Introduction to Nursing PDF

INTRODUCTION TO NURSING I DR. SERP İL TOPÇU 1  What is the nursing?/ How do you define nursing? What is the purpose of nursing?/What is the role of the nurse? 2  What İs The Nursing? Nursing is an...

INTRODUCTION TO NURSING I DR. SERP İL TOPÇU 1  What is the nursing?/ How do you define nursing? What is the purpose of nursing?/What is the role of the nurse? 2  What İs The Nursing? Nursing is an art and a science Nursing is a healthcare profession focused on the care of individuals, families, and communities to help them achieve, maintain, or recover optimal health and quality of life. Nurses play a critical role in patient care, working closely with other healthcare professionals, such as doctors, pharmacists, and therapists 3 Nurses Only Work in The Hospital, Is It Correct? Your opportunities for a nursing career are limitless. There are a variety of career paths, including clinical practice, education, research, management, administration and even inavation. 4 HISTORICAL HIGHLIGHTS 5 HISTORICAL HIGHLIGHTS 6 EVOLUTION OF NURSING Early Civilizations The evolution of nursing dates back to 4000 BC, to primitive societies in which mother-nurses worked with priests. In 2000 BC, the use of wet nurses is recorded in Babylonia and Assyria. Ancient Greece The ancient Greeks built temples. Priestesses (who were not nurses) attended to those housed in the temples. The nursing that was done by women was performed in the home. Roman Empire Hospitals were first established in the Eastern Roman Empire (Byzantine Empire). The caregivers had no formal training in therapeutic modalities and volunteered their time to nurse the sick. 7 EVOLUTION OF NURSING Middle Ages Hospitals in large Byzantine cities were staffed primarily by paid male assistants and male nurses. The dominant caregivers in the Byzantine setting were men; however, this was not true in the rural parts of the Eastern Roman Empire and in the West. In these societies, nursing was viewed as a natural job for women. Renaissance During the Renaissance (AD 1400–1550), interest in the arts and sciences emerged. Because of renewed interest in science, universities were established, but no formal nursing schools were founded. Because of social status and customs, women were not encouraged to leave their homes; they continued to fulfill the traditional role of nurturer/caregiver in the home. 8  EVOLUTION OF NURSING Enlightenment and Industrial Revolution Medical schools were founded, including the Royal College of Surgeons in London in 1800. At the end of the 18th century, there were no standards for nurses who worked in hospitals. In the early to mid-1800s, nursing was considered unseemly for women even though some hospitals relied on women to make beds, scrub floors, and bathe the poor. Most nursing care was still performed in the home by female relatives of the ill. 9  FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE Florence Nightingale is considered the founder of modern nursing. She grew up in a wealthy upper- class family in England during the mid-1800s. She had always been interested in relieving suffering and caring for the sick. She became a nurse over the objections of society and her family. Florence Nightingale established the first nursing philosophy based on health maintenance and restoration -What It Is and What It Is Not- 10  FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE The implementation of her principles in the areas of nursing practice and environmental modifications resulted in reduced morbidity and mortality rates during the war. 11  FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE She was given the task to organize and improve the quality of the sanitation facilities. As a result, the mortality rate at the Barracks Hospital in Scutari, Turkey, was reduced from 42.7% to 2.2% in 6 months. 12  FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE Nightingale forged the future of nursing education as a result of her experiences in training nurses to care for British soldiers. She established the Nightingale Training School of Nurses at St. Thomas’ Hospital in London. This was the first school for nurses that provided both theory-based knowledge and clinical skill building. 13  FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE Nightingale was the first practicing nurse epidemiologist. Her statistical analyses connected poor sanitation with cholera and dysentery. She volunteered during the Crimean War in 1853 and traveled the battlefield hospitals at night carrying her lamp; thus she was known as the “lady with the lamp” 14  TWENTIETH CENTURY The beginning of the 20th century brought about changes that have influenced contemporary nursing. During this time, the concepts of third-party payments and prepaid health insurance were instituted. Public Health Nursing gained importance. Nursing became more specialized and autonomous and nursing protocols was established. During the first half of the 20th century, a number of reports were issued concerning nursing education and practice. Nursing education moved from the hospital to the university setting. 