Normality and The Life Cycle PDF

NORMALITY TABLE OF CONTENTS NORMALITY A. Normality in Context patterns of behavior or personality traits that i. Term Conce...

NORMALITY TABLE OF CONTENTS NORMALITY A. Normality in Context patterns of behavior or personality traits that i. Term Concept ii. According to the WHO are typical or that conform to some B. Mental Health standard or proper and acceptable way of C. Four Functional Perspectives of Normality behaving and being i. Normality as Health ii. Normality as Utopia NORMALITY IN CONTEXT iii. Normality as Average Term Concept: iv. Normality as Process o Autonormal D. The Life Cycle, Prenatal, Infancy and -person seen as normal by his/her Childhood i. Life Cycle Theory own society ii. Stages of Early Development o Autopathological iii. Maternal Stress -person seen as abnormal by his/her a. Maternal Drug Use own society iv. Infancy o Heteronormal a. Reflexes and Survival Systems at Birth -person seen as normal by members b. Language and Cognitive of another society observing him/her Development o Heteropathological c. Emotional and Social Development -person seen as unusual or Age Emotional Capacity and Expression pathological by members of another v. Toddler period society observing him/her a. Language and Cognitive b. Emotional and Social ACCORDING TO WHO c. Sexual Normality is a state of complete physical d. Sphincter Control and Sleep mental and social well-being vi. Preschool Period Normality is limited and its definition simply a. Language and Cognitive means the absence of physical or mental b. Emotional and Social c. Sibling Rivalry disease d. Play e. Imaginary Companions MENTAL HEALTH vii. Middle Childhood The successful performance of mental a. Language and Cognitive functions in terms of thought, mood, Development behavior that results in productive activities, viii. Chum Period fulfilling relationships with others and the a. School Refusal ability to adapt to change and to cope with ix. Adolescence x. Puberty adversity a. Risk Taking Behavior xi. Adulthood REFERENCES: Doc Diana De Castro Lecture 1 CARAOS CRUZ DE LEMOS FRANCISCO JAAFAR LAGMAN MANUEL OLASO PILI REBLORA SARMIENTO  describes each individual in terms of “When we talk about the different general assessments and total score from psychiatric disorders, criteria includes social tests given to them and occupational dysfunctions, it has to be part of criteria where the person’s emotions, NORMALITY AS PROCESS moods, thoughts, and behavioral changes normal behavior is the end result of result in social or occupational dysfunction.” interacting systems temporal changes are essential (e.g. Erik FOUR FUNCTIONAL PERSPECTIVES OF Erikson’s Epigenesis of Personality) NORMALITY Normality as Health LIFE CYCLE THEORY Normality as Utopia Represents the stages through which all Normality as Average humans pass from birth to death. Occurs in Normality as Process a particular order in every person’s life, whether or not all stages are completed. NORMALITY AS HEALTH The epigenetic principle maintains that correlates with traditional model of the each stage characterized by events or doctor who attempts to free his patient from crises must be resolved satisfactorily for the grossly observable signs and symptoms development to proceed smoothly. Each John Romano views a healthy person as phase of the life cycle contains a dominant one who is reasonably free of undue pain, feature or crisis points that distinguish it from discomfort and disability phases that either preceded or will follow it. There is an order to human life. NORMALITY AS UTOPIA harmonious and optimal blending of the THE LIFE CYCLE THEORY, PRENATAL, INFANCY diverse elements of the mental apparatus AND CHILDHOOD that culminates in optimal functioning definition came out when psychiatrists or STAGES OF EARLY DEVELOPMENT psychoanalysts talk about the ideal person, PRENATAL PERIOD when they grapple with a complex problem After implantation, the egg begins to divide or when they discuss their criteria for a and is known as an embryo. Growth and successful treatment development occur at a rapid pace; by the “refers more to how our minds deal with end of 8 weeks, the shape is recognizably problems, how our mental apparatus human, and the embryo has become a address our psychological or mental fetus. problems” Maybe affected by maternal stress Infancy- from birth to 15 months NORMALITY AS AVERAGE Toddler- 15 months to 2 ½ years used in normative studies of behavior and Preschool period- 2 ½ to 6 years based on mathematical principle of the Middle years- 6 to 12 years bell-shaped curve considers the middle range normal and both extremes deviant/abnormal ‘ 2 CARAOS CRUZ DE LEMOS FRANCISCO JAAFAR LAGMAN MANUEL OLASO PILI REBLORA SARMIENTO  At birth – make