La Restauración PDF

# La Restauración ## Objective - Restablish the political and social order prior to the French Revolution. ## Congress of Vienna (1814-1815) - Grand powers victorious over Napoleon. - Protagonists: - **France:** Readmitted among the great powers after the restoration of the Bourbons....

# La Restauración ## Objective - Restablish the political and social order prior to the French Revolution. ## Congress of Vienna (1814-1815) - Grand powers victorious over Napoleon. - Protagonists: - **France:** Readmitted among the great powers after the restoration of the Bourbons. - **Austria:** Represented by Metternich, arbitrator and main driving force of the Congress. - **Russia:** Alexander I anti-revolutionary, did not make concessions. - **Prussia:** Reforms from above, abolished serfdom. - **Great Britain:** Strength of its parliamentary system. ## Results - **New European Map:** - Confirms the principle of legitimacy: right of the dynasties over the territory they had ruled throughout. - Creation of the **Holy Alliance (1815)** so that intervention takes place in any country that is threatened by a revolution. Initiative by Alexander I of Russia. - Great Britain does not participate. ## Ideology of the Restoration - **Conservatism:** - Opposed to liberalism and nationalism. - Supporter of the return to the Ancient Regime. # 1848 - **France:** - First of February - Luis Felipe, he forbids political meetings. - Revolution of February - The King flees to England. - Provisional Government presided over by Lamartine. - Proclaims II Republic: radical liberalism. - **Países:** - Parties: Moderate Republicans (majority), Orleanists, Monarchists (right) and Democrats and socialists (Blanc). - **Extension by Europe:** - The government shuts down national workshops (120,000). - **Revolution of June:** (Proletariat) fails, repression, a symbol of the break between the bourgeoisie and proletariat. - Luis Napoleon Bonaparte president (dictator in 1852). - **Austria:** - Revolutionary movements remove Metternich and Ferdinand I crowns Francisco José I (1848-1916). - Suppressing nationalist revolutions in Prague and Hungary. - **Italy:** - Constitutional movements. - Mazzini expels the Pope from Rome and creates a republic (France restores him in 1850). - Austria intervenes and restores absolutism in the rest of Italy - Finally, only constitution in Piedmont. - Carlos Alberto advised by Cavour. - **Germany:** - Workers' movements in Cologne, Berlin and Frankfurt. - Frankfurt Parliament: Liberals convene a national assembly by universal suffrage to create a Constitution for all of Germany. - Failure: They offer the crown to Frederick William (Prussia), but he distrusts the Liberals and rejects it (his representative in Frankfurt is Bismarck), the Parliament dissolves. # The Revolutionary Cycles - **1820:** - Iniciado by the coup d'état of Riego in Cádiz and the Constitution of 1912 is sworn in in both. - Congress of Holy Alliance: - Congress of Leybach: Austria intervenes in Italy. - Congress of Verona: France intervenes in Spain. - The final stage of independence of America (1823-1826). - Nationalist Revolution in Greece (1821-1830), well-received by Byron, Delacroix. - **1830:** - **Characteristics:** Much more serious that those of 1920, barricades appear. - **Países:** - 1- King Charles X of France dissolves the Parliament. - 2- Revolution of July, the people defeat the army. - 3- Louis of Orleans is crowned king (the bourgeois king). - 4- Doctrinaire liberalism (and Blanqui's socialism). - Belgian Independence and Switzerland becomes a federal state. - Other revolutions suppressed in Germany, Italy (Austria), and Poland. - **1848:** - **Characteristics:** - Expansion of the industrial revolution throughout Europe. - **Does not affect:** - Presence of proletariat - Countries with very backward structures: Spain and Russia. - Countries with more modern structures: UK and Belgium. - Agrarian crisis (potato blight 45-47) and price increases. - Rapid spread, Tocqueville: "The spring of peoples". # Liberalismo - Arose at the end of the 18th century influenced by the American and French Revolutions. - **Two models:** - **Doctrinal or moderate liberalism** (former Girondins) - **Characteristics and differences:** - **Equality** before the law. - **National sovereignty:** Censitary suffrage. - **Constitutional monarchy**. - **Democratic or radical liberalism** (former Jacobins) - **Characteristics and differences:** - **Social justice**. - **Popular sovereignty:** Universal suffrage. - **Republic**. - **Common elements:** - They are opposed to the ideology of the restoration. - They are opposed to the violation of private property. - Both oppose socialism. # Nationalism - Arose at the end of the 18th century influenced by the American and French Revolutions. - **Two models:** - **Liberal nationalism:** - **Sieyès:** "Nation is all individuals subject to the same law" - Influenced revolutions of 1820, 1830, and 1848. - **Conservative nationalism:** - **Herder:** and German idealism, "The Nation transcends the individual, it is spiritual, and inherent." - From 1848 onwards, it is influenced by traditional values (unifications of Italy and Germany). - **Concept of the nation:** - **Liberal:** - Based on the principle of national sovereignty. - The nation is a result of a voluntary pact. - **Conservative:** - Influenced by Romanticism. - The nation identifies with the spirit of the people (Volkgeist), which is manifested in a series of elements. - Elements that identify the nation: - Culture - Language - Common history - Race - Religion.