Biology 1001 Exam 1 Question Bank PDF

Biology 1001 Test bank for Exam 1 Multiple choice: _a__ A Student’s t-test is a means’ test. A. true, B. false. _a__ A standard normal curve respresents a family of curves described by parametric statistics and is studied using integral calculus. A. true, B. false. _a__ A paradigm was once...

Biology 1001 Test bank for Exam 1 Multiple choice: _a__ A Student’s t-test is a means’ test. A. true, B. false. _a__ A standard normal curve respresents a family of curves described by parametric statistics and is studied using integral calculus. A. true, B. false. _a__ A paradigm was once a paradox. A. true, B. false. _b__ A random sample usually don’t provides bias results. A. true, B. false. _b__ Sample size is the not most important aspect to any experiment. A. true, B. false. _b__ A Chi-Square test is an example of a ___ test, where the each datum is squared to generate a normally distributed data set. A. parametric, B. nonparametric, C. random, D. regression, D. none of the above. _c__ ANOVA tests are used to compare the ___ of two populations: A. means, B. modes, C. variances, D. errors, E. none of the above. _a__ Regression tests permit the measurement of the correlation of two data sets. A. true, B. false. _a__ The ‘standard error of the mean’ is usually decreased by enlarging the sample size. A. true, B. false. _a__ A mean is an average usually appended by statement of variance. A. true, B. false. _a__ The most common statement of variance is the standard deviation of the mean. A. true, B. false. _b___ The outcomes of both Biosphere I and Biosphere II were successful. A. true, B. false. _a__ The Gaia Hypothesis was authored by James Lovelock. A. True, B. False. _b__ A hypothesis must only be testable. A. true, B. false. _a__ The chain of custody is an essential part of any evidence. A. true, B. false. _a___ The placebo effect is the bane of most controlled drug experiment in humans. A. true, B. false. _e__ The typical level of statistical confidence is a percent. In field experiments, 70% is considered good; however, in laboratory experiments the level is generally set at ___ %. A. 70, B. 95. C. 99, D. 100, E. either B or C. Matching: _e__ Parsimony A. logic regarding viewing wholes within wholes _c__ Peer-review B. a complex problem usually stated as a question _b__ Conundrum C. process of refereeing papers for publication _a__ Holism D. reasoning from a part to a whole _d__ Deductive E. using Occam’s Razor and selecting the most obvious response Multiple choice (choose the very best response): _a__ A secondary structure of a polypeptide resembling a spiral is a: A. helix, B. pleated sheath, C. codon, D. monomer, E. globule _e__ Globular proteins have sites for attachment for specific molecules including: A. cofactors, B. inhibitors, C. vitamins, D. metals, E. all of the above _b__ Diamonds contain millions of _____-bonded carbon atoms. A. ionic, B. covalent, C. hydrogen, D. all of the above, E. none of the above _b__ Atomic hypothesis with electrons as particulate matter is the: A. orbital model, B. planetary model, C. fluid mosaic model, D. normal model, E. plate tectonic model _a__ Atomic hypothesis with electrons as energetic fields is the: A. orbital model, B. planetary model, C. fluid mosaic model, D. normal model, E. plate tectonic model _d__ Fibrous proteins which are contractile include: A. actin, B. myosin, C. gammaglobulins, D. A and B, E. none of the above  _a__ The pulse is an example of a: A. vital sign, B. temperature monitor, C. blood pressure monitor, D. all of the above, E. none of the above _d__ Acronym for the major elements of life is: A. C HOPKINS CAFE, B. JOES CAFE, C. CARBON DIOXIDE, D. C HOPKINS CAFÉ MG NACL, E. none of the above _b__ The study of change in populations is: A. ecology, B. evolution, C. physiology, D. natural history, E. chemistry _c__ An expression in physics that relates to the use of energy and measured in ergs is: A. space, B. time, C. work and force, D. all of the above, E. none of the above _d__ Three base unit of DNA that codes for an amino acid in a polypeptide is: A. cistron, B. codon, C. anticodon, D. triplet, E. trypsin _d__ The negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration is the: A. pH, B. exponent, C. measurement of alkalinity, D. all of the above, E. none of the above _a__ This theory collects bacterial cells into nucleated cell functional units. A. endosymbiosis, B. Gaia, C. fluid mosaic model, D. evolution, E. none of the above _b__ One of two atoms with differing numbers of neutrons is: A. an