15  THE HISTORY OF NURSING IN TURKEY Besim Ömer Akalın Pasha, who first emphasized the need for special training in nursing education in Turkey. With his efforts, the first formal six- month nursing education program started in 1911. In 1920, the American Bristol Health School began a two-and-a-half-year nursing education program to train nurses for the American Hospital. In 1925 with the two-year Society of Red Crescen (Kızılay) Nursing School, established through the efforts of the Mustafa Kemal Atatürk. 16  THE HISTORY OF NURSING IN TURKEY Other nursing schools opened in the 1940s and 1950s, but not baccalaureate and post baccalaureate programs. The first bachelor-degree program opened in 1955 ( Ege Univerity School of Nursing). Florence Nightingale School of nursing opened in 1961. 17 THE HISTORY OF NURSING IN TURKEY The first master-degree program in nursing in 1968 and the first nursing doctorate program in 1972 at Hacettepe University School of Nursing. The professionalization of nursing in Turkey was enhanced in 1933 when the Turkish Nurses Association (TNA) was established. It became an active member of the International Council of Nurses (ICN) in 1949 Nursing in Turkey is still primarily a field for women. Nurses and nurse educators are revising nursing practice and curricula to meet the ever-changing needs of society. 18  LIDER NURSE IN TURKEY Esma Deniz; She is the first nurse to graduate and post- graduate from university. She could spoken English, France and Spanish. She was the founder of many nursing schools and Turkish Nurses Association (THD- Türk Hemşireler Derneği). She has contributed to the preparation of the nursing law. She passed away 25 July 1997. 19  LIDER NURSE IN TURKEY Perihan Velioğlu; She went England- Cambridge and she received training about surgical nursing. When she was turn back to Turkey, brought many innovations in the field of surgery procedure and surgery nursing. She was the first director of nursing school ( Florence Nightingale SON- 1961) She prepared the curriculum of nursing schools. She belived that undergraduate education is mandatory during the all life. She passed away 25 March 2002. 20  LIDER NURSE IN TURKEY Leman Birol; She graduated (master's degree) from Boston University. She was the first title of nurse proffesor. She was one of the founder of Oncology Nursing Association. She wrote many basic nursing textbooks ( Nursing Diagnosis, Medical Nursing) She was passed away12 March 2020 21 NURSING EDUCATION 22 NURSING AS A PROFESSIONAL DISCIPLINE Nursing is not simply a collection of specific skills, and you are not simply a person trained to perform specific tasks. Nursing is a profession. Nursing as a scientific discipline and as a profession is an essential component of any delivery system that influences improved health outcomes. To act professionally you administer quality patient-centered care in a safe, conscientious, and knowledgeable manner. You are responsible to yourself and your patients and peers. 23  NURSING AS A PROFESSIONAL DISCIPLINE Nursing defining criteria Well-defined body of specific and unique knowledge Strong service orientation Recognized authority by a professional group Code of ethics Ongoing research Autonomy and self- regulation 24 DEFINING NURSING 25 STANDARDS OF PROFESSIONAL PERFORMANCE AND PRACTICE Standard 1.Assessment:The registered nurse collects pertinent data and information relative to the healthcare consumer’s health or the situation. Standard 2. Diagnosis:The registered nurse analyzes the assessment data to determine actual or potential diagnoses, problems, and issues. Standard 3. Outcomes Identification:The registered nurse identifies expected outcomes for a plan individualized to the healthcare consumer or the situation. Standard 4. Planning:The registered nurse develops a plan that prescribes strategies to attain expected, measurable outcomes. 26  STANDARDS OF PROFESSIONAL PERFORMANCE AND PRACTICE Standard 5. Implementation: The registered nurse implements the identified plan. Standard 6. Evaluation:The registered nurse evaluates progress toward attainment of goals and outcomes. Standard 7. Ethics:The registered nurse practices ethically. Standard 8. Culturally Congruent Practice:The registered nurse practices in a manner that is congruent with cultural diversity and inclusion principles. Standard 9. Communication:The registered nurse communicates effectively in all areas of practice. 27  STANDARDS OF PROFESSIONAL PERFORMANCE AND PRACTICE Standard 10. Collaboration:The registered nurse collaborates with healthcare consumer and other key stakeholders in the conduct of nursing practice. Standard 11. Leadership:The registered nurse leads within the professional practice setting and the profession. Standard 12. Education:The registered nurse seeks knowledge and competence that reflects current nursing practice and promotes futuristic thinking. Standard 13. Evidence-based Practice and Research:The registered nurse integrates evidence and research findings into practice. 28 STANDARDS OF PROFESSIONAL PERFORMANCE AND PRACTICE Standard 14. Quality of Practice:The registered nurse contributes to quality nursing practice. Standard 15. Professional Practice Evaluation:The registered nurse evaluates one’s own and others’ nursing practice. Standard 16. Resource Utilization:The registered nurse utilizes appropriate resources to plan, provide, and sustain evidence-based nursing services that are safe, effective, and fiscally responsible. Standard 17. Environmental Health:The registered nurse practices in an environmentally safe and healthy. 