Political History of Modern Europe PDF

POLITICAL HSTORY OF MODERN EUROPE A M E L I A Y U L I A N A A B D WA H A B A B D U L H A M I D A B U S U L AY M A N KIRKHS  WHAT IS POLITICAL HISTORY? T H E S T U D Y O F PA S T P O L I T I C A L E V E N T S , M O V E M E N T S...

POLITICAL HSTORY OF MODERN EUROPE A M E L I A Y U L I A N A A B D WA H A B A B D U L H A M I D A B U S U L AY M A N KIRKHS  WHAT IS POLITICAL HISTORY? T H E S T U D Y O F PA S T P O L I T I C A L E V E N T S , M O V E M E N T S , L E A D E R S , A N D S Y S T E M S O F G O V E R N A N C E. I T E X A M I N E S H O W P O W E R I S A C Q U I R E D, M A I N T A I N E D, A N D C H A L L E N G E D, A N D H OW T H E S E DY NA M I C S H AV E S H A P E D S O C I E T I E S OV E R T I M E. - GOVERNMENTS AND INSTITUTIONS IT LOOKS AT DIFFERENT FORMS OF GOVERNMENT (LIKE, MONARCHIES, DEMOCRACIES, AUTHORITATIAN AND D I C T A T O R S H I P S ) A N D H OW I N S T I T U T I O N S ( L I K E PA R L I A M E N T S , C O U R T S , A N D B U R E A U C R A C I E S ) F U N C T I O N E D.. POLITICAL MOVEMENTS IT EXPLORES SIGNIFICANT POLITICAL MOVEMENTS AND REVOLUTIONS (SUCH AS THE FRENCH REVOLUTION, R U S S I A N R E VO L U T I O N O R C I V I L R I G H T S M OV E M E N T S ) T H AT H AV E A LT E R E D T H E C O U R S E O F H I S TO RY - KEY FIGURES P O L I T I C A L H I S TO RY O F T E N F O C U S E S O N I N F L U E N T I A L L E A D E R S A N D T H I N K E R S, A NA LY Z I N G T H E I R D E C I S I O N S, I D E O L O G I E S , A N D I M PA C T O N T H E I R C O U N T R I E S A N D T H E W O R L D. - WARS AND CONFLICTS IT EXAMINES THE CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES OF WARS, BOTH CIVIL AND INTERNATIONAL, AND HOW THEY RESHAPED BORDERS, SOCIETIES, AND POLITICAL POWER. - INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS P O L I T I C A L HISTORY ALSO INCLUDES THE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN NATIONS, INCLUDING TREATIES, ALLIANCES, AND CONFLICTS, SHAPING GLOBAL POLITICS. qT H E POLITICAL LANDSCAPE OF MODERN EUROPE HAS BEEN SHAPED BY A SERIES OF T R A N S F O R M AT I V E E V E N T S A N D M OV E M E N T S T H AT H AV E I N F L U E N C E D N O T O N LY T H E C O N T I N E N T I T S E L F B U T A L S O T H E W I D E R W O R L D. F R O M T H E R E V O L U T I O N A R Y F E R V O R O F T H E L A T E 1 8 T H C E N T U R Y T O T H E C O M P L E X D Y N A M I C S O F T H E 2 1 S T C E N T U R Y, E U R O P E ’ S H I S T O R Y I S M A R K E D B Y S I G N I F I C A N T S T R U G G L E S F O R P O W E R , I D E N T I T Y, A N D G O V E R N A N C E. qI N THE LATE 1700S, THE AMERICAN AND FRENCH REVOLUTIONS INSPIRED PEOPLE IN EUROPE TO FIGHT FOR THEIR RIGHTS AND FREEDOMS. THESE REVOLUTIONS INTRODUCED N E W I D E A S S O - C A L L E D D E M O C R A C Y A N D E Q U A L I T Y, W H I C H E N C O U R A G E D N A T I O N A L M O V E M E N T S F O R I N D E P E N D