Voluntary Carbon Credits PDF

VOLUNTARY CARBON CREDITS A credit equals the offset of one tonne of CO2, through the implementation of a development project managed by a third party. 1 tonne of CO2 = 1 Carbon credit. We have two types of tones: 1. CER (Certified Emission Reduction) à type of emission unit (or Carbon credits) issued by the Clean Development Mechanisms (CDM) Executive Board for emission reductions achieved by CDM projects and verified by a DOE (Designated Operational Entity) under the rules of the Kyoto protocol. 2. VER (Verified Emission Reduction) à VER are usually created by projects which have been verified outside of the Kyoto Protocol. 1 Ver is equivalent to 1 tonne od CO2 emissions. Through these schemes, industries and individuals voluntarily compensate for their emissions or provide and additional contribution to mitigating climate change. There are basically 2 ways to create a Carbon credit (Both these solutions are really effective): 1) TECH SOLUTION I use some technologies or new processes to give less impact obtained from the same input à tech solutions are all those improvements that find a solution to a human need with fewer resources than used in the normal scenario. 2 kinds of tech solutions: a. Avoidance of emissions à activities, processes or mechanisms to reduce the emission of GHG from a human activity that is essential for the social development (es wind and solar energy, biogas, thermal efficiency and so on). Those CC are the less valuable on the market b. Carbon sink à activities, processes or mechanisms to remove the emission of GHG through technological means (es Geo-sink, ocean-sink etc.). Problems: eutrophication and thermal unbalance 2) NATURE-BASED SOLUTION 2 kinds of nature-based solutions a. Avoidance of emissions à protect the ecosystem from the human action to preserve biodiversity that in the normal case scenario would be lost (es REDD+, even though is not a very linear process, it a good for biodiversity preservation) b. Carbon sink à regenerative activity that enrich the soil and the biodiversity of an ecosystem storing in the process the CO2 (es Agro-forestry such as hemp, wetland restoration, forest restoration) We have 170 typologies of Carbon credits or methodology that generate CC, such as Renewable energy Industrial efficiency Fleet efficiency REDD+ Agroforestry Waste and plastic efficiency Domestic energy and clean water Blue Carbon How can I produce CC? GENERATION PROJECT PROCESS (riascoltare bene) Baseline and Impact PDD and Project Project Varification and Sell Carbon Stakeholders Monitoring Validation Implementation Credit issuance Credits engament (12 months) Why do we need Carbon Credits? Well, basically bc they are tradable, unique and commodities. Benefits to: - NATIONS: Under Joint implementation, countries with commitments under the Kyoto protocol are eligible to transfer and/or acquire emission reduction units (ERUs) and use them to meet part of their emission reduction target. - COMPANIES: the main objective for acquiring Verified Emission Reduction (VER) credits, is to neutralize the Carbon footprint. Motivated mainly by Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) and public relations. Other reasons are consideration such as certification, reputation and environmental and social benefit. The prize of a CC depends a lot on the impact! - The main Stakeholders are CDM (Clean Development Mechanism) and REGISTRY - CONSUMERS à if I buy smth I have some power on the market - Institutions DNA (Designated National Authority) - Technological and logistic providers - Companies - Research - NGO - Community - Beneficiaries à end user that impact your activities We have 3 policy makers: 1. UNFCCC 2. CDM 3. ISO What do they do? o MEA o Framework setting o International coordination o Negotiations formula o Standard ruling ASSURANCE PROVIDERS à verification and validation bodies Standard setter à choose validation bodies to validate Carbon credits Registry à where you put all your data that cannot be falsified: CC ARE TRADED IN THE REGISTRY Stakeholders’ consultations CC issuance Quality assurance DNA national designated authority, in the COP they validate your job. They enforce decision made in negotiations, set national climate goal and take care of stakeholder committee. In italy there is not. Partners: Field expert Community training Tech producer à Tot: trainer of the trainers Logistic provider: needed to move in a certain country All from a certain field, and they know it very well! 