element, B. an isotope, C. an electrolyte, D. a model, E. none of the above __c_ One of two atoms with differing numbers of electrons is: A. an element, B. an isotope, C. an electrolyte, D. a model, E. none of the above _a__ One of two atoms with differing numbers of protons is: A. an element, B. an isotope, C. an electrolyte, D. a model, E. none of the above Matching: _d__ Fail to reject A. the product of serial testing through the scientific method _a__ Theory B. using the practical approach and usually linear logic _e__ Hypothesis C. using scientific procedures to serve a bias _b__ Pragmatism D. literally ‘accepting’ a hypothesis in statistical jargon _c__ Pseudoscience E. an ‘educated guess’ to be tested in a scientific experiment Multiple choice: __a_ Cellular membranes are dynamic biphospholipoidal sandwiches according to: A. fluid mosaic model, B. Gaia, C. temperature stability, D. covalent bonding, E. ionic bonding. __c_ The nucleotide most used for energy in our cells is: A. DNA, B. RNA, C. ATP, D. AUG, E. ERG _e__ The molecule Bisphenol A (BPA) is known as a plastic hardener, but its biological significance is: A. as an endocrine disruptor, B. as a mimic of estrogen, C. a potential to damage the normal sexual development of humans, D. a cause for obesity, E. all of the above. __e__ Phytoestrogens are growth hormones in plants; however their impact on humans includes: A. endocrine disruption, B. mimicking human estrogen, C. potentially damaging the normal sexual development, D. causing obesity, E. all of the above. _a__ Biocides, e.g., 2-4D, are endocrine disruptors. A. true, B. false. _b__ A secondary structure of a polypeptide resembling an accordion is: A. helix, B. pleated sheath, C. codon, D. monomer, E. globule _c__ Large fibrous, rope-like proteins in connective tissue matrices are: A. reticulin, B. keratin, C. collagen, D. fibrin, E. elastin _c__ An idea or answer to a proposed scientific question is an: A. result, B. theory, C. hypothesis, D. fact, E. all of the above __d_ An example of a quaternary protein and a cytochrome is: A. hemoglobin, B. hemacyanin, C. chlorophyll, D. all of the above, E. none of the above _d__ An example of a secondary protein is: A. alpha helix, B. heme, C. pleated sheath, D. A and C, E. A and B _c__ Nucleotide complex used as a second messenger molecule is: A. ATP, B. ADP, C. cAMP, D. calcium, E. ribose _d__ Standard normal curve or the expected behavior pattern is a: A. sine wave, B. hyperbole, C. straight line, D. parabola, E. circle _e__ A population: A. is made of organisms, B. includes all the members of a single species, C. is part of a community, D. suffers disease increase in respect to its size, E. all of the above _e__ Which is not a major characteristic of water? A. most dense as liquid, B. reacts, C. universal solvent, D. occurs in all physical states on Earth, E. major ingredient in atmosphere on Venus __b_ Which is not a major characteristic of a hypothesis? A. falsifiable, B. truth, C. testible, D. all of the above, E. none of the above _c__ The simplest living thing is: A. a molecule, B. an atom, C. a cell, D. a virus, E. an ant colony _e__ Examples of refereed journals include: A. Science, B. Nature, C. Ecology, D. Evolution, E. all of the above _d__ The reaction of life includes: A. cell respiration, B. photosynthesis, C. glucose metabolism, D. all of the above, E. none of the above _d__ Starches include: A. cellulose, B. amylose, C. glycogen, D. all of the above, E. none of the above _c__ In degrees Celsius, water freezes at: A. 320, B. 1000, C. 00, D. all of the above, E. none of the above Matching: _b__ monovalent cation A. largest of particles in atomic nucleus __e_ divalent anion B. sodium _d__ protons C. negatively charged atomic particles _a__ neutrons D. basis for the determination of atomic number _c__ electrons E. oxygen Multiple choice: __b_ Positively charged subatomic particles are: A. electrons, B. protons, C. neutrons, D. photons, E. megatons __c_ The electron is seen as a particle of matter in: A. elemental model, B. orbital model, C. planetary model, D. fluid mosaic model, E. hospitality model _c__ An experimental group in a drug experiment receives the: A. placebo, B. normal saline, C. drug, D. all of the above, E. none of the above _d__ The 92th element is: A. hydrogen, B. lithium, C. gold, D. uranium, E. plutonium _a__ The scientific method mainly deals with hypothesis testing. A. true, B. false Matching: __d_ Type I error A. massive increase in plant production by gene selection _b__ Type II error B. accepting a false