10 Years CBSE Champion Chemistry Class 12 PDF

CHEMISTRY CLASS 12 MTG Learning Media (P) Ltd. New Delhi | Gurugram Revised Edition : 2024 Published by : MTG Learning Media (P) Ltd., New Delhi Corporate Office : Plot 99, Sector 44 Institutional Area, Gurugram, Haryana-122 003 Phone : 0124 -...

CHEMISTRY CLASS 12 MTG Learning Media (P) Ltd. New Delhi | Gurugram Revised Edition : 2024 Published by : MTG Learning Media (P) Ltd., New Delhi Corporate Office : Plot 99, Sector 44 Institutional Area, Gurugram, Haryana-122 003 Phone : 0124 - 6601200. Web : mtg.in Email : [email protected] Registered Office : 406, Taj Apt., Ring Road, Near Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi-110029 Information contained in this book has been obtained by mtg, from sources believed to be reliable. Every effort has been made to avoid errors or omissions in this book. In spite of this, some errors might have crept in. Any mistakes, error or discrepancy noted may be brought to our notice which shall be taken care of in the next edition. It is notified that neither the publishers nor the author or seller will be responsible for any damage or loss of action to anyone, of any kind, in any manner, therefrom. © MTG Learning Media (P) Ltd. Copyright reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the Publisher. All disputes subject to Delhi jurisdiction only. Visit www.mtg.in for buying books online. EVERY GENUINE COPY OF THE BOOK HAS A HOLOGRAM STICKER ON THE COVER Move the book slightly to see the special features of the hologram Kinetic Effect Mirror Effect Micro Text (Genuine) Litho White Emboss Effect Gradient Effect W e feel pleased and delighted in presenting the revised edition of the book “CBSE Champion Chapterwise- Topicwise Chemistry” as per the CBSE Curriculum for the current academic year. As we know, CBSE Board has taken multiple steps towards the implementation of Competency Based Education (CBE) in schools, range from aligning assessment to CBE, development of exemplar resources for teachers and students on CBE pedagogy and assessment and continued teacher capacity building so, special efforts have been put to align this book to CBE. It will give students comprehensive knowledge of subject according to the latest CBSE syllabus and pattern. The salient features of the book are as follows : X Topicwise Graphical Analysis : Bar Graph Analysis of Previous 10 Years’ CBSE Board Papers’ Questions (MCQ, 1 mark, 2 marks, 3 marks, 5 marks) is provided. The Graph and ‘Weightage Xtract’ will help students to figure out the chapters and topics which are to be revised frequently and how much is the weightage of these topics. X Comprehensive and Lucid Theory : Well explained theory with important formulae, flowcharts and tables for quick recap and summarise the chapter with Brain Map. X Chapterwise-Topicwise Questions and Solutions : Previous 10 years’ CBSE-Term I, Term II, DELHI, ALL INDIA and FOREIGN papers’ questions are segregated chapterwise-topicwise. Detailed solutions of these questions are also given according to the CBSE Marking Scheme. X Strictly Based on CBSE Syllabus & NCERT Topics List : Topicwise questions are arranged in descending chronological (2023-2014) order, so that latest years’ questions come first in practice and revision. In the previous years’ CBSE papers SA I, SA II and LA type questions are generally framed by clubbing together questions from different topics and chapters. These questions are segregated strictly according to NCERT topics. e.g., (1/3, Delhi 2016), this question of 1 mark was asked in SA II type category, (1/5, AI 2015), this question of 1 mark was asked in LA type category, (1/2, Foreign 2016), this question of 1 mark was asked in SA I type category. X CBSE Cognitive Levels : Questions are labelled as per the cognitive levels issued by CBSE for assessment and evaluation to provide evidence of students’ knowledge and ability. Cognitive Levels : Remembering Understanding Applying Analysing Evaluating Creating R U Ap An Ev Cr X Key Concepts