3. LIFE CYCLE IMPACT ASSESSMENT (LCIA) How are the inventory data converted in indicators of environmental impact? Impact categories = categories related to the environmental effect. IMPACT INDICATORS: 1. Climate change 2. Ozone depletion 3. Human toxicity 4. Terrestrial acidification 5. Freshwater/terrestrial/marine eutrophication 6. Mineral, fossil and renewable resource depletion 7. … Calculations of LCIS are done by software but we need to know how to use them! Es. which is the most sustainable product? A or B? They can have different input/output The inventory involves hundreds of inputs and hundreds of outputs. How can all this information be converted in a FEW NUMERICAL ENVIRONMENTAL INDICATORS? The LCIA methods allows to convert the inventory data LCI, (es, kg Methane emission into air) in environmental impact (es global warming). Es Methane à more effective in global warming than CO2 NO2 à more effective in global warming than Methane NO2 > CH4 > CO2 à I HAVE TO TRANSFORM THEM IN CO2 EQUIVALENTS! Depending also on the environmental effect, the impact changes: es NO2 has no effect on acidification of soil. RIASCOLTARE IMPACT CATEGORY = class representing environmental issues of concern to which life cycle inventory analysis results may be assigned. Types of environmental issues that could be caused by the inputs and outputs of the product or process being analyzed: Human health Ecosystems Resources Impact can be at different levels: a. Global level (global warming, ozone depletion, human toxicity) b. Regional level (acidification, eutrophication, human toxicity or water usage) c. Local level (acidification, eutrophication, smog or human toxicity) For each impact category we have impact indicators! - Global warming potential à 25 kg CO2-eq - Acidification potential à 5.4 kg SO2-eq or 274 moles H+-eq - Ozone layer depletion à 4.9 kg CFC-11 eq - Photochemical oxidation (ex. smog) à 1.2 kg C2H4-eq or 10.8 kg O3-eq MIDPOINT IMPACT CATEGORY à potential impact ENDPOINT IMPACT CATEGORY à potential damage Impact categories can be grouped than in damage categories à LCA should be ended at midpoint impact category bc ISO STANDARD say so. 4 steps: CLASSIFICATION, CATEGORIZATION, normalization and weighting 1) CLASSIFICATION Ø Selection of the evaluated environmental impacts/effects Ø Assignment of the results of the inventory phase to the chosen environmental effects If our process involves the emission of NO2, the impact will be evaluated only on Ozone depletion and climate change 2) CHARACTERIZATION Quantify the relation bw the substances of the inventory and the different environmental effects. It is the transformation of the inventory into the environmental effect (or impact categories that represent contribution of the studied process to the environmental effects). Note: no info abt where and when the environmental effects will occur. Indicator of CO2-eq = inventory data (kg) x characterization factor CF x (specific for each indicator) Conversion and aggregation based on: inventory data, characterization factors. Thanks to the CF the different substances of the inventory are converted in one indicator for each impact category. Different substances force different amounts of impacts per unit mass 1 kg NOx forces only 0.7 times the acidification potential as 1 kg SO2. Some emissions have different residence times in the atmosphere over which they force impacts. Mostly applied to global warming potential. As the prices (money/kg) are useful to calculate the expense at the supermarket for our list of products, the CHARACTERIZATION FACTORS are needed to calculate the impact related to the different production factors or emitted substances. Why are the impacts expressed as “equivalent”? Different substances have different relative amounts of forcing Usually results are related to the equivalent release of a particular substance WITH LCA YOU QUANTIFY ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS DUE TO HUMAN ACTIVITY!!! EXAMPLE DIFFERENCE IN ORGANIC AND CONVENTIONAL RICE PRODUCTION IN LOMBARDY 1) To assess the environmental profile of organic rice production (ORP) system in Northern Italy 2) To identify the key processes from an environmental point of view 3) To compare the environmental impact of organic (ORP) and conventional (CRP) rice production systems QUESTIONS: What is the environmental impact for 1 ton of grain (14% moisture) from ORP system? What are the processes most responsible for this impact? Compared to traditional rice production