Highlight Neuroscience & Neurological Disorders PDF

HIGHLIGHT NEUROSCIENCE & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS A.A. Raka Sudewi Dept. Neurology Faculty of Medicine, Udayana University Cranial Nerve SympatheJc & ParasympatheJc System The lobes of the cerebral hemispheres Planning, decision Sensory making speech...

HIGHLIGHT NEUROSCIENCE & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS A.A. Raka Sudewi Dept. Neurology Faculty of Medicine, Udayana University Cranial Nerve SympatheJc & ParasympatheJc System The lobes of the cerebral hemispheres Planning, decision Sensory making speech Vision Auditory Four brain lobes Primary Motor Cortex/ Precentral Gyrus Broca’s Area Orbitofrontal Cortex Olfactory Bulb  1. Frontal lobe Important role in : – EmoJon control - Decision making – Thinking/reason - Personality – Memory Contains motor cortex : – Sends signal to body movements to control our muscles Contains Broca’s area, responsible for controlling the facial nerve, the muscles that produce speech and language comprehension. Broca’s area damage is called Aphasia. Understands but is unable to make the movement to speak.  2. Parietal lobe Primary Somatosensory Cortex/ Postcentral Gyrus Somatosensory Association Cortex Primary Gustatory Cortex Play an important role in : – Senses and integrating senses, spatial awarness and perception Modified from: http://www.bioon.com/book/biology/whole/image/1/1-8.tif.jpg  3. Occipital lobe Primary Visual Cortex Visual Association Area Its main functionModified processing, integration, from: http://www.bioon.com/book/biology/whole/image/1/1-8.tif.jpg interpretation visual result and visual stimuli. Characteris*cs of the le/ brain Left brain § Logical § Sequen*al § Linear § Ra*onal The methods: Reguler Verbal expressions Write Read Auditory aionssociat PuCng details an facts Phone*cs and Symbolism  Characteris*cs of the right brain : Right brain Random Irreguler IntuiJve and holisJc Widely involve in : o nonverbal acJviJes o Feeling and emoJon o Awarness related to feeling o SpaJal awareness o RecognaJon of shapes and paSern o Art o Colour sensiJvity o CreaJvity and visualizaJon  Is important for Limbic System learning short term memory Maintain homeostasis in the body (blood pressure, body temperature and blood sugar levels) Emotions The Limbic system: Hippothalamus : operator Amygdala : how to store information and processing emotions Hippocampus : information processing and storage Pituitary glands : regulates the endocrine system  Limbic System The limbic system stores a lot of informaJon that is untouch by the senses. Referred to as the center of emoJon or the above of anger and honesty. Carl Gustav Jung called it the unconcious which is manifested in good behavior such as helping people, and other sicere behaviors.  The limbic system is a seat for all human passions, a place for love, respect and honesty.  Brain Functions: A. Cerebrum (big brain) The largest part of the brain and has folds. The cerebrum receives messages from all the senses and has several funcJons such as memory, thinking or feeling. As the center of muscle control and personality. Some funcJons of the cerebrum are voluntary and controllable. B. Cerebellum (small brain) FuncJons to maintain the balance of body movements. All the nervus that enter and leave the brain that originate in and go to the muscle send messages to the cerebellum. The acJon is reflex and cannot be controlled. D. Medulla oblongata M.O. is the part of the brain that controls heart rate, breathing, and blood prssure. All work handled by the m.o. is unconcious  Hypothalamus The hypothalamus is Regulate hormons, the part of the brain sexual desire, emoJons, that decides what eaJng, drinking, body needs aSenWon and temperature, chemical what doesn’t, for balance, sleep and example when we are weekfullness, as well as hungry. regulate the main gland Small size weighing of the brain (pituitary about four grams. gland)  The brain is composed of many of nerve/cells as supporJng cells called glial cells (neuroglia). Brain nerve cells are located on the edge (cortex) forming gray layer ( gray substance), while support cells are located inside forming a white substance called white maSer).  NEURON AND NERVE IMPULSE Neuron 21 Motor and Sensory Neuron Varia*on between Neuron  GLIAL CELLS As supporJng cell for neurons establishing BBB, repair brain injury and neural scar formaJon, enhance synapJc formaJon and strengthen synapJc transmission. Type of glial : § Astrocyte § Microglia § Oligodendrocyte & schwann cell  Glial - Oligodendrocyte 9/4/21  Blood Brain Barrier BBB are very selecJve in choosing substances that pass through them There are categories of molecules that can passively cross the brain barrier namely : molecules have no charge for example O2 and H2O Molecules dissolved in fat, for example vit A and vit D. Nutrient enter brain using an akJf transport mechanism (using energy).  Membrane Poten*al } Nerve cells have a different magnitude of electrical charge (electrical gradient) between the outside and inside of the cell which is call membrane potenJal } If there is no external interference, the inside of the neuron has an electrical potenJal of -70mV compare to the outside of the neuron } There is due to the difference in the concentraJon of sodium and potassium ions created by the sodium-potassium pump. 9/4/21 9/4/21  AcJon PotenJal PropagaJon The acJon potenJal originates from axon ridge, which the bulge between the axon and the soma. DepolarizaJon causes the sorrounding region to undergo a polarizaJon change which open ion channels that an affected by the difference in membrane potenJal 9/4/21 MYELIN SHEATH & ACTION POTENTIAL Axons in vertebrate are covered with myelin an insulator substance made from fat and protein. The myelin sheath are separated by nodus of Ranvier, part of the axons is not covered by myelin The acJon potenJal jump from one of Ranvier to other next 9/4/21 Synaps Visual System  NEUROLOGICAL DISODERS Neurological disorders can be structural or funcJonal or both Diagnosis and treatment oeen requires multy- specialty inputs Clinical history and examinaJon guide the invesJgaJon paJent’s clinical features InvesJgaJons only supplement and do not subsJtute a thorough paJents interview and examinaJon  DISEASE PROCESSES-NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS Neoplasma/mass lessions Vasculer disorders Congenital defects InfecJons Non infecJve inflammatory disorders Trauma DegeneraJon diseases  BRAIN ACTIVITY CAN BE STUDIED THROUGH…. EEG (Electro Encephalography), CT scan PET (Positron Emission Tomography), FMRI (Fungsional MagneJc Resonance Imaging), FMRS (Fungsional MagneJc Resonance Spectroscopy), SPELT( Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography). CT scan CT scan  THANK YOU