Highlight : Key concepts have been highlighted in the solutions for their reinforcement. X Exam Preparatory Tools : Detailed solutions are supplemented with Exam Preparatory Tools like Key Points, Answer Tips, Concept Applied, Commonly Made Mistakes, Alternative Methods, Shortcuts, etc. to improve aspirant’s score. X Topper’s Answers : Topper’s Answers of few selected CBSE-2022 Questions are given which will help aspirants to write perfect answers in the upcoming CBSE Board Exam. X Chapterwise Self Assessments (Solved) : To master a chapter, self assessment test is given at the end of each chapter, covering all typology of questions. X CBSE Sample Questions : Last three years’ official CBSE Sample Questions are segregated chapterwise-topicwise for which solutions are given as per the CBSE Marking Scheme. X Practice Papers as per the Latest Syllabus : 5 Practice Papers (Solved) strictly based on the latest syllabus, latest design and blueprint of CBSE Sample Paper issued by CBSE Board. Various types of questions like Case/Passage/ Source Based Questions, MCQ, Assertion-Reason, SA and LA type are included. X Solved CBSE Sample Paper : Latest solved CBSE sample paper is included. We are sure that the value addition done in this revised book will be helpful to students in achieving success in the coming board examinations. Every possible effort has been made to make this book error free. Useful suggestions by our readers for the rectification and improvement of the book content would be gracefully acknowledged and incorporated in further editions. Readers are welcome to send their suggestions and feedback at [email protected]. All the Best  MTG Editorial Board  4 CHAPTER Chemical Kinetics 4 Chemical Kinetics TOPICS 4.1 Rate of a Chemical Reaction 4.3 Integrated Rate Equations 4.5 Collision Theory of Chemical Reactions 4.2 Factors Influencing Rate of a 4.4 TOPICS Temperature Dependence of Reaction the Rate of a Reaction 4.1 Rate of a Chemical Reaction 4.3 Integrated Rate Equations 4.5 Collision Theory of Chemical 4.2 Factors Influencing Rate of a 4.4 Temperature Dependence of Reactions Reaction Analysis of Last 10 Years’ the RateCBSE Board Questions (2023-2014) of a Reaction 24 Analysis of Last 10 Years’ CBSE Board Questions (2023-2014) MCQ VSA 20 24 MCQ SA I VSA SA II Number of questions SA I LA 16 20 SA II Number of questions LA 12 16 Helps you to figure out the 12 CHAPTER 8 topics which carry maximum 2 8 4 weightage! Electrochemistry 4 0 0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.1 4.2Topics 4.3 4.4 4.5 Topics Weightage tract TOPICS Weightage tract 2.1 Electrochemical Cells 2.4 Conductance of Electrolytic 2.7 Fuel Cells Topics 4.2 and 4.3 are highly scoring topics. Topics 4.2 and 4.3 are highly scoring topics. 2.2 Galvanic Cells Solutions 2.8 Corrosion Maximum total weightage is of Topic 4.3 Integrated Rate Equations. Maximum total weightage is of Topic 4.3 Integrated Rate Equations. 2.3 Nernst Equation 2.5 Electrolytic Cells and Electrolysis 2.6 Batteries Maximum SASA Maximum I type questions I type questionswere were asked fromTopic asked from Topic4.2 Factors 4.2Factors Influencing Influencing RateRate of a of a Reaction. Reaction. Analysis of Last 10 Years’ CBSE Board Questions (2023-2014) Maximum VSA, Maximum SASA VSA, II IIand andLA LAtype typequestions wereasked questions were askedfrom from Topic Topic 4.34.3 Integrated Integrated RateRate Equations. Equations. MCQ 24 VSA QUICKRECAP QUICK RECAP SA I 20 SA II Chemical Chemical kinetics: : ItItisis the kinetics the branch branch of of chemistry chemistrywhich whichdeals with deals thethe with study of reaction study rates rates of reaction and their and their Number of questions LA 16 mechanisms. mechanisms. Rate of a reaction : The rate of a reaction can be defined as the change in concentration of a reactant or a product in 12 Rate of a reaction : The rate of a reaction can be defined as the change in concentration of a reactant or a product in unit time. For the reaction, unit time. For the reaction, 8 ∆[R] ∆[P ] R → P, Rate = – ∆[R∆]t or + ∆[∆Pt] R → P, Rate = – or + 4 ∆t ∆t Units of rate : Concentration time–1 i.e., mol L–1 s–1 or atm s–1 for gaseous reactions. –1 0 Units of rate Average : Concentration rate of reaction : Thetime rate of i.e., changemolinL–1 s–1 or atm sof concentration –1 forreactant any gaseousorreactions. product during a large time interval. 