system (characterized by higher yield) which rice system show better environmental performances? In 2014, the rice area dedicated to organic rice was 9,528 ha (4.3% of the overall rice area) with a total production of 57,070 t (3.5% of the rice production). - Respect to CRP, the ORP is characterized by great yield variations and, on average, by yield reductions of about 1⁄3 - 1⁄2. + The application of organic fertilizers instead of the mineral ones can be beneficial for soil - Organic fertilizers are not always easy to find and enhance CH4 emissions in anaerobic conditions + The ban of pesticides - Weed management requires intensive mechanical control In autumn, a mix of vetch and ryegrass is sown; in the following May the biomass is incorporated into the soil. Rice sowing is carried out with a precision seeder (220 kg/ha of seed - depth of 5-6 cm) after tillage operations. Weed control is performed using a spring tine harrow (4 interventions). After it, the rice fields are flooded and no aerations are scheduled. The flooding ends only at the beginning of September. Harvesting operations carried out with self-propelled harvester and rice paddy is transported to the farm. The straw is left into the soil. SYSTEM BOUNDARY The following activities were included in the analysis: Manufacture and use of the agricultural inputs (e.g., fuels, seed, fertilizers and agricultural machines), maintenance and final disposal of machines Emissions related to organic matter decomposition, fertilizer application and fuel combustion (using tractors) Rice cultivation is responsible for considerable emissions of GHG in particular of methane produced during the decomposition of organic matter in anaerobic conditions. As regard to the CH4 emissions, the methodology proposed by the IPCC was considered. Methane emissions were evaluated considering: Straw Organic fertilizer (compost) Green manure CH4 emissions ↑ with higher application of organic matter and longer flooding. CH4 emissions arrow down with aerations, reduction of flooding, reduction of organic matter application. As regard to ORC system the following 9 environmental impacts were evaluated: 1. Climate change (Global warming potential) 2. Ozone depletion 3. Particulate matter formation 4. Photochemical oxidant formations 5. Human toxicity, cancer effects 6. Acidification 7. Terrestrial eutrophication 8. Freshwater eutrophication 9. Marine eutrophication 10. Freshwater ecotoxicity 11. Mineral, fossil & ren resource depletion FU in this study: 1 ton rice produced WHICH PROCESS IS THE MOST IMPORTANT FOR ENVIROMENTAL IMPACT? HOTSPOTS: For climate change in this case, methane emissions is the most responsible. Emissions due to fertilizers applictaion Seed production Mechanization of field operations Compost production How to use SimaPro 1. Inventario à process à materials à elaborazioni à agriculture à cliccare su NUOVO 2. Inserimento dati, 3. Create 3 subsystem which will be the input of the whole process 4. For the 3 subsystems we have different inputs taken from database and different outputs 5. We insert these data into SimaPro: SUBSYSTEM 1 - in “output noti”, products and coproducts: chopped maize production CHIARA. Functional unit for subsystem one kg, physical quantity mass, quantità fisica: 1 - Input noti: tractors, machinesries (doppio click sull’azzurro, poi “trova” e scrivere for ex tractor). The second line “dove” has to be CURRENT PROJECT AND LIBRARY. Click su trova - Selezionare tractor, 4-wheel, agriculture (GLO) market fir APOS, U à DOPPIO CLICK (o SELEZIONA) - Sempre nell’input, quantità fisica 0.6 (vedi tabelle input) - Aggiungere un altro input: machineries, quantità fisica 2.06 g - Aggiungere un altro input: diesel (GLO), quantità fisica 14.1 g - Aggiungere un altro input: pendimethalin, quantità fisica 0.05 g - Aggiungere un altro input: urea, as N (GLO) market for APOS, U, quantità fisica 4.23*0.46 = 19.95 g - OUTPUTS à emissions into air, water and soil - Emissioni nell’aria: 1) ammonia (quantità fisica 6.93 g) 2) carbon dioxide CO2 (quntità fisica 47.5 g) 3) nitrogen oxide IT (quantità fisica 59 mg) 4) sulphur dioxide (quantità fisica 38.7 mg) 5) heat, waste (quantità fisica 176 kj) - Emissioni in acqua: 6) Phosphate (quantità fisica 8.54 mg) 7) Nitrate (quantità fisica 7.2 mg) 8) BOD5 (quantità fisica 94.1 mg) 9) COD (quantià fisica 94.4 mg) - Emissioni nel suolo: SOTTOCOMPARTIMENTO AGRICULTURAL 10) Pendimethalin (quantità fisica 0.05 mg) CARBON CREDITS Using LCA we can quantify Carbon footprint