noises such as crying MATERNAL STRESS 8 weeks – vocalize; babbling sounds occur Act directly on fetal neuronal network to spontaneously increase blood pressure, heart rate, and 2 years – infants have transformed reflexes activity level into voluntary actions that are the building Stress hormones: blocks of cognition o Epinephrine o Norepinephrine EMOTIONAL AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT, AGE o Adrenocorticotropic hormones EMOTIONAL CAPACITY AND EXPRESSION Birth Pleasure, surprise, disgust, distress MATERNAL DRUG USE 6-8 weeks Joy Fetal Alcohol Syndrome 3-4 months Anger Smoking- associated w/ below average 8-9 months Sadness, fear infant weight 12—18 months Tender affection, shame Drugs with Teratogenic Effect: (begins at 18 months) o Tetracyclines 24 months Pride o Valproate 3-4 years Guilt, envy o Tegretol 5-6 years Insecurity, humility, confidence o Phenytoin o Progesterone-estrogens TODDLER PERIOD o Lithium Second year of life is marked by o Warfarin accelerated motor and intellectual development INFANCY marked by delivery of fetus LANGUAGE AND COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT average newborn weighs 3,400 grams Toddlers begin to listen to explanation SMALL FETUS- birthweight of below 10th They create new behaviors from the old percentile of their gestational stage ones and engage in symbolic activities PREMATURE- those with gestation of less than 34 weeks or a birthweight under 2,500 grams EMOTIONAL and SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT -increased risk for learning disabilities “social referencing” is apparent (dyslexia, emotional and behavioral The child looks to parents and others for problems, mental retardation, and child emotional cues about how to respond to abuse) novel events POSTMATURE- infants born 2 weeks or more Toddlers show exploratory excitement, beyond the expected date assertive pleasure, and pleasure in discovery -has long nails,, scanty lanugo hairs, more scalp hair than usual, increased alertness and in developing new behavior, including teasing and surprising or fooling the parent REFLEXES AT SURVIVAL SYSTEMS AT BIRTH present at birth- rooting reflex, grasp and SEXUAL DEVELOPMENT plantar reflex, knee reflex, abdominal reflex, GENDER IDENTITY – the unshakeable moro reflex, tonic neck reflex conviction of being male or female, begins to manifest at 18 months and is often fixed by 24-30 months LANGUAGE AND COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT 3 CARAOS CRUZ DE LEMOS FRANCISCO JAAFAR LAGMAN MANUEL OLASO PILI REBLORA SARMIENTO  GENDER ROLE – describes the behavior that Pretend games – help test real-life situations society deems appropriate for one sex or in a playful manner another play behavior reflects their level of social development SPHINCTER CONTROL AND SLEEP PARALLEL Play Toilet training serves as a paradigm of the ○ 2 ½ and 3 years family’s general training practice ○ Solitary play along side with another 2 ½ years à complete control of daytime child with no interaction between urination them 4 years à complete control of night time ASSOCIATIVE Play urination ○ Age of 3 Toddlers may have difficulties in sleeping ○ Playing with the same toys in pairs or related to fear of the dark which can be in small groups, but till no real managed by using nightlights interaction among them Most toddlers sleep about 12 hours a day, COOPERATIVE Play including a 2 hour nap ○ Age of 4 ○ Able to share PRESCHOOL PERIOD ○ Real interaction and taking turns with Characterized by marked physical and other children emotional and physical growth Between 2-3 years, children reach half their IMAGINARY COMPANIONS adult height appear usually in children with above 5-6 years, children are ready to enter school average intelligence and usually in the form of persons LANGUAGE and COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT can also be things, like toys Children uses sentences significance is unclear, but are usually They begin to think symbolically friendly Generally, their thinking is egocentric – they disappear by 12 years old cannot place themselves in the position of another child and are incapable of MIDDLE CHILDHOOD empathy between 6 years old and puberty children enter elementary school EMOTIONAL AND SOCIAL BEHAVIOR At the start of preschool period, children LANGUAGE AND COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT can express complex emotions as love, express complex ideas with relations among unhappiness, jealousy, and envy several elements Their emotions are easily influenced by ogical exploration tends to dominate somatic events – tiredness and hunger fantasy ↑ interest in rules and orderliness SIBLING RIVALRY ↑ capacity for self regulation Birth of a sibling – tests capacity of child