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 Average−rate ∆[R] of +reaction ∆[P ] : The rate of change in concentration of any reactant or product during a large time interval. Topics rav = = − ∆[R∆]t + ∆[P ∆]t Weightage tract rav = = ∆t ∆t Topics 2.3 Nernst Equation and 2.4 Conductance of Electrolytic Solutions are highly scoring topics. Maximum VSA, SA I type questions were asked from Topics 2.3, 2.4 and 2.5 Nernst Equation, Conductance of Electrolytic Solutions and Electrolytic Cells and Electrolysis. BRAIN MAP BRAIN MAP Maximum SA II and LA type questions were asked from Topic 2.3 Nernst Equation. SOLUTIONS SOLUTIONS QUICK RECAP A solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances whose composition can be varied with certain limits. The Electrochemistry : It is the study of production of electricity from energy released during spontaneous chemical A solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances whose composition can be varied with certain limits. The component of solution present in larger quantity is called solvent while the component present in lesser quantity is called solute. reactions and the use of electrical energy to bring about non-spontaneous chemical transformations. component of solution present in larger quantity is called solvent while the component present in lesser quantity is called solute. Differences between electrochemical cell and electrolytic cell Electrolytic cell Electrochemical cell (Galvanic or Voltaic cell) Laws Colligative Properties Composition of Solutions : Types of Solution 1. It is a device which converts electrical energy into 1. It is a device which converts chemical energy into Expressing ConcentrationLaws of chemical energy. electrical energy. Composition of SolutionsSolution : Henry’s Law : The lawTypesIdeal of Solution solutions : A – B Colligative Properties Relative lowering in states that “the mass of a interactions are of same 2. The redox reaction is non-spontaneous and takes 2. It is based upon the redox reaction which is Expressing Concentration of vapour pressure : The Henry’s Lawgas: (m)Thedissolved law per unit magnitude as: A Ideal solutions A ––A Band relative lowering place only when electrical energy is supplied. i.e., DG spontaneous. i.e., DG = –ve SolutionMass percentage : volume of the solvent at B – B interactions, DVmix = 0 Relative lowering in in Mass % of the solution =states that “the mass of a interactions are of same vapour pressure of an constant temperature is and DH = 0. vapour pressure : The Quickly revise chapter from ‘Quick = +ve Mass of solute gas× 100(m) dissolved perproportional unit magnitude asmix A – A and ideal solution containing directly to relative lowering 3. Both the electrodes are suspended in the solution or 3. Two electrodes are usually set up in two separate Mass percentage : Mass of solution volume of the the solvent pressure at(p) the gasB – B interactions, DVmix :=A0– B the non-volatile solute is in Non-ideal solutions Mass % of the solution = million : ppm ofconstant vapour pressure equal to the of an mole fraction melt of the electrolyte in the same beaker. beakers. Parts per A= temperature in equilibrium is with the and DHmix = 0. are of different interactions Mass of solute × 100 ideal solution of the solute containing (XB) at a given Recap’ and summarise through Mass of component Adirectly solution.” to proportional magnitude than A – A and 4. Only one electrolyte is taken. 