also called global warming potential! Carbon credits: Un credito di carbonio o carbon credit è un certificato negoziabile, ovvero un titolo equivalente ad una tonnellata di CO2 non emessa o assorbita grazie ad un progetto di tutela ambientale realizzato con lo scopo di ridurre o riassorbire le emissioni globali di CO2 e altri gas ad effetto serra. Il credito di carbonio viene scambiato per compensare l'emissione di una tonnellata di anidride carbonica equivalente, attraverso la realizzazione di un progetto di sviluppo con intervento da parte di un ente terzo. Acquistare crediti di carbonio (carbon credits) permette alle Aziende che emettono gas serra, di contribuire economicamente alla realizzazione e allo sviluppo di uno o più progetti di tutela ambientale. Questi progetti normalmente sono realizzati in Paesi in Via di Sviluppo, con valenze di promozione sociale e di autosufficienza economica per le popolazioni locali. Why is Carbon market important? 1. CLIMATE CHANGE à economic and social impacts 2. + 1 TRILION DOLLARS each year generated CARBON NEUTRALITY à In an optimal situation GHG regulate the temperature of the Earth, absorbing the heat and releasing it gradually. Without GHG the temperature of the Earth would be below zero. Today’s high concentration of GHG however has broken the balance leading to causes such as raising of global average temperatures. Of the total US emission of 2019 each GHG contributes for: - 80% CO2 - 10% CH4 à way worse than CO2 - 7% N2O - 3% fluorinated gases WHAT IS THE ECONOMICAL IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE? Ø +1.2 °C which leads to a lot of damages (floating, desertification, biodiversity loss and so on) Ø 300% of extreme events in 20 years Ø 3 trillion dollar each year for the next 30 years Nobody wants to pay à the reason why nowadays the Carbon market exists KYOTO PROTOCOL: The Kyoto Protocol is the first international agreement that outlines the commitments of nations to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Signed in 1997 during the Conference of the Parties in Kyoto (COP3), the Protocol establishes precise procedures for achieving its goals. The Protocol establishes a new method for reducing emissions, Flexible Mechanisms. This is how the Emission Trading System was created, a system through which nations and organizations can now purchase carbon credits. MEA international “soft” law, pact btw countries, all the nation come together and with stakeholder have to find solutions! ETS market à mandatory market, which is a sort of Carbon tax. PARIS AGREEMENT (2015) The Paris Agreement is a legally binding treaty on climate change adopted at the Paris Climate Conference (COP21) in December 2015. The Agreement establishes a 5-year cycle, whereby governments must meet to discuss progress toward achieving common long-term goals (transparency principle). It is also crucial to prevent and avert environmental damage (prevention principle) by encouraging cooperation between actors and providing aid to developing countries. The EU aims to achieve Carbon neutrality by 2050, with the creation of an economy with zero net greenhouse gas emissions. Target: below 2.0 degrees C°. Developed countries have pollutants! 6 million people have to have access to water, consumer goods, electricity and so on. Our nation has to take the money and give them to create project to mitigate climate situation!!! Partnerships are at the essence and the fundamental for the Carbon market and we will find many Stakeholders with different roles and different interests. Stakeholder: people or organization have interest in the activity or can have a certain impact in the activity itself! They can be people will benefit from this, can be universities, government organizations. In the Carbon market the fort type of SHs are the beneficiaries, the second are the registry, then we have national institutions, registry, legal corporations and so on. CARBON MARKETS: a) MANDATORY Carbon Market The goal is to reduce. The Emission Trading System is instrument aimed at limiting and regulating greenhouse gas emissions in the main industrial sectors of European countries. The ETS sets an overall ceiling of emissions allowed throughout the EU in the various sectors of interest (called CAPs = limits), to which corresponds an equivalent number of greenhouse gas "quotas" that can be bought and/or sold on a special market. The price of credits is subject to market volatility, but also varies depending on the projects from which