making a comment, replying or writing an email or forum post as such acts decide our credibility over a period of time. Social Media Etiquettes Social media is a collective term for websites and applications that facilitates the sharing of ideas, thoughts, and information Example : Facebook, Twitter, Instagram Be Secure o Choose password wisely o Know who you befriend o Choose Friends Wisely Beware of fake information o we should be able to figure out whether a news, message or post is genuine or fake by checking Facts (PIB Fact Check) Be Reliable o Think before uploading Data Protection Data or information protection means safeguarding and preserving the privacy of data stored digitally. Data that cause substantial harm, embarrassment, inconvenience and unfairness to an individual, if breached or compromised is called sensitive information. For example, financial information, personal information etc. The main goal of data protection is to ensure that individuals' personal information is processed and handled in a secure and lawful manner, protecting their rights and privacy.. Intellectual Property Right (IPR) Protection of unique name, slogans, logo that Protection of Intellectual property (IP) refers to the ownership of an makes a brand inventions distinct from other Validity for 20 Valid for 10 years, years starting from the day of patent idea or design by the person who came up with it. Trademar k Patent Intellectual property (IP) refers to innovation such as inventions; literary and artistic works; designs; and ® Copyrig symbols, names and logos. Trade ht secret Intellectual Property is legally protected through trade secret is a valuable and © Protection of original creative copyrights, patents, trademarks, etc confidential piece of information that a company keeps as a Valid for life time of author +60 year of his/her death secret to gain an advantage over its 152 Copyrights Copyright grants legal rights to creators for literary, dramatic, musical, artistic works, photograph, audio recordings, video recording, computer software’s. The rights include right to copy (reproduce) a work, right to distribute copies of the work to the public, and right to publicly display or perform the work. Patent A patent is usually granted for inventions. When a patent is granted, the owner gets an exclusive right to prevent others from using, selling, or distributing the protected invention. Patent gives full control to the patentee to decide whether or how the invention can be used by others. Example : Pen with scanner (with a machine as small as a pen, we can transfer text from paper directly into a computer) Trademark 1. Trademark is a visual symbol, name, design, slogan, label, etc., that distinguishes the brand or commercial enterprise from other brands or commercial enterprises. 2. Example trademark of Gmail, Macdonald etc Violation of IPR When we use some other intellectual property (idea,image,logo,trademark) without taking consent or permission from the owner. IPR violation may occur in following ways: Plagiarism Presenting someone else’s idea or work as one’s own idea or work is called plagiarism. If we copy some contents from the Internet, but do not mention the source or the original creator, then it is considered as an act of plagiarism. 153 Copyright Infringement Infringement = उल्लंघन Copyright infringement is when we use another person’s work without obtaining their permission to use or we have not paid for it, if it is being sold. Trademark Infringement Trademark Infringement means unauthorized use of another's trademark on products and services. Free and Open Source Software (FOSS) and Licensing : Free and Open Source Software (FOSS) Free and Open Source Software (FOSS) is a type of software which is free and the source code is publicly available so that anyone can use it, study it, and even change or improve it. The goal is to encourage collaboration among users and developers to make the software better together. Examples of FOSS include Ubuntu operating system, Python programming language, Libreoffice, Openoffice, and Mozilla Firefox web browser. Freeware Sometimes, software is freely available for use but source code may not be available. Such software is called freeware. Examples of freeware are Skype, Adobe Reader, etc. Proprietary When the software to be used has to be purchased from the vendor who has the copyright of the software, then it is proprietary software. The source code is not publicly available. Only the company which has developed it, can modify it. These software’s are developed and tested by individuals or the organization by which it is owned, not by the public. Examples of proprietary software include Microsoft Windows, Quickheal, etc. License License : An official document that gives you permission to own, do, or use something. A public license or public copyright licenses is a license by which a copyright holder as licensor can grant additional permissions to others to use and even modify the content. The GNU General public license (GPL) and the Creative Commons (CC) are two popular categories of public licenses. 