for thinking becomes organized and logical further cooperation and sharing but may 9 or 10 years ­ability to concentrate = well also evoke sibling rivalry established ↑ independence, learning, and socialization PLAY 4 CARAOS CRUZ DE LEMOS FRANCISCO JAAFAR LAGMAN MANUEL OLASO PILI REBLORA SARMIENTO EMOTIONAL AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT onset of puberty varies (girls enter puberty PEER INTERACTION – assumes major 12 to 18 months earlier) ○ 11 for girls (ranges importance from 8 to 13) empathy and concern for others emerges o 13 for boys (ranges from 10 to 14) 9 or 10 years ­well developed capacities for hormonal activity produces the love, compassion, and sharing manifestations of puberty traditionally emotions about sexual differences also categorized as primary and secondary sex begin to emerge = excitement vs. shyness characteristics ○ primary sex characteristics with the opposite sex = directly involved in coitus and o prefer to interact with children of the reproduction, the reproductive organs and same sex the external genitalia o secondary sex characteristics CHUM PERIOD ▪ enlarged breast and hips in Harry Stack Sullivan girls and facial hair absence during middle years = early ▪ lowered voices in boys harbinger of schizophrenia ▪ height and weight increase earlier in girls; by age 12, (girls SCHOOL REFUSAL = both taller and heavier) refuse to go to school at this time, generally sensitive to the opinions of their peers and because of separation anxiety constantly compare themselves with others not an isolated problem; children with this deviation, real or imagined = lead to problem typically avoid many other social feelings of inferiority, low self esteem, and situations loss of confidence ADOLESCENCE PERIOD Risk Taking Behavior characterized by profound biological, alcohol, tobacco, and other substance use psychological, and social developmental promiscuous sexual activity (risk of acquired changes immune deficiency syndrome) biological onset = signaled by rapid accident prone behavior (fast driving, acceleration of skeletal growth and the skydiving, and hang gliding) beginnings of physical sexual development psychological onset = acceleration of cognitive development and consolidation EARLY ADULTHOOD of personality formation 20­-40 years old social onset = a period of intensified culmination of all developmental steps that preparation for the coming role of young had gone before adulthood Puberty longest phase of human life onset of puberty varies (girls enter puberty peaking biological development 12 to 18 months earlier) ○ 11 for girls (ranges assumption of major social roles from 8 to 13) ○ 13 for boys (ranges from 10 to evolution of an adult self and life structure 14) transition to early adulthood events: o graduating from high school o starting a job or entering college o living independently PUBERTY 5 CARAOS CRUZ DE LEMOS FRANCISCO JAAFAR LAGMAN MANUEL OLASO PILI REBLORA SARMIENTO Developmental Tasks o marry for the first time in their mid to option for occupation and marriage (or late 20’s other intimate relationships) are explored o divorced persons marry again According to Daniel Levinson: Period of ▪ most cases more successfully Reappraisals than the first time (marital unit o age of 30 transition = question their still provides a means for choices sustained intimacy, o ask themselves whether the life they perpetuates the culture, and have is the one they really want gratifies interpersonal needs) INDIVIDUATION PARENTHOOD o leaving the family of origin and o By age 30, most have established becoming one’s own man or families and must deal with woman, passing through midlife, and parent-child problems preparing in middle adulthood for o They also experience the economic the transition into late adulthood burden of raising a child Erik Erikson: INTIMACY VS ISOLATION o Men: more concerned with their o time that contacts with others are work and occupational made advancement (than with child o intimate relationships develop rearing) o commitment to another person o Women: have been concerned (marriage partner, the significant about their role as mothers (than other) develops with advancement in their o unable to cope = lead to isolation so occupation) they may become withdrawn, and depressed MIDDLE ADULTHOOD OCCUPATION Ages 40 – 65 o The pursuit and development of According to Carl Jung, age 40 is the “noon particular occupational choices is of life”. affected by socioeconomic group, The transition from early adulthood involves gender and race. the ff: o Healthy adaptation to work o Process of reviewing the past provides: o Considering how life has gone - outlet for creativity o Deciding what the future will be like - satisfactory relationships with o They