they are issued. b) VOLUNTARY Carbon Market The goal is to offset. The voluntary market is not mandated by existing regulations but is instrumental in achieving Carbon neutrality through a mechanism to fully offset one's own or one's product's emissions. The voluntary market is regulated by article 5, 8, 9 of the Paris agreement and aims to transfer funds and knowledge within developing countries. It is a mixed market in that it blends the national NDCs of those countries as well as the commitments of private entities. In this case the purpose is compensation. The Carbon credits that are traded on this market are not generated by a cap-and-trade mechanism but rather by an additionality mechanism aimed at decreasing or reducing emissions in developing countries. The credits are issued and exchange in the Carbon registry set up by the CDM mechanism. The last thing is that a Carbon credit market must be ADDITIONAL à each country has a Carbon budget; what a country does more than this Carbon market is additional (vedi dopo). Additionality = I create smth new that the communities are not able to create by themselves from their resources. IS IT POSSIBLE TO BE CARBON NAUTRAL? A path to Carbon neutrality 1. MEASURE Analyze processes and structures to quantify the Carbon footprint 2. REDUCE Implementing actions to reduce the Carbon emission related to a product and of an entire organization to its minimum 3. OFFSET Investing in Carbon offset projects to compensate all the remaining We have 2 kind of Carbon neutrality: basically, you can do the compensation just on your product or on the whole organization ORGANIZATIONS – LCC (Life Cycle Costs) PRODUCTS – LCA (Life Cycle Assessment) You will never work alone but you will always have to create synergies with other people bc alone is difficult to create a huge impact. 1. MEASURE CO2 emission can be calculated at a product or organizational levels. In order to obtain each result different studies will need to be undertaken. - Companies à scope 1, 2 and 3 à Analyzing the processes of a company following the categorization of GHG outlined in the Greenhouse Gas Protocol. All direct controlled and indirect emissions related to consumption and the value chain - Products à LCA à Analyzing the life cycle of a product, from the material extraction phase (“cradle”) until its final production (“gate”) or disposal (“grave”) REGULATION à Everything needs to be standardized: The systems for measuring the environmental footprint and its subsequent communication are regulated by international standards called ISO (international Standard Organization). ISO 14040 abt LCA + ISO 14064 abt CFP (Carbon Footprint of products) + ISO 14021-24-25 abt etichette e dichiarazioni ambientali. LCA - Life Cycle Assessment I. Goal and scope definition II. Inventory analysis III. Impact assessment IV. Interpretation à for this you need for sure some standards V. Applications (product development, public policy making, strategy planning) Phases: - Raw material extraction and processing - Manufacturing phase - Packaging material - Distribution material - Distribution phase - Use phase - Disposal phase 2 ways to take care of your emissions during all the phases. 1) CRADLE-TO-GRAVE It considers the entire life cycle from material extraction (“cradle”) to the use phase of the consumer until the disposal of the product (“grave”) 2) CRADLE-TO-GATE It considers only part of the life cycle, from materials extraction (“cradle”) until the end of the production phase (“factory gate”). It does not include neither the transport phase nor consumer phase, use and disposal On that EPD, that has been conducted by a third party that has no economic interest on you, you will see the LCA à that’s what does count. Pay attention to corruption! Everyone is affected by corruption, so you must be sure that the third party is a reliable and really independent party. 2. REDUCE Also known as Carbon in setting strategies, these include all actions taken by the company to reduce its emissions. These include all energy efficiency practices that optimize the energy consumption of a building, business complex or activity. Some examples include small improvements such as using LED lighting or insulation. It is also possible to act directly at the production level by implementing tools and methodologies that can optimize the management of resources throughout the cycle. - Optimizing energy consumption in the business complex - Optimizing operational processes - Select suppliers that follow responsible management processes Reduce: Scope 1 à your direct emission that you have to control Scope 2 à energy mix that you use Scope 3 à it comes from the value chain à buildings, energy, car fleet, digital footprint, waste management THE TREE IS GOOD? WHAT’S ABOUT SOME TREE PLANTING? 