4. The electrolytes taken in the two beakers are Mass of solution × 106 temperature. Total mass of solutionthe pressure m(p) ∝ p; m = KH p – interactions, the non-volatile solute is different. the gas Non-ideal solutions : DV B B A –mixB≠ 0 – pA mole fraction in equilibrium xA = KH p with the and DHmix ≠ 0. equalp°to A the = XB Parts per million : ppm of A: = Molarity where, interactions are of different p°A (XB) at a given – Non-ideal solutions of the solute ‘Brain Map’! Mass of component A ×(M) Molarity =6 solution.” KH = Henry’s constant magnitude than A – A and 10 showing +ve deviations : temperature. Total mass of solution Moles of solute m ∝ p; m = KH p B – B interactions, DVmix A – B interactions are ≠ 0 weaker × 1000 Raoult’s Law : The Elevation in boiling Volume of solution (mL)xA = KH p p° – p law states that “at aand DHthan mix ≠A0.– A and B – B pointA : AElevation = XB in Molarity : where, given temperature, for– Non-ideal interactions, boilingp°point (i.e., DTb) is Molality : solutions A Molarity (M) = KH = Henry’sa constant solution of volatileshowing DVmix = +ve, DHmix = +ve directly proportional to the Molality (m) = liquids, the partial and +ve deviations resulting vapour pressure: molality (m) of the solute Moles of solute Moles of solute × 1000 Raoult’s × 1000 Law The of eachA – B interactions vapour: pressure is higher thanarethat weaker expected. Elevation in solution. in boiling Volume of solutionMass (mL)of solvent in grams that “at inasolution isthan A – A and B – B law states component DTb ∝ m: Elevation in point Molality : Mole Fraction : equal to the given temperature, forproduct ofinteractions, DTb = Kpoint boiling bm (i.e., DT ) is b the vapour pressure ofDV a solution Mole fraction of a component = of volatile mix = +ve, DHmix = +ve where, proportional to the directly Molality (m) = pure component and its Kb = molal boiling point No. of moles of the component liquids, the partial and resulting vapour pressure molality (m) of the solute mole fraction”. elevation constant. Moles of soluteTotal no.×of moles of all vapour 1000 component is higher than that expected. in solution. pressure PA = p°of A×xeach A; PB = p° B × xB Mass of solvent in grams DTb ∝ m component in solution is Normality : DT equal to the product of b = Kb m in freezing Depression Haloalkanes and Haloarenes 145 Mole Fraction : Normality (N) = the vapour pressure of point : Depression in Haloalkanes and Haloarenes 145 Mole fraction of a component = No. of gram equivalent of solute where, freezing point (i.e., DTf) pure component × 1000 and its Kisb = molalproportional boiling point No. of moles of the Volume componentof solution in mL – Non-ideal solutions directly to mole fraction”. showing –ve deviations : elevation constant. of the molal concentration Total no. of moles of all component Formality : PA = p°A × xA; PB = p°B × xB A–B interactions are stronger solute (m). Formality (F) = than A – A and B – B DTf ∝ m Normality : No. of formula masses of solute interactions, DVmix = –ve, DTf = Kf m Depression in freezing Volume of solution in litre DHmix = –ve and resulting Normality (N) = where, : Depression in point vapour pressure is lower No. of gram equivalent of solute Abnormal molar mass and van’t Hoff factor : 6.1 Classification 6.1 Classification 6.4 6.4Methods Methodsof Preparation of of Preparation of Observed value×of Volume of solution in mL 1000 colligative property than that expected. Kf = molalpoint freezing freezing depression constant. point (i.e., DTf) i= – Non-ideal solutions is directly proportional to Normal value of colligative property MCQ Haloalkanes showing –ve deviations : the molal concentration of MCQ Haloalkanes Formality : Formality (F) = = Calculated molecular mass Observed molecular mass A–B interactions are stronger Osmotic Pressure : At any solute (m). the osmotic temperature, 1. Which one of the following halides contains MCQ than A – A and B – B DT For solute undergoing association :  = (1 – i) ;i1 where, of the solute and absolute (c) Benzyl halide (d) Vinyl halide 11.(a)The Freesynthesis radicals of alkyl(b) flouride Swarts reaction is best obtained from Abnormal molar mass and van’t Hoffproperties factor : : n–1 vapour pressure is lower Ktemperature.