hypothesis _a__ Green Revolution C. a belief or commonly accepted idea __e_ paradox D. rejecting a true hypothesis _c__ paradigm E. an idea that is different from the prevailing idea Multiple choice: _e__ Lignin is the source of: A. gold, B. coal, C. water, D. oil, E. two of the above _b__ Author of the periodic table is: A. Carl Sagan, B. Mendeleev, C. Lynn Margulis, D. Theodosus Dobzhansky, E. Schleiden and Schwann __c_ Carbon atoms are most likely to be involved in: A. ionic bonding, B. hydrogen bonding, C. covalent bonding, D. all of the above, E. none of the above _d__ Evidence of the importance of the ecosystem level of organization includes: A. the impact of pollution, B. the impact of overpopulation, C. the change in climate, D. A and C, E. none of the above Matching: _c__ elemental A. changes with an alteration in number of electrons _b__ isotopic B. changes with an alteration in number of neutrons _a__ ionic C. changes with an alteration in number of protons _e__ covalent D. weak but numerous bonds in water _d__ hydrogen E. electron sharing bonding Multiple choice: _e__ Acids: A. release hydrogen ions, B. release hydroxyl ions, C. have a pH less than 7, D. have a pH greater than 7, E. both A and C _a__ Water reactions in which molecules are combined are: A. dehydration synthesis, B. hydrolysis, C. digestive, D. only occur in living things, E. only occur outside of cells _b__ Polar molecules have regions that are expressively positive or negative and are able to attach to other polar molecules by: A. ionic bonding, B. hydrogen bonding, C. covalent bonding, D. all of the above, E. none of the above __b_ The power of statistical inference lies in its ability to ___ hypotheses. A. accept, B. reject _d__ Which of the following is a peer-reviewed product? A. newspaper, B. internet publication, C. most books, D. scientific journals, E. magazines _a__ Research is the process by which a conundrum with a paradigmatic answer is challenged by a ___. A. paradoxical answer, B. theory, C. law, D. fact, E. working hypothesis _a__ Scientists accept hypotheses by: A. failing to reject them, B. avoiding Type II errors, C. believing them, D. studying only true hypotheses, E. committing Type I errors _d__ The biosphere is: A. all of the ecosystems of the planet, B. described by the Gaia hypothesis, C. evaluated by biogeochemical cycles, D. all of the above, E. none of the above __d_ A community: A. is made up of populations, B. is evaluated by studying its biodiversity, C. is part of an ecosystem, D. all of the above, E. none of the above __a_ The elements (CHONS) are considered the main incredients in : A. nucleic acids, B. carbohydrates, C. proteins, D. lipids, E. none of the above. _e__ Molecules that are famous for their sensitivity to light include : A. sugars, B. carotenes, C. porphorins, D. nucleic acids, E. B and C. _a__ Electricity was discovered by Benjamin Franklin (in western culture). A. true, B. false. _b__ The 3rd electron shell can hold only 2 electrons. A. True, B. False _a__ Hypotheses must be falsifiable. A. True, B. False _a__ The incidence of a communicable disease: Aio. increases with increase in population size, B. increases with increase in community diversity, C. decreases with decrease in community diversity, D. all of the above, E. none of the above _a__ Skepticism is the most important character in a scientist. A. True, B. False _b__ There are many laws in biology. A. True, B. False _a__ The number one killer of adult humans is tuberculosis. A. True, B. False _b__ The type of bond formation explained using the orbital model of the atom is: A. ionic, B. covalent, C. hydrogen, D. all of the above, E. none of the above _a__ Bias and prejudice are the foes of scientific inquiry. A. True, B. False _c__ The formula for glucose is: A. C5H10O5, B. C3H6O3, C. C6H12O6, D. C7H14O7, E. C2H12O5 _a__ The bases in DNA are: A. ATCG, B. TACU, C. GABC, D. TAYZ, E. ABCD _e__ Cytochromes are: A. colorful, B. chlorophyll, C. hemoglobin, D. found in mitochondria, E. all of the above _a__ Electricity is a stream of electrons. A. true, B. false _b__ Proteins are polymers of: A. simple sugars, B. amino acids, C. nucleotides, D. all of the above, E. none of the above Matching: _c__ transport A. proteins in hair, keratin _b__ contractile B. proteins in muscle, actinomyosin _e__ immune C. proteins in blood, globins _d__ enzymatic D. proteins in gut, trypsin _a__ structural E. proteins in blood, gamma globulins Multiple choice: _a__ The central molecule of the reaction of life is phosphoglyceraldehyde. A. true, B. false _d___ The molecule methane can be illustrated as follows: A. CH4 , B. +, C. Λ, D. all of the above, E. none of the above. __c__ Tertiary protein structure is often accomplished by: A. folding, B. hydrogen bonding, C. sulfhyral bonding, D. ionic bonding, E. covalent bonding. _e__ Primary protein structure is often accomplished by: A. folding, B. hydrogen bonding, C. sulfhyral bonding, D. ionic bonding, E. covalent bonding. _d__ The colorful organic compounds are: A. proteins, B. carbohydrates, C. nucleic acids, D. lipids, E. all of the above _b__ Occam’s razor requires calculus to employ. A. true, B. false _a__ Most freshwater on the planet is frozen. A. true, B. false. Matching: _c__ red A. color of nucleic acids _d__ green B. color of hemacyanin and some carotenes __b_ blue C. color of hemoglobin and some carotenes __e_ black D. color of chlorophylls _a__ white E. color of the protein melanin Multiple choice: _e__ The major greenhouse gases are: A. CO2, B. CH4, C. H2O, D. C6H12O6, E. A & B. _b__ The group of all the different living things in an area is called the: A. population, B. community, C. society, D. ecosystem, E. none of the above _a__ Sociobiology is the evolutionary study of behavior. A. true, B. false _a__ The biosphere contains all living things of the Earth. A. true, B. false __e_The experimental design integrates: A. the use of placeboes, B. selection of experimental units, C. designation of controls, D. statistical analyses, E all of the above. _c__The fundamental working units of living things are: A. atoms, B. molecules, C. cells, D. tissues, E. organs. _a__ Of the 4 potential outcomes of an experiment, which is the worst case scenario: A. accepting a false hypothesis, B. rejecting a false hypothesis, C. rejecting a true hypothesis, D. accepting a true hypothesis, E. falsifying data. _e__ Among the key considerations in conducting a scientific experiment are: A. random sampling, B. sample size, C. adjusting data to fit a standard normal curve, D. identifying the correct experimental design, E. all of the above. _d__ Data must be transformed to fit the standard normal curve for experiments in order for which one of the following tests to be performed: A. student’s t-tests, B. ANOVA tests, C. regression analyses, D. Chi square tests, E. all of the above.  _d__ Statistics are: A. estimates of parameters, B. usually numbers, C. calculated from random sampling, D. all of the above, E. none of the above. _c__ In the general scheme of science, a theory: A. is greater than a law, B. is rejected in experiments hundreds of times, C. fails to be rejected in experiments hundreds of times, D. is less than a hypothesis, E. none of the above. _e__ Hypotheses must be: A. paradigmatic, B. falsifiable, C. plausible, D. testable, E. all of the above except response A. _b__ The acceptance of a false hypothesis is a(n): A. alpha error, B. type II error, C. type I error, D. all of the above, E. none of the above. _c__ Experimental designs typically employ placebos, which are: A. new drugs, B. experimental treatments, C. controls, D. test subjects, E. none of the above. _e__ The energy of electrons is stored in: A. ATP, B. pGAL, C. glucose, D. petroleum, E. all of the above. Matching water relative amount questions: _b__ bucket A. amount of potable water available on the planet _d__ bottle B. amount of total water and ice on the planet _e__ bottle cap C. amount of water required for the average American citizen _a__ drop D. amount of total freshwater on the planet _c__ period E. amount of liquid freshwater in rivers, lakes, aquifers, etc. Multiple choice: _e__Which of the following molecules is NOT grouped with the lipids? A. prostaglandins, B. steroids, C. cholesterol, D. carotenoids, E. polypeptides. _b__Which of the following statements concerning unsaturated fats is correct? A. They have no double bonds in the carbon chains of their fatty acids and generally liquid at room temperature, B. They have double bonds in the carbon chains of their fatty acids and are generally liquids at room temperature, C. They have fewer fatty acids per fat molecule than do saturated fats and tend to be solid at room temperature, D. They contain more hydrogen than do saturated fats having the same number of carbon atoms, E. They are more common in animal fats and all have single bonds between carbon atoms. Matching: _e__ Avoirdupois distances A. pound/ton _b__ Avoirdupois volumes B. pint/quart _a__ Avoirdupois weights C. gram _c__ metric weight D. Apothecary volume _d__ fluid ounce E. inch/yard Multiple choice: _e__ The