3. OFFSET After having measured the processes and reduced the emissions organizations can implement Carbon offsetting actions which fall into two categories. 2 ways to become Carbon neutral: 1. You can offset with CARBON CREDITS after you’ve reduced your footprint à A credit equals the offset of one tonne of CO2 equivalent, through the implementation of a development project managed by a third party. A credit is traded on the ETS market, and it is certified by a third party organization such as Golden Standard and Verra. 2. You can di CARBON SINK by your own à Activities, processes, or mechanisms to remove (and sequester) Carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere. A system that retains more CO2 than it (eventually) releases. The main natural carbon sinks are soils, forests, and oceans. To date, there are no man-made Carbon sinks. ¨ Cookstove à Providing cleaner and more efficient cooking technologies to prevent the release of emissions coming from the combustion of wood, coal, charcoal, dung or plastic. ¨ Seagrass restoration à Implementing action to restore seagrass to take advantage of their natural ability to absorb CO2 ¨ Green energy à sourcing renewable energy for the entire organizational activities ¨ Responsible forest management à implementing practices aimed at restoring and maintaining forests at their optimal conditions ¨ Tree planting à planting new trees to take advantage of their natural abilities of absorbing CO2. An adult tree can absorb from 10kg to 30kg of CO2 every year. THE VALUE MARKET – VER Prices for voluntary carbon credits vary widely depending on the type of project, the value added (additionality), the size of the transaction, and the certifying body (Verra, Gold Standard, CAR, or ACR) to which it is accredited. Prices can range from less than $1/tCO2eq for older projects with fewer verifiable co-benefits, to over $20/tCO2eq for projects with unique features and specific co-benefits, such as biodiversity and support for indigenous peoples. Demand is growing dramatically. Today's average prices are expected to increase by 2030 to potentially $100/tCO2. Advantages of being Carbon neutral: Ethics à introducing a new way of doing business that could inspire other companies as well Reliability à increase in SHs’ trust in the product and the company First mover à opportunity of becoming the benchmark within the industry Green procurement à (not mandatory) becoming the supplier by default by anticipating demands in terms of environmental performance VOLUNTARY CARBON CREDITS A credit equals the offset of one tonne of CO2, through the implementation of a development project managed by a third party. 1 tonne of CO2 = 1 Carbon credit. We have two types of tones: 1. CER (Certified Emission Reduction) à type of emission unit (or Carbon credits) issued by the Clean Development Mechanisms (CDM) Executive Board for emission reductions achieved by CDM projects and verified by a DOE (Designated Operational Entity) under the rules of the Kyoto protocol. 2. VER (Verified Emission Reduction) à VER are usually created by projects which have been verified outside of the Kyoto Protocol. 1 Ver is equivalent to 1 tonne od CO2 emissions. Through these schemes, industries and individuals voluntarily compensate for their emissions or provide and additional contribution to mitigating climate change. There are basically 2 ways to create a Carbon credit (Both these solutions are really effective): 1) TECH SOLUTION I use some technologies or new processes to give less impact obtained from the same input à tech solutions are all those improvements that find a solution to a human need with fewer resources than used in the normal scenario. 