29  EDUCATIONAL PREPARATION FOR NURSING PRACTICE Educational preparation for nursing practice involves several different types of program in the world. Two types of entry level nursing programs are available in the United States: licensed practical or vocational nurse (LPN or LVN) (1 year programme) and registered nurse (RN). 30  EDUCATIONAL PREPARATION FOR NURSING PRACTICE An LPN ( licensed practical nurse) or LVN is trained in basic nursing skills to provide client care under the guidance of an RN, physician or dentist. Registered nurse candidates are graduates from programs that are state approved and, in many cases, accrediated by national accrediting organizations. 31  EDUCATIONAL PREPARATION FOR NURSING PRACTICE There are two kind of RN program; 1- The associate degree program in the United States is a 2-year program that is usually offered by a university or community college. 2- The bachelors degree program usually includes 4 years of study in a college or university. Graduates of both programs are eligible to take the National Council Licensure Examination for Registered Nurses (NCLEX-RN®) to become RNs in the state in which they will practice. 32  EDUCATIONAL PREPARATION FOR NURSING PRACTICE The baccalaureate degree program usually includes 4 years of study in a college or university. This program is very similar to Turkish nursing license (bachelor's degree) program Education period in nursing graduate programs covers at least four years and 4600 hours of theoretical and practical training in Turkey (YÖK, 2008). The program focuses on the basic sciences; theoretical and clinical courses; and courses in the social sciences, arts, and humanities to support nursing theory. 33  EDUCATIONAL PREPARATION FOR NURSING PRACTICE Post-Graduate Education After obtaining a baccalaureate degree in nursing, you can pursue graduate education leading to a master’s or doctoral degree in any number of graduate fields, including nursing. A nurse completing a graduate program can receive a master’s degree in nursing. A master’s degree in nursing is important for the roles of nurse educator and nurse administrator, and it is required for an advanced practice registered nurse ( not in Turkey). 34  EDUCATIONAL PREPARATION FOR NURSING PRACTICE Post-Graduate Education Professional doctoral programs in nursing prepare graduates to apply research findings to clinical nursing, basic research and theory. Nurses award the research-oriented Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) in nursing, end of the program. The need for nurses with doctoral degrees is increasing because of; - Expanding clinical roles - Continuing demand for well-educated nursing faculty - Nurse administrators, - New areas of nursing specialties such as nursing informatics 35  NURSING PROFESSIONAL RESPONSIBILITIES AND ROLES Nurses provide care and comfort for patients in all health care settings; Nurses’ concern- patient’s needs Focuses on health promotion and illness prevention, Disease and symptom management, Family support End-of-life care. 36 NURSING ROLES Autonomy Autonomy is an essential element of professional nursing that involves the initiation of independent nursing interventions without medical orders (e.g. coughing and deep-breathing exercises for a patient who recently had surgery). Accountability Accountability means that you are responsible, professionally and legally, for the type and quality of nursing care provided. Caregiver As caregiver, you help patients maintain and regain health, manage disease and symptoms, and attain a maximal level function and independence through the healing process. Advocate As a patient advocate, you protect your patient’s human and legal rights and provide assistance in asserting these rights if the need arises (e.g. defending patients’ rights, secure patient’s health care rights, help a patient and families decide whether or not to accept a treatment....). 37 NURSING ROLES Educator Nurses explain concepts and facts about health, describe the reason for routine care activities, demonstrate procedures such as self-care activities, reinforce learning or patient behavior, and evaluate the patient’s progress in learning (e.g. lifestyle changes, self-administer insulin injections...) Communication Communication is essential for all nursing roles and activities. Nurses routinely communicate with patients and families, other nurses and health care professionals, resource persons, and the community. The quality of communication is a critical factor in meeting the needs of individuals, families, and communities. Manager Nurse managers need to establish an environment for collaborative patient- centered care to provide safe, quality care with positive patient outcomes. Career Development Nursing provides an opportunity for you to commit to lifelong learning and career development to provide patients the state-of the-art care they need. Career roles are specific employment positions or paths. Because of increasing educational opportunities for nurses, the growth of nursing as a profession, and a greater concern for job enrichment, the nursing profession offers expanded roles and different kinds of career opportunities.Your career path is limitless. 38 THE STANDARDS OF PRACTICE DESCRIBE A COMPETENT LEVEL OF NURSING CARE 39 40