overall reaction for the aerobic respiration of glucose is summarized as: A. C6H12O6 + 6 H2O → 6 CO2 + 12 H2 + Energy, B. C4H12O4 + 12 H2O + 6 CO2 → 6 O2 + ATP + Energy, C. C4H12O4 + 6 O2 + 6 H2O → 6 CO2 + ATP + Energy, D. C4H12O2 + 6 O2 + ATP →6 CO2 + 12 H2O + Energy, E. C6H12O6 + 6 O2 + → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + Energy. _b__ How many carbons are in octane? A. 4, B. 8, C. 10, D. 18, E. none of the above. _d__ How many hydrogens are in octane? A. 4, B. 8, C. 10, D. 18, E. none of the above. _a__ The alcohol reaction group is: A. OH, B. COOH, C. SH, D. NH2, E. OH.NO _b___ The organic acid reaction group is: A. OH, B. COOH, C. SH, D. NH2, E. OH.NO. _a__ Freshwater is 3% of the total water on Earth. A. true, B. false _b___ Secondary protein structure is often accomplished by: A. folding, B. hydrogen bonding, C. sulfhyral bonding, D. ionic bonding, E. covalent bonding.  Matching (authors of great books): _e__ Richard Dawkins A. author of The lives of a cell _c__ Jared Diamond B. author of Acquired genomes _b__ Lynn Margulis C. author of Collapse _d__ Carl Sagan D. author of The demon-haunted world _a__ Lewis Thomas E. author of The greatest show on Earth Multiple choice: _a__ This theory collects bacterial cells into nucleated cell functional units. A. endosymbiosis, B. Gaia, C. fluid mosaic model, D. evolution, E. none of the above __a_ Cellular membranes are dynamic biphospholipoidal sandwiches according to: A. fluid mosaic model, B. Gaia, C. temperature stability, D. covalent bonding, E. ionic bonding. __c_ The nucleotide most used for energy in our cells is: A. DNA, B. RNA, C. ATP, D. AUG, E. ERG _e__ The molecule Bisphenol A (BPA) is known as a plastic hardener, but its biological significance is: A. as an endocrine disruptor, B. as a mimic of estrogen, C. a potential to damage the normal sexual development of humans, D. a cause for obesity, E. all of the above. __e__ Phytoestrogens are growth hormones in plants; however their impact on humans includes: A. endocrine disruption, B. mimicking human estrogen, C. potentially damaging the normal sexual development, D. causing obesity, E. all of the above. _a__ Biocides, e.g., 2-4D, are endocrine disruptors. A. true, B. false. Matching: _d__ replication A. ability of DNA to change _e__ transcription B. ability of DNA to conjoin maternal and paternal chromosomes _b__ synapsis C. ability of DNA to supercoil _a__ mutation D. ability of DNA to copy itself _c__ condensation E. ability of DNA to make RNA Multiple choice: _b__ A secondary structure of a polypeptide resembling an accordion is: A. helix, B. pleated sheath, C. codon, D. monomer, E. globule _c__ The study of change in individuals is: A. ecology, B. evolution, C. physiology, D. natural history, E. chemistry _e__ Microtubular arrangement in centrioles is: A. 9x2, B. 9x2x2, C. 9x2+2, D. 9+2, E. none of the above _c__ Microtubular arrangement in cilia is: A. 9x2, B. 9x2x2, C. 9x2+2, D. 9+2, E. none of the above _c__ Large fibrous, rope-like proteins in connective tissue matrices are: A. reticulin, B. keratin, C. collagen, D. fibrin, E. elastin _b__ Vitamins and metals which activate enzymes are called: A. isoenzymes, B. cofactors, C. inhibitors, D. triggers, E. transducers _c__ An idea or answer to a proposed scientific question is an: A. result, B. theory, C. hypothesis, D. fact, E. all of the above __d_ An example of a quaternary protein and a cytochrome is: A. hemoglobin, B. hemacyanin, C. chlorophyll, D. all of the above, E. none of the above _d__ An example of a secondary protein is: A. alpha helix, B. heme, C. pleated sheath, D. A and C, E. A and B _a__ Membranous system which builds conjugate polymers of lipids and proteins are: A. golgi, B. ser, C. rer, D. lysosomes, E. all of the above _c__ Nucleotide complex used as a second messenger molecule is: A. ATP, B. ADP, C. cAMP, D. calcium, E. ribose __e_ Modified cardiac muscle cells which act like neurons are: A. intercalated discs, B. purkinje cells, C. basket cells, D. nodal tissues, E. B and D _a__ The major facet of the community level of organization is: A. its biodiversity, B. its size, C. its potential use, D. its management, E. its independence Matching: _d__ Mitochondrion A. endosymbiont resembling spirochete bacterium _a__ Cilium B. endosymbiont resembling cyanobacterium __b_ Chloroplast C. DNA molecule in nucleus _c__ Chromosome D. endosymbiont resembling a red-purple bacterium _e__ Nucleolus E. location of ribosomal organization Multiple choice: __c_ Glucose generating portion of the reaction of life is: A. respiration, B. combustion, C. photosynthesis, D. A and C, D. A and B _a__ Water generating portion of the reaction of life is: A. respiration, B. combustion, C. photosynthesis, D. A and C, E. A and B _a__ Novel mechanism which optimizes the actions of peptidases is: A. acid-base shift, B. temperature change, C. use of cofactors, D. blocking of inhibitors, E. B and C _d__ An example of a divalent cation membrane transport mechanism involves: A. sodium ions, B. iodine ions, C. potassium ions, D. calcium ions, E. all of the above. _b__ An example of a univalent anion membrane transport mechanism involves: A. sodium ions, B. iodine ions, C. potassium ions, D. all of the above, E. none of the above _e__ A population: A. is made of organisms, B. includes all the members of a single species, C. is part of a community, D. suffers disease increase in respect to its size, E. all of the above _c__ The simplest living thing is: A. a molecule, B. an atom, C. a cell, D. a virus, E. an ant colony _d__ The reaction of life includes: A. cell respiration, B. photosynthesis, C. glucose metabolism, D. all of the above, E. none of the above __d_ How many ATP are produced for each glucose molecule in the process of cell respiration? A. 2, B. 4, C. 24, D. 38, E. 72 __a_ Depolarization of a membrane is caused by an action potential. A. true, B. false. _a__ The typical action potential is greater than the typical resting potential. A. true, B. false. _c__ The typical action potential is: A. -70 mV, B. +70 mV, C. +100 mV, D. -30 mV, E. +30 mV. _b__ Hypertonic solutions cause erythrocytes to: A. hydrolyze, B. crenate, C. explode, D. swell, E. become isotonic. __d_ Mammalian Ringer’s solution is: A. isotonic with erythrocytes, B. ca. 0.9% salt, C. normal saline, D. all of the above, E. none of the above. _a__ Electricity was discovered by Benjamin Franklin (in western culture). A. true, B. false. _c__ The formula for glucose is: A. C5H10O5, B. C3H6O3, C. C6H12O6, D. C7H14O7, E. C2H12O5 _a__ The bases in DNA are: A. ATCG, B. TACU, C. GABC, D. TAYZ, E. ABCD _e__ Cytochromes are: A. colorful, B. chlorophyll, C. hemoglobin, D. found in mitochondria, E. all of the above _a__ Electricity is a stream of electrons. A. true, B. false  _b__ Proteins are polymers of: A. simple sugars, B. amino acids, C. nucleotides, D. all of the above, E. none of the above _e__ Which of the following is not a tenet of cell theory: A. all living things are made of cells, B. cells follow the principle of complementarity, C. all life's processes are cellular, D. cell have common evolutionary histories, E. none of the above _e__ Global warming should permanently exacerbate the growth of ___ plants: A. C4, B. CAM, C. C3, D. all of the above, E. none of the above. _a__ Hot, dry climates with high CO2 is best for ___ plants. A. C4, B. CAM, C. C3, D. all of the above, E. none of the above. _d__ Bacterial evolution is: A. rapid, B. at the chemical level, C. affected by our use of biocides, D. all of the above, E. none of the above _b__ The study of change in populations is: A. ecology, B. evolution, C. physiology, D. natural history, E. chemistry _d__ Cell respiration: A. mainly occurs in the mitochondrion, B. produces ATP, C. converts sugar and oxygen to water and carbon dioxide, D. all of the above, E. none of the above _c__ Photosynthesis: A. mainly occurs in the mitochondrion, B. converts sugar and oxygen to water and carbon dioxide, C. releases oxygen, D. all of the above, E. none of the above _c__ The study of change in individuals is: A. ecology, B. evolution, C. physiology, D. natural history, E. chemistry Matching: _b__ virus A. cells with nucleus with protein-bound DNA chromosomes _e__ prions B. membrane bound particles of DNA or RNA; nonliving _d__ Eubacteria C. extremophiles; prokaryotic _c__ Archaea D. prokaryotic; many are now endosymbionts _a__ Eucarya E. proteins that cause disease; nonliving Multiple choice: _e__ Altering ____ is primary in pharmaceuticals. A. pH, B. silver, C. cofactors, D. inhibitors, E. temperature _c__ Cell respiration produces ___ATP for each glucose molecule. A. 1, B. 6, C. 38, D. 108, E. 12 _b__ The final electron acceptor in the ETS is: A. NADH, B. oxygen, C. HOH, D. all of the above, E. none of the above _c__ DNA→RNA→-------→metabolism→life. A. genes, B. cells, C. enzymes, D. all of the above, E. none of the above _e__ Acids: A. release hydrogen ions, B. release hydroxyl ions, C. have a pH less than 7, D. have a pH greater than 7, E. both A and C __c_ Membrane potentials are established by: A. the phospholipid hydrophobia, B. the