2 kinds of tech solutions: a. Avoidance of emissions à activities, processes or mechanisms to reduce the emission of GHG from a human activity that is essential for the social development (es wind and solar energy, biogas, thermal efficiency and so on). Those CC are the less valuable on the market b. Carbon sink à activities, processes or mechanisms to remove the emission of GHG through technological means (es Geo-sink, ocean-sink etc.). Problems: eutrophication and thermal unbalance 2) NATURE-BASED SOLUTION 2 kinds of nature-based solutions a. Avoidance of emissions à protect the ecosystem from the human action to preserve biodiversity that in the normal case scenario would be lost (es REDD+, even though is not a very linear process, it a good for biodiversity preservation) b. Carbon sink à regenerative activity that enrich the soil and the biodiversity of an ecosystem storing in the process the CO2 (es Agro-forestry such as hemp, wetland restoration, forest restoration) We have 170 typologies of Carbon credits or methodology that generate CC, such as Renewable energy Industrial efficiency Fleet efficiency REDD+ Agroforestry Waste and plastic efficiency Domestic energy and clean water Blue Carbon How can I produce CC? GENERATION PROJECT PROCESS (riascoltare bene) Baseline and Impact PDD and Project Project Varification and Sell Carbon Stakeholders Monitoring Validation Implementation Credit issuance Credits engament (12 months) Why do we need Carbon Credits? Well, basically bc they are tradable, unique and commodities. Benefits to: - NATIONS: Under Joint implementation, countries with commitments under the Kyoto protocol are eligible to transfer and/or acquire emission reduction units (ERUs) and use them to meet part of their emission reduction target. - COMPANIES: the main objective for acquiring Verified Emission Reduction (VER) credits, is to neutralize the Carbon footprint. Motivated mainly by Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) and public relations. Other reasons are consideration such as certification, reputation and environmental and social benefit. The prize of a CC depends a lot on the impact! - The main Stakeholders are CDM (Clean Development Mechanism) and REGISTRY - CONSUMERS à if I buy smth I have some power on the market - Institutions DNA (Designated National Authority) - Technological and logistic providers - Companies - Research - NGO - Community - Beneficiaries à end user that impact your activities We have 3 policy makers: 1. UNFCCC 2. CDM 3. ISO What do they do? o MEA o Framework setting o International coordination o Negotiations formula o Standard ruling ASSURANCE PROVIDERS à verification and validation bodies Standard setter à choose validation bodies to validate Carbon credits Registry à where you put all your data that cannot be falsified: CC ARE TRADED IN THE REGISTRY Stakeholders’ consultations CC issuance Quality assurance DNA national designated authority, in the COP they validate your job. They enforce decision made in negotiations, set national climate goal and take care of stakeholder committee. In italy there is not. Partners: Field expert Community training Tech producer à Tot: trainer of the trainers Logistic provider: needed to move in a certain country All from a certain field, and they know it very well! 3. LIFE CYCLE IMPACT ASSESSMENT (LCIA) How are the inventory data converted in indicators of environmental impact? Impact categories = categories related to the environmental effect. IMPACT INDICATORS: 1. Climate change 2. Ozone depletion 3. Human toxicity 4. Terrestrial acidification 5. Freshwater/terrestrial/marine eutrophication 6. Mineral, fossil and renewable resource depletion 7. … Calculations of LCIS are done by software but we need to know how to use them! Es. which is the most sustainable product? A or B? They can have different input/output The inventory involves hundreds of inputs and hundreds of outputs. How can all this information be converted in a FEW NUMERICAL ENVIRONMENTAL INDICATORS? The LCIA methods allows to convert the inventory data LCI, (es, kg Methane emission into air) in environmental impact (es global warming). Es Methane à more effective in global warming than CO2 NO2 à more effective in global warming than Methane NO2 > CH4 > CO2 à I HAVE TO TRANSFORM THEM IN CO2 EQUIVALENTS! Depending also on the environmental effect, the impact changes: es NO2 has no effect on acidification of soil. RIASCOLTARE IMPACT CATEGORY = class representing environmental issues of concern to which life cycle inventory analysis results may be assigned. Types of environmental issues that could be caused by the inputs and outputs of the product or process being analyzed: Human health Ecosystems Resources Impact can be at different levels: a. Global level (global warming, ozone depletion, human toxicity) b. Regional level (acidification, eutrophication, human toxicity or water usage) c. Local level (acidification, eutrophication, smog or human toxicity) For each impact category we have impact indicators! - Global