E N C E A N D U N I T Y, E S P E C I A L L Y I N P L A C E S L I K E G E R M A N Y A N D I T A L Y. qT H ETWO WORLD WARS IN THE 20TH CENTURY BROUGHT GREAT DESTRUCTION, BUT THEY ALSO LED TO NEW EFFORTS FOR COOPERATION AMONG EUROPEAN COUNTRIES. AFTER WORLD WAR II, NATIONS SOUGHT TO WORK TOGETHER TO PREVENT FUTURE CONFLICTS, RESULTING IN THE C REATION OF THE EUROPEAN UNION ( EU). THIS ORGANIZ ATION AIMED TO PROMOTE PEACE AND ECONOMIC STABILITY ACROSS EUROPE. Significant political events in Modern Europe starting from the 17th 18th, 19th, centuries and focusing on key developments through the 20th, and 21st centuries 17 T H C E N T U R Y ( 16 0 0 S ) 161 8 - 16 4 8 : T H I R T Y Y E A R S ' WA R — A D E VA S T A T I N G C O N F L I C T I N C E N T R A L E U R O P E , P R I M A R I LY I N V O LV I N G P R O T E S T A N T A N D C AT H O L I C S TAT E S , W H I C H R E S H A P E D T H E P O L I T I C A L L A N D S C A P E A N D L E D TO T H E P E AC E O F W E S T P H A L I A. 16 4 8 : P E A C E O F W E S T P H A L I A — E N D S T H E T H I R T Y Y E A R S ' WA R ; E S TA B L I S H E S T H E P R I N C I P L E O F S TAT E S OV E R E I G N T Y A N D T H E M O D E R N N AT I O N - S TAT E S Y S T E M.  1 8 T H C E N T U R Y ( 17 0 0 S ) 171 3 : T R E A T Y O F U T R E C H T — E N D S T H E WA R O F S PA N I S H S U C C E S S I O N , M A R K I N G T H E R I S E O F B R I T I S H P OW E R A N D T H E DECLINE OF FRENCH DOMINANCE. 17 7 6 & 17 8 9 : A M E R I C A N & F R E N C H R E VO L U T I O N — I N F L U E N C E S R E VO LU T I O N A RY I D E A S I N E U RO P E , P RO M O T I N G C O N C E P T S O F D E M O C R A C Y A N D I N D I V I D UA L R I G H T S , C H A L L E N G E S M O N A R C H I C A L RU L E A C R O S S E U R O P E. 19 T H C E N T U RY ( 18 0 0 S ) 181 5 : C O N G R E S S O F V I E N N A — E S TA B L I S H E S A B A L A N C E O F P OW E R I N E U R O P E A F T E R T H E N A P O L E O N I C WA R S. 1 8 4 8 : R E V O L U T I O N S O F 1 8 4 8 — A WAV E O F R E V O L U T I O N A R Y M O V E M E N T S AC RO S S E U RO P E D E M A N D I N G P O L I T I C A L R E F O R M , N AT I O N A L U N I F I C A T I O N , A N D D E M O C R A C Y. 1871 : U N I F I CAT I O N O F G E R M A N Y — T H E G E R M A N E M P I R E I S P RO C L A I M E D , U N I T I N G VA R I O U S G E R M A N S T A T E S U N D E R P R U S S I A N L E A D E R S H I P.  2 0 T H C E N T U RY ( 19 0 0 S ) 1 9 1 4 - 1 9 1 8 : W O R L D WA R I — A M A J O R C O N F L I C T L E A D I N G T O S I G N I F I C A N T G E O P O L I T I C A L C H A N G E S I N E U RO P E. 1 9 17 : RU S S I A N R E VO LU T I O N — A R E VO LU T I O N T H AT L E A D S T O T H E A B D I C AT I O N O F T SA R N I C H O L A S I I A N D T H E R I S E O F T H E BO L S H E V I K S , U LT I M A T E LY E S T A B L I S H I N G A C O M M U N I S T G O V E R N M E N T. 1 9 1 9 : T R E AT Y O F V E R S A I L L E S — I M P