phospholipid hydophilia, C. sodium-potassium pumps, D. osmosis, E. diffusion _c__ Which is most important to a scientist? A. high intellect, B. keen interest, C. healthy skepticism, D. a set of beliefs, E. knowing the truth _a__ Co-optation is the central theme of comparative anatomy. A. true, B. false. _e__Which of the following molecules is NOT grouped with the lipids? A. prostaglandins, B. steroids, C. cholesterol, D. carotenoids, E. polypeptides. _c__ The major hypothesis governing enzyme genetics is: A. nucleic acid content; B. one gene→one enzyme, C. lock and key, D. all of the above, E. none of the above _b__One similarity between smooth muscle fibers and cardiac muscle fibers is: A. they both have striations, B. they are both under involuntary (autonomic) control, C. they are both multinucleate, D. they have a comparable intermediate resistance to fatigue, E. they have a comparable intermediate speed of contraction. _c__Which of the following molecules is not a neurotransmitter? A. acetylcholine, B. adrenaline, C. glucose, D. dopamine, E. serotonin. Matching: _b__ rer A. site of ATP synthesis _e__ ser B. site of protein synthesis _a__ mitochondria C. site of photosynthesis _d__ golgi D. site of macromolecular synthesis and packaging __c_ chloroplasts E. site of carbohydrate and lipid synthesis Multiple choice: _d__ The reaction of life includes: A. cell respiration, B. photosynthesis, C. glucose metabolism, D. all of the above, E. none of the above _a__ Symbiogenesis is the newest theory of: A. evolution, B. molecular exchange, C. origin of the Earth, D. water reutilization, E. end of ‘empire’ _c__ The author of the endosymbiotic theory is: A. Carl Sagan, B. Dorion Sagan, C. Lynn Margulis, D. Theodosus Dobzhansky, E. Schleiden and Schwann _d__ Modern pharmaceutical medicine emphasizes: A. use of enzyme inhibitors, B. use of receptor inhibitors, C. use of receptor-stimulator mimics, D. all of the above, E. none of the above _d__ These virus-like entities cause transmissible spongiform encephalopathies. A. RNA viruses, B. DNA viruses, C. viroids, D. prions, E. none of the above _c__ Carbon atoms are most likely to be involved in: A. ionic bonding, B. hydrogen bonding, C. covalent bonding, D. all of the above, E. none of the above _d__ The cell is the model for the: A. organism, B. organ, C. tissue, D. all of the above, E. none of the above _e__ Active processes of membrane transport include: A. phagocytosis, B. pinocytosis, C. exocytosis, D. receptor-mediated diffusion, E. all of the above Matching: _c__ transport A. proteins in hair, keratin _b__ contractile B. proteins in muscle, actinomyosin _e__ immune C. proteins in blood, globins _d__ enzymatic D. proteins in gut, trypsin _a__ structural E. proteins in blood, gamma globulins Multiple choice: _a__ The cytochromes in cell respiration transport energized electrons inside the ETS permitting the energy to be used in the production of ATP. A. true, B. false _c__ The passive process of cell membrane transport is: A. active transport, B. electrogenic pump, C. facilitated diffusion, D. antidiffusion, E. wholesale transport _a__ Water reactions in which molecules are combined are: A. dehydration synthesis, B. hydrolysis, C. digestive, D. only occur in living things, E. only occur outside of cells Matching _e__ mitochondria A. endosymbiotic cyanobacterium (blue-green algae) _a__ chloroplasts B. endosymbiotic spirochete bacterium; 9x3 microtubules _b__ centriole C. endosymbiotic spirochete bacterium; 9x2+2 microtubules _c__ cilium D. enigmatic endosymbiont; possibly a spirochete and/or archaean _d__ nucleus E. endosymbiotic purple bacterium Multiple choice: _d__ The ETS is synonomous with the: A. oxidative phosphorylation system, B. cytochrome system, C. chemiosmotic system, D. all of the above, E. none of the above _c__ Membrane potentials are established by: A. the phospholipid hydrophobia, B. the phospholipid hydophilia, C. sodium-potassium pumps, D. osmosis, E. diffusion _b__ Thermodynamics is the study of ematter conversions via: A. measurement of light, B. measurement of heat, C. observation, D. all of the above, E. none of the above _d__ The environmental endocrine hypothesis deals with hormones and hormone- mimics in: A. plants as phyotoestrogens, B. growth promoters, C. biocides, D. all of the above, E. none of the above _b__ Glucose 1,6 diphosphate is made up of six pGALs. A. true, B. false _a__ The eukaryotic cell is a community of prokaryotic cells. A. true, B. false __a_ Most bacteria are beneficial to humans. A. True, B. False _a__ The nucleus