Mixtures, Matter, & Chemical Reactions PDF

# 30th Jan 2025 ## Mixture: A combination of two or more pure substances. ### Types of Mixtures * **Homogenous mixture:** Looks the same throughout. The separate components are not visible. * **Heterogenous mixture:** Different. The components are visible, which can also be broken down further....

# 30th Jan 2025 ## Mixture: A combination of two or more pure substances. ### Types of Mixtures * **Homogenous mixture:** Looks the same throughout. The separate components are not visible. * **Heterogenous mixture:** Different. The components are visible, which can also be broken down further. * **Solutions:** Separate components are not visible. One substance is dissolved in another. Ex: pop, air. * **There are 3 types of heterogeneous mixtures:** * **Mechanical Mixture:** Different substances are visible. Ex: soil, pizza. * **Suspensions:** Another kind of mechanical mixture where the components are in different states. Ex: mud, dirt (solid), water (liquid). * **Colloids:** Similar to a suspension but the suspended substance cannot be easily separated from the other substance. Ex: milk, aerosols, paint, blood. # What is matter? Anything that takes up space or has a mass. ## Properties Properties are the characteristics in which a substance behaves. ### Properties of Matter * Melting point * Conductivity ### Important features of chemical reactions 1. New substances with new physical and chemical properties are formed 2. Energy flows in or out of the system during the reactions. ### Classifying properties * **Physical properties:** The physical appearance of a specific composition of a substance. Ex: color. * **Chemical properties:** Describe the reactivity of a substance. Chemical changes occur through a process called a chemical reaction. * Examples: Color change, change of compounds, heat released ### Determining a Chemical Reaction: If two or more of the following occur, then a chemical change has probably taken place: * Heat is produced or absorbed * The starting material is used up. * There is a change in color. * A material with new properties forms. * Gas bubbles form in a liquid. * A precipitate forms in a liquid (A type of solid). * The change is difficult to reverse. * New odors form. * Light is produced. ## Pure Substances * **Pure Substances:** All the particles that make up the substance are identical. * **Elements:** Pure substances that cannot be broken down any further. Classified in the periodic table. * **Compounds:** A chemical combination of two or more elements in specific ratios. Ex: Water is made of 2 hydrogen atoms and 1 oxygen atom. The ratio of H₂O. # WHMIS/GHS * **GHS:** Globally Harmonized System * **WHMIS:** Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System. ## Symbols & Definitions | Symbol | Name | Description | |---|---|---| | | **Flammable** | Burns at room temperature and when heated. | | | **Oxidizing** | Can cause materials to burn or explode when oxygen is present. (oxidize) | | | **Compressed gas** | Holds wide pressure. | | | **Explosives** | Reactive substances and mixtures. | | | **Corrosive substances** | Will chemically react with other substances when it comes into contact. | | ! | **Irritant** | May cause irritant symptoms, such as skin redness, itchy eyes, cough, sore throat. | | | **Acute Toxicity** | May cause death or severe toxicity with short/small exposure. | | | **Chronic Health Hazard** | May cause serious health effects from repeated exposure to the substance, such as cancers, mutations, or reproductive damage. | | ! | **Health Hazards** | May cause serious health effects. | | | **Environmental Hazard** | May cause damage to aquatic environments. | | ! | **Biohazardous infection** | Harmful bacteria, viruses, or bodily fluids, which may cause illness or death. |