154  Creative Commons (CC) CC is used for all kinds of creative works like websites, music, film, literature, etc. CC enables the free distribution of an otherwise copyrighted work. It is used when an author wants to give people the right to share, use and build upon a work that they have created. GNU General public license (GPL) The GNU General Public License (GNU GPL or simply GPL) is primarily designed for providing a public license to a software. It guarantees end users the freedom to run, study, share, and modify the software. Apache The Apache License is a type of free software license created by the Apache Software Foundation. It is very flexible and permissive, which means people can use the software in any way they want, share it with others, and even make changes to it. No need to worry about paying any fees or royalties for using or sharing the software. It gives a lot of freedom to users and encourages collaboration and sharing within the software community. Cyber Crime: Any criminal, illegal or harmful activity conducted using computers, the internet, or other digital device is referred to as Cyber Crime. These activities are committed by individuals or groups to steal or harm someone else's data, privacy, or online safety. Here are some examples of cybercrimes: Cyber bullying, online scams, hacking, stalking, ransomware attack, phishing etc. Hacking: Hacking is unauthorized access to a computer or a network with the intention of committing a crime. It can also be explained as the act of accessing computer systems, networks, or digital devices in a skilful and creative manner to explore and find some security loopholes in order to gain access to confidential information. The process of gaining unauthorized access to a computer system, group of systems or an organization’s data is known as hacking. The person engaged in these activities is generally known as a Hacker. Eavesdropping: Eavesdropping is to intercept and listen to private electronic communications, such as emails, instant messages, or phone calls, without the consent of the parties involved. It can be done via hacking or surveillance techniques to access the conversations. The main purpose of eavesdropping is to steal data. 155 Phishing: Phishing is a cybercrime where criminals attempt to deceive Individuals into revealing sensitive information like passwords or credit card details by posing as trustworthy entities through fake emails, websites, or messages. For example an email of winning a lottery and asking you to fill your bank details. Fraud Emails: Fraudulent emails are cybercrimes where bad people send fake mails that try to trick people to get personal information, passwords, or money. These dishonest emails may pretend to be from a popular website, but it's essential to be cautious and never share sensitive details with unknown senders. Ransomware: Ransomware is a cybercrime where bad people create harmful software that locks or encrypts important files on a computer. They then demand ransom from the computer's owner to unlock the files and make them accessible again. It's essential to be careful while using computers and not click on suspicious links or download unknown files to avoid ransomware attacks. Cyber Trolls: Trolls are visitors who leave inflammatory comments in public comment sections. Whether they comment on blog posts or online news sites, they are looking to grab the attention of other visitors and disrupt discussion that would otherwise be about the page's content. Cyber Bullying: Cyber bullying is bullying with the use of digital technologies. It is to intimidate, harass, demean, defame or humiliate others repeatedly using digital platforms such as the internet, social media, phone, internet, instant messengers etc. It can cause emotional distress, anxiety, and damage self-esteem. Examples include: posting embarrassing photos of someone on social media, sending hurtful messages. Cyber Safety: Cyber Safety refers to the practice of protecting oneself, one's information, and digital assets from potential internet threats or online threats. Cyber Security is to protect users from harmful online activities. The aim of cyber safety is to promote responsible and secure online behavior to ensure a safe experience for everyone. 156 Safely Browsing the Web: These days working on the web or the internet have become very common and inevitable. We must be aware of the threats while browsing the web. To safely browsing on the web we should know the following things: 1. What can be the possible dangers/threats? 2. How can we avoid these? Identity Protection while using the internet: We browse the internet these days for a variety of reasons via providing our personal information to sell or purchase goods on the internet, on social media platforms and so on. This information can be used in a fraudulent way. Fraud which involves another's identity to steal money or to gain other benefits is known as Identity Theft or Identity Fraud. It can be of Financial theft , criminal theft/ medical theft. Confidentiality of Information: Confidentiality of information refers to the protection and safeguarding of sensitive or private data from unauthorized access, disclosure, or use. The owner of the information or the data has to decide who can have the access or use the data and who can’t. To ensure confidentiality, organizations and individuals can implement various security measures, including: Access controls, Encryption, Physical security, Regular security audits. Malware Malware (malicious software) is any software/program that is designed to damage and destroy computers and computer systems. Computer Malware is like bad software that can cause problems for your computer or device. It comes in different forms, like viruses, trojans, and adware. Virus A computer virus is a malware (malicious computer code) that spreads from one device to another. They are like digital germs that infect and harm your computer by spreading from one file to another. After entering a computer, a virus attaches itself to another program (like a document) in such a way that execution of the host program triggers the action of the virus simultaneously. It can self-replicate, inserting itself onto other programs or files, infecting them in the process. Most viruses perform actions that are malicious in nature, such as damaging programs, deleting or destroying data. Viruses spread when the software or documents they get attached to are transferred from one computer to another using a network, file sharing methods, or through e-mail attachments. 