O S E S R E PA R AT I O N S O N G E R M A N Y A N D R E D R A F T S N AT I O N A L BO U N DA R I E S. 1 9 2 0 : L E AG U E O F N AT I O N S E S TA B L I S H E D T O P RO M O T E P E AC E. 1 9 2 9 : G R E AT D E P R E S S I O N B E G I N S , C AU S I N G E C O N O M I C I N S TA B I L I T Y A N D T H E R I S E O F P O L I T I C A L FA N AT I C I S M. 1 9 3 9 - 1 9 4 5 : W O R L D WA R I I — A C A T A S T R O P H I C G L O B A L C O N F L I C T R E S U LT I N G I N M A S S I V E L O S S O F L I F E A N D T H E H O L O C A U S T. 1 9 4 5 : E N D O F W O R L D WA R I I ; E U R O P E I S D I V I D E D I N T O E A S T A N D W E S T D U R I N G T H E C O L D WA R. 1 9 4 9 : N AT O I S E S TA B L I S H E D A S A M I L I TA RY A L L I A N C E A M O N G W E S T E R N N AT I O N S.  20TH CENTU RY (1980S -1999) 19 8 6 : S I N G L E E U RO P E A N AC T A I M S TO C R E AT E A S I N G L E M A R K E T BY 19 9 2. 1 9 8 9 : F A L L O F T H E B E R L I N WA L L , L E A D I N G T O T H E C O L L A P S E O F C O M M U N I S T R E G I M E S I N E A S T E R N E U RO P E. 19 91 : M A A S T R I C H T T R E AT Y I S S I G N E D , E S TA B L I S H I N G T H E E U RO P E A N U N I O N ( E U ). 1 9 9 2 : D I S S O L U T I O N O F T H E S O V I E T U N I O N M A R K S T H E E N D O F T H E C O L D WA R A N D T H E E M E RG E N C E O F N E W I N D E P E N D E N T S TAT E S. 21 S T C E N T U R Y ( 2 0 0 0 S - P R E S E N T ) 2002: INTRODUCTION OF THE EURO AS A COMMON CURRENCY IN 12 EU COUNTRIES. 2 0 0 4 : L A R G E S T E N L A R G E M E N T O F T H E E U , W I T H T E N N E W M E M B E R S T A T E S , M O S T LY F RO M E A S T E R N E U RO P E. 2 0 0 7 : T R E AT Y O F L I S B O N R E F O R M S E U S T RU C T U R E S A N D E N H A N C E S I T S D E C I S I O N - M A K I N G P RO C E S S E S. 2 0 1 6 : B R E X I T R E F E R E N D U M — T H E U K V O T E S T O L E AV E T H E E U. 2 0 2 0 : U K O F F I C I A L L Y L E AV E S T H E E U O N J A N U A R Y 31. 2 0 21 - P R E S E N T : O N G O I N G C H A L L E N G E S R E L AT E D T O E U C O H E S I O N , M I G R AT I O N , S E C U R I T Y, A N D R E S P O N S E S T O G L O B A L I S S U E S S U C H A S T H E C OV I D - 19 PA N D E M I C A N D C LI M AT E C HA N G E.  STATES in EU q AUSTRIA , BELGIUM, B U L G A R I A , C R O AT I A , CYPRUS, CZECH REPUBLIC, DENMARK, ESTONIA, F I N L A N D , F R A N C E , G E R M A N Y, G R E E C E , H U N G A R Y, I R E L A N D , I T A LY, L AT V I A , L I T H U A N I A , L U X E M B O U R G , M A LTA , NETHERLANDS, POLAND, PORT UGAL , R OMANI A, S L O VA K I A , S L O V E N I A , S P A I N , SWEDEN q T H E U N I T E D K I N G D O M WA S A MEMBER UNTIL IT O F F I C I A L LY L E F T T H E E U O N JANUARY 31, 2020, A PROCE SS C O M M O N LY R E F E R R E D T O A S " B R E X I T. " TRAN CON TIN E N TAN T - KO S OVO , G E O RG I A , A R M E N I A , A Z E R B A I J A N , T U R K I Y E MAP OF REGION