is a community of prokaryotic cells. A. True, B. False _d__ The electron transport system is: A. used to make ATP, B. in mitochondria, C. part of photosynthesis, D. two of the above, E. none of the above _e__ Enzymes can be turned on by: A. vitamins, B. temperature, C. pH, D. minerals, E. all of the above _a__ The central molecule of the reaction of life is phosphoglyceraldehyde. A. true, B. false _d___ The molecule methane can be illustrated as follows: A. CH4 , B. +, C. Λ, D. all of the above, E. none of the above. _c___ The molecules DNA and RNA have ____ backbones. A. nitrogenous bases, B. ATP, C. sugar-phosphate, D. protein, E. phosphate. _a__ The phosphate functional group typically contains ___ oxygens. A. 4, B. 3, C. 2, D. 1, E. 0. Matching (enzymes): _e__ cofactors A. role of molecules like Viagra, angiostatin, and atropine _a__ inhibitors B. primary factor affecting enzymes controlling spermatogenesis _b__ temperature C. primary factor affecting enzymes that digest proteins _c__ acidity D. enzyme attached to most enzymes that functions in energy supply _d__ ATPase E. role of molecules like vitamins, especially the vitamin B complex Multiple choice: _a__ Venoms include proteases that are active in neutral pHs. A. true, B. false _a__ Reducing the energy of activation is the primary role of enzymes. A. true, B. false. _d__ The lock and key mechanism is used to explain: A. the need for thousands of different enzymes, B. the specificity of each enzyme, C. the need for chaperone proteins, D. all of the above, E. none of the above. _d__ Each protein has a different: A. shape, B. sequence of amino acids, C. role, D. all of the above, E. none of the above _a__ Redox chemistry is the formal study of electron and their actions in chemical reactions. A. true, B. false Matching: _c__ chaperones A. known to speed healing and destroy ‘free radicals’; antioxidant _e__ enzymes B. known to affect proper bone development _d__ porphyrins C. fold proteins into varied structures _a__ vitamin E D. carry electrons and increase or decrease their energy _b__ vitamin D E. change the energy of activation in reactions Multiple choice: _a__ Aldo Leopold said, “To keep every cog and wheel is the first step in intelligent tinkering.” A. true, B. false.  _a__ Cells vary in shape, size, and function. The Principle of Complimentarity permits one to assume that a cell of a particular size and shape has a specific function. A. true, B. false. _a__ Schleiden and Schwann said, “All cells come from pre-existing cells.” A. true, B. false. _a__ Prokaryotes are procaryotes. A. true, B. false. _a__ Would you consider oestrogen a female hormone? A. yes, B. no. _d__ The colorful organic compounds are: A. proteins, B. carbohydrates, C. nucleic acids, D. lipids, E. all of the above _b__ Occam’s razor requires calculus to employ. A. true, B. false _a__ Most freshwater on the planet is frozen. A. true, B. false. _e__ Enzyme optimization is affected by: A. temperature, B. pH, C. cofactors, D. inhibitors, E. all of the above _e__ The energy of electrons is stored in: A. ATP, B. pGAL, C. glucose, D. petroleum, E. all of the above. _c__ Mitochondria are organelles that function in: A. protein synthesis, B. lipid synthesis, C. cell respiration, D. all of the above, E. none of the above. a__A tissue is typically represented by a group of ____ adapted to carry out _______. A. closely associated and similar cells, specific functions, B. closely associated and different cells, specific functions, C. loosely associated and different cells, different functions, D. loosely associated and different cells, specific functions, E. closely associated and similar cells, different function. _d__The overall function(s) of meiosis includes all of the following EXCEPT: A. gamete (sperm or egg) production, B. chromosome number reduction from 2n to n, C. providing genetic variation in sexually reproducing organisms, D. growth of the overall individual, E. All of the choices are not functions of meiosis. _d__ Which of the following statements about the sodium-potassium pump is true? A. It uses energy from ATP, B. It uses transmembrane protein as a pump, C. It is an active transport, D. All of the above, E. None of the above. __c_ Depolarization of a membrane causes: A. inverse potential, B. resting potential, C. action potential, D. loss of polarity, E. none of the above. __a_The overall end product of both the light and dark reactions is the central molecule of life, which is known as: A. phosphoglyceraldehyde (pGAL), B. fructose, C. carbon, D. ATP, E. penicillin.