warming potential à 25 kg CO2-eq - Acidification potential à 5.4 kg SO2-eq or 274 moles H+-eq - Ozone layer depletion à 4.9 kg CFC-11 eq - Photochemical oxidation (ex. smog) à 1.2 kg C2H4-eq or 10.8 kg O3-eq MIDPOINT IMPACT CATEGORY à potential impact ENDPOINT IMPACT CATEGORY à potential damage Impact categories can be grouped than in damage categories à LCA should be ended at midpoint impact category bc ISO STANDARD say so. 4 steps: CLASSIFICATION, CATEGORIZATION, normalization and weighting 1) CLASSIFICATION Ø Selection of the evaluated environmental impacts/effects Ø Assignment of the results of the inventory phase to the chosen environmental effects If our process involves the emission of NO2, the impact will be evaluated only on Ozone depletion and climate change 2) CHARACTERIZATION Quantify the relation bw the substances of the inventory and the different environmental effects. It is the transformation of the inventory into the environmental effect (or impact categories that represent contribution of the studied process to the environmental effects). Note: no info abt where and when the environmental effects will occur. Indicator of CO2-eq = inventory data (kg) x characterization factor CF x (specific for each indicator) Conversion and aggregation based on: inventory data, characterization factors. Thanks to the CF the different substances of the inventory are converted in one indicator for each impact category. Different substances force different amounts of impacts per unit mass 1 kg NOx forces only 0.7 times the acidification potential as 1 kg SO2. Some emissions have different residence times in the atmosphere over which they force impacts. Mostly applied to global warming potential. As the prices (money/kg) are useful to calculate the expense at the supermarket for our list of products, the CHARACTERIZATION FACTORS are needed to calculate the impact related to the different production factors or emitted substances. Why are the impacts expressed as “equivalent”? Different substances have different relative amounts of forcing Usually results are related to the equivalent release of a particular substance WITH LCA YOU QUANTIFY ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS DUE TO HUMAN ACTIVITY!!! EXAMPLE DIFFERENCE IN ORGANIC AND CONVENTIONAL RICE PRODUCTION IN LOMBARDY 1) To assess the environmental profile of organic rice production (ORP) system in Northern Italy 2) To identify the key processes from an environmental point of view 3) To compare the environmental impact of organic (ORP) and conventional (CRP) rice production systems QUESTIONS: What is the environmental impact for 1 ton of grain (14% moisture) from ORP system? What are the processes most responsible for this impact? Compared to traditional rice production system (characterized by higher yield) which rice system show better environmental performances? In 2014, the rice area dedicated to organic rice was 9,528 ha (4.3% of the overall rice area) with a total production of 57,070 t (3.5% of the rice production). - Respect to CRP, the ORP is characterized by great yield variations and, on average, by yield reductions of about 1⁄3 - 1⁄2. + The application of organic fertilizers instead of the mineral ones can be beneficial for soil - Organic fertilizers are not always easy to find and enhance CH4 emissions in anaerobic conditions + The ban of pesticides - Weed management requires intensive mechanical control In autumn, a mix of vetch and ryegrass is sown; in the following May the biomass is incorporated into the soil. Rice sowing is carried out with a precision seeder (220 kg/ha of seed - depth of 5-6 cm) after tillage operations. Weed control is performed using a spring tine harrow (4 interventions). After it, the rice fields are flooded and no aerations are scheduled. The flooding ends only at the beginning of September. Harvesting operations carried out with self-propelled harvester and rice paddy is transported to the farm. The straw is left into the soil. SYSTEM BOUNDARY The following activities were included in the analysis: Manufacture and use of the agricultural inputs (e.g., fuels, seed, fertilizers and agricultural machines), maintenance and final disposal of machines Emissions related to organic matter decomposition, fertilizer application and fuel combustion (using tractors) Rice cultivation is responsible for considerable emissions of GHG in particular of methane produced during the decomposition of organic matter in anaerobic conditions. As regard to