would like to live their remaining colleagues years in the different, more satisfying - pride in accomplishment way, without knowing exactly how - and, increased self-esteem o Important gender changes also o In contrast, maladaptation can lead occur to: o Women: With regards to occupation, - dissatisfaction with oneself many persons begin to experience and with the job the gap between early aspirations - insecurity and current achievements - decreased self-esteem - anger and resentment at having to work MARRIAGE 6 CARAOS CRUZ DE LEMOS FRANCISCO JAAFAR LAGMAN MANUEL OLASO PILI REBLORA SARMIENTO  o Wondering whether the lifestyle and a mental state found in healthy adults that commitments they chose are worth are characterized by detailed knowledge of continuing the parameters of human existence a sophisticated level of self- awareness DEVELOPMENTAL TASK based on an honest appraisal of one’s own Robert Butler - described several themes experience within those basic parameters that appear to be present (regardless of and the ability to use this intellectual and marital and family status, gender, or emotional knowledge and insight caringly in economic level). These includes; relation to one’s self and others o Aging o Taking stock of accomplishments LATE ADULTHOOD (OLD AGE) and setting goals for the future Begins at age 65 o Reassessing commitments to family, Two groups of older adults (as described by work, and marriage gerontologists): o Dealing with parental illness and o Young-old: ages 65-74 death o Old-Old: ages 75 and beyond o Attending to all the developmental LONGEVITY - reveals that a family history of tasks without losing the capacity to longevity is the best indicator of a long life. experience pleasure or to engage in o almost half of fathers of persons who playful activity live past 80 also lived past 80. o Predictors of longevity that are within MIDLIFE CRISIS a person’s control: Physical changes are accompanied by new - regular medical checkups emotional and psychological demands. - minimal or no caffeine or A period of growing appreciation for what alcohol consumption one does have and a gradual letting go of - work gratification what might have been - and a perceived sense of the Some feel a sense of urgency to do and self as being socially useful accomplish all they can before time runs out BERNICE NEUGARTEN Men and women who are prone to midlife The major conflict of old age relates to crises tend to come from families giving up the position of authority and characterized by one or more of the ff. evaluating achievements and former during adolescence: competence. o Parental discord It is a time of reconciliation with others and o Withdrawal by the same-sex parent resolution of grief over the death of others o Anxious parents and the approaching death of self. o Impulsive parents with a low sense of responsibility EMPTY-NEST SYNDROME A depression that occurs when their youngest child is about to leave home. MATURITY 7 CARAOS CRUZ DE LEMOS FRANCISCO JAAFAR LAGMAN MANUEL OLASO PILI REBLORA SARMIENTO  Psychological Aspects of Aging o Higher mortality among persons with SOCIAL ACTIVITY depression Healthy older persons usually maintain a o and, a general decrease in disorders level of social activity that is only slightly caused by emotional upheavals or changed from that of earlier years. substance abuse in older persons. For many, old age is a period of continued Depression in older persons is often intellectual, emotional and psychological accompanied by physical symptoms or growth. cognitive changes that may mimic Contact with younger persons is also dementia. important. Old persons can pass on cultural values and provide care services to the younger generation; thereby they can still maintain a sense of usefulness that contributes to self esteem. Ageism This is a term coined by Robert Butler. Refers to discrimination toward old persons and to the negative stereotypes about old age that are held by younger adults. Retirement A time for the pursuit of leisure and for freedom from the responsibility of previous working commitments. For others, however, retirement is a time of stress, especially when retirement results in economic problems or a loss of self-esteem. Sexual Activity An estimated 70% of men and 20% of women over age 60 years, are sexually active. GOOD JOB MY CHILD, NEXT TRANS NAMAN! Sexual activity is usually limited by the absence of an available partner. Psychiatric problems of older persons The prevalence of major depressive disorder and dysthymia in old age is actually less (than in younger age groups). Several explanations for this phenomenon are the following: o Rarity of late-onset depression 8 CARAOS CRUZ DE LEMOS FRANCISCO JAAFAR LAGMAN MANUEL OLASO PILI REBLORA SARMIENTO