157 Trojan horse : It is a file or program, or piece of code that appears to be legitimate and safe, but is actually malware. Trojan horse malware is generally designed to spy on victims or steal data. These programs perform some malicious activities like upload (send) some security files and information from the computer and at the same time download some unwanted files onto the computer. Adware Adware (or advertising software) is the term used for various pop-up advertisements that show up on your computer or mobile device. Adware has the potential to become malicious and harm your device by slowing it down, hijacking your browser and installing viruses E-waste management: proper disposal of used electronic gadgets. E-waste E-waste or Electronic waste includes electric or electronic gadgets and devices that are no longer in use. Hence, discarded computers, laptops, mobile phones, televisions, tablets, music systems, speakers, printers, scanners etc. constitute e-waste when they are near or end of their useful life. Globally, e-waste constitutes more than 5 percent of the municipal solid waste. Therefore, it is very important that e-waste is disposed of in such a manner that it causes minimum damage to the environment and society. When e-waste is carelessly thrown or dumped in dumping grounds, certain elements or metals used in production of electronic products cause air, water and soil pollution. This is because when these products come in contact with air and moisture, they tend to leach. As a result, the harmful chemicals seep into the soil, causing soil pollution. Further, when these chemicals reach and contaminate the natural ground water, it causes water pollution as the water becomes unfit for humans, animals and even for agricultural use. When dust particles loaded with heavy metals enter the atmosphere, it causes air pollution as well. Some of the feasible methods of e-waste management are reduce, reuse and recycle. 158 E-waste management cycle: Reduce: Reduc e We should try to reduce the generation of e-waste by purchasing the electronic or electrical devices only according to our need. Also, they should be used to their maximum capacity and Recycl discarded only after their useful life has ended. Good e Reuse maintenance of electronics devices also increases the life of the devices. Reuse: It is the process of re-using the electronic or electric waste after slight modification. The electronic equipment that is still functioning should be donated or sold to someone who is still willing to use it. The process of re-selling old electronic goods at lower prices is called refurbishing. Recycle: Recycling is the process of conversion of electronic devices into something that can be used again and again in some or the other manner. Only those products should be recycled that cannot be repaired, refurbished or re-used. To promote recycling of e-waste many companies and NGOs are providing door-to-door pick up facilities for collecting the e-waste from homes and offices. Information Technology Act The Information Technology Act (IT Act) is an Indian law that was enacted in the year 2000 to provide legal recognition to electronic transactions and to address issues related to electronic commerce, data protection, and cybercrimes. The IT Act aims to facilitate electronic communication and transactions while ensuring the security and confidentiality of electronic information. Example: Suppose you want to buy a smartphone online from an e-commerce website. The transaction involves entering your personal and financial details on the website, such as your name, address, credit card number, and CVV (Card Verification Value). Key Points 1. Legal Recognition of Electronic Transactions: The IT Act gives legal validity to electronic records, including online transactions. So, when you make a purchase online and receive an electronic receipt, it is legally recognized and can be used as evidence in case of any disputes. 2. Electronic Signatures: The IT Act recognizes electronic signatures as equivalent to physical signatures, making contracts and agreements signed electronically 159  legally binding. When you electronically sign the purchase agreement on the website, it holds the same legal weight as a physical signature. 3. Data Protection and Privacy: The IT Act includes provisions for data protection and privacy. The e-commerce website is obligated to take necessary measures to protect your personal and financial information from unauthorized access or misuse. They must have a privacy policy in place, and any data collection and processing must be done with your consent. 4. Cybercrime Provisions: The IT Act addresses cyber crimes such as hacking, unauthorized access, and data theft. If someone tries to steal your credit card information during the online transaction, the IT Act provides a legal framework to prosecute the offender. Technology and society: Gender and disability issues while teaching and using computers Gender Issues Preconceived notions o Notions like boys are better at technical things, girls are good at humanities etc Interest development from primitive years o During primitive years children often played games on the computers and smartphones. Most of the games are boys centric that increase the interest of boys in computers. Disability Issues Unavailability of teaching material / aids True or False type questions Q. Digital footprints are only created by social media activity, such as posting photos and comments. Answer: False. Q. If you delete your information from the internet then your digital footprint is also deleted. Answer: False. Deleted information is difficult to trace but it may be accessible through backups or cached versions. Q. Plagiarism is considered a violation of intellectual property rights, even if the copied material is not used for commercial purposes. Answer: True. 160 Q. The Creative Commons license allows creators to retain their copyright while permitting others to use their work under certain conditions. Answer: True. Q. Viruses can spread through email attachments and infect computers when the attachment is opened. Answer: True. Q. Trojans are self-replicating programs that can spread across a network without user intervention. Answer: False. Q. Phishing is a form of cybercrime where attackers attempt to deceive individuals into disclosing sensitive information through fraudulent emails or websites. Answer: True. Q. Ransomware is a type of malicious software that locks users out of their systems or encrypts their files until a ransom is paid. Answer:True. Multiple Choice questions: Q. What is a digital footprint? A. The mark left on the floor by a digital device B. A trail of personal information and online activities C. A type of digital currency used for online transactions D. A digital signature used for secure authentication Answer: B Q. Why is it essential to manage your digital footprint? A. To avoid being tracked by internet service providers B. To increase internet speeds and reduce latency C. To prevent cyber-attacks and data breaches D. To conserve digital resources and reduce energy consumption Answer: C Q. Which of the following is an example of a passive digital footprint? A. Posting a status update on social media B. Sending an email to a friend C. Deleting browser history and cookies D. Websites tracking your online activities using cookies Answer: D 161 Q. Which of the following is an example of an active digital footprint? A. Websites collecting data about your browsing habits B. An online forum post that includes personal information C. Tracking cookies left on your computer by websites D. Using private browsing mode to browse the internet Answer: B Q. What does "net etiquette" refer to? A. The rules and conventions for using the internet respectfully and responsibly. B. The study of networking technologies and protocols. C. A type of online gaming community. D. A web design technique for creating interactive websites. Answer: A Q. What is the appropriate action to take when you receive a suspicious link or message? A. Click on the link to see where it leads. B. Report it to the platform or email provider as spam. C. Share the link with friends to get their opinion. D. Respond to the message and inquire about its source. Answer: B Q. What should you do if you come across offensive content or cyberbullying online? A. Engage in the conversation to confront the offenders. B. Ignore it and move on to avoid getting involved. C. Report the content to the website or platform administrators. D. Retaliate with offensive content to defend yourself or others. Answer: C Q. How should you handle disagreements in digital communication? A. Respond with offensive remarks to prove your point. B. Engage in a public argument to gain more attention. C. Stay calm and express your viewpoint respectfully. D. Share the disagreement with others to create awareness. Answer: C Q. Which of the following refers to the legal protection of original creations, such as artistic works and literary pieces? A. Data Encryption 162  B. Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) C. Data Privacy D. Data Breach Answer: B Q. What type of intellectual property right grants exclusive rights to inventors for their inventions? A. Copyright B. Trademark C. Patent D. Creative Commons Answer: C Q. Open-source software is distributed with a license that allows users to: A. Use the software without any restrictions. B. Modify and distribute the software freely. C. Sell the software for a profit without attribution. D. Use the software for personal use only. Answer: B Q. Which form of intellectual property right protects logos, brand names, and distinctive signs used in commerce? A. Copyright B. Patent C. Trade Secret D. Trademark Answer: D Q. Plagiarism is the act of: A. Copying and using someone else's work without proper attribution. B. Using open-source software without a valid license. C. Distributing copyrighted material for free online. D. Creating derivative works based on public domain content. Answer: A Q. What is malware? A. Software designed to protect computer systems from threats. 163  B. A type of software that enhances computer performance. C. Malicious software designed to harm computer systems and data. D. Software that helps in data recovery after a system crash. Answer: C Q. Which type of malware disguises itself as legitimate software to trick users into installing it? A. Virus B. Trojan C. Adware D. Spyware Answer: B Q. What does hacking involve? A. Legally accessing computer systems B. Unauthorized access to computer systems C. Protecting computer networks D. Improving software efficiency Answer: B Q. Eavesdropping is the act of: A. Intercepting and listening to private communications B. Sending fraudulent emails C. Installing firewalls on computers D. Monitoring social media posts Answer: A Q. Ransomware is malicious software that: A. Protects computer systems from cyber trolls B. Encrypts files and demands payment for decryption C. Monitors private communications D. Enhances internet browsing speed Answer: B Q. Cyber bullying involves: A. Legitimate criticism on the internet B. Sending fraudulent emails to individuals C. Harassing, intimidating, or threatening others online D. Collaborative online projects Answer: C Q. What's the best way to protect against cybercrime? 164  A. Sharing sensitive information online B. Using weak passwords C. Regularly updating security software D. Ignoring software updates Answer: C Very short answer type Q. What is a digital footprint? Answer: A digital footprint is the trail of data and information left by an individual's online activities. Q. How is a digital footprint created? Answer: Digital footprints are created through online interactions, such as social media posts, website visits, and online purchases. Q. What are Intellectual Property Rights (IPR)? Answer: IPR refers to legal rights that protect creations of the mind, such as inventions, artistic works, and brand names. Q. What is the purpose of Creative Commons licenses? Answer: Creative Commons licenses provide creators with a way to share their work under specific terms and conditions. Q. What is malware? Answer: Malware is malicious software designed to harm computer systems or steal data. Q. How does a Trojan operate? Answer: A Trojan disguises itself as legitimate software to trick users into installing it and then performs malicious actions. Q. How can users protect themselves from malware? Answer: Users can install reputable antivirus software, keep systems and applications up to date, and avoid downloading files from unknown sources. Q. What is the Information Technology Act (IT Act)? Answer: The Information Technology Act is a legal framework that addresses electronic transactions, cybersecurity, and digital data protection. Q. What are some objectives of the IT Act? 165 Answer: The objectives of the IT Act include providing legal recognition for electronic transactions, facilitating e-governance, and preventing cyber crimes. Q. How can technology help address gender disparities in education? Answer: Technology can provide equal learning opportunities for all genders and promote access to education and professional opportunities. Short answer type question Q. How does an individual's digital footprint impact their online privacy and personal brand? Provide an example to support your answer. Answer: An individual's digital footprint can expose personal information and influence how they are perceived online. For instance, sharing inappropriate content on social media may harm their reputation and affect future opportunities. Q. Explain how digital footprints are created and expanded through online interactions. Answer: Digital footprints are formed by an individual's online activities, such as social media posts, website visits, online purchases, and interactions with others. Each online engagement adds to the footprint, shaping their online identity. Q. How can individuals and organizations ensure they are not violating intellectual property rights while using copyrighted materials for educational or commercial purposes? Answer: Individuals and organizations should seek proper licensing, obtain permission from the copyright owner, or use materials that are explicitly labeled for reuse under Creative Commons licenses. Q. Discuss the importance of open-source software in fostering innovation and collaboration within the technology community. Answer: Open-source software encourages sharing and collaboration, leading to faster development, higher quality, and a more extensive range of software solutions accessible to everyone. Q. How can users differentiate between a legitimate software application and a potentially harmful trojan or malware? Answer: Users should only download software from reputable sources, check reviews, and verify the publisher's authenticity to avoid installing trojans or malware. 166  Case Study based question: Case Study1 : Shreya is a high school student who is an active user of social media platforms. She frequently posts photos, videos, and personal information online. One day, she notices that some of her private photos have been shared without her permission. Sarah becomes concerned about her digital footprint and its potential consequences. Q1. What is a digital footprint, and how is Shreya’s online activity contributing to it? Q2. Identify the potential risks and consequences Shreya may face due to her unmanaged digital footprint. Q3. As a friend of Shreya, what advice would you give her to better manage and protect her digital footprint to prevent future incidents? Answers A1. A digital footprint is the collection of data left behind by an individual's online activities. Shreya’s frequent social media posts, photos, and videos contribute to her digital footprint. A2. Shreya may face privacy breaches, cyberbullying, or negative reputational impact due to her unmanaged digital footprint. A3. Shreya should review her privacy settings, limit sharing of personal information, and regularly audit her online content to manage her digital footprint effectively Case Study 2: A software developer named Ravi created a new mobile application and shared it with colleagues and friends. However, Ravi later discovered that someone had copied the entire code of the application and released it as their own. Ravi is unsure of what legal actions to take to protect their intellectual property rights. Q1. Describe the different types of intellectual property rights, including copyrights, patents, and trademarks, and their significance for Ravi's mobile application. Q2. Explain the concept of plagiarism and copyright infringement in the context of the copied mobile application. Q3. What are the possible legal measures Ravi can take to address the violation of their intellectual property rights and seek appropriate recourse? Answers: 167 A1. Copyrights protect the code and creative aspects of Ravi's mobile application, while patents safeguard its novel functionality. Trademarks protect the app's branding. A2. Plagiarism occurs when someone copies another's work without permission, and copyright infringement happens when copyrighted material is used without authorization. A3. Ravi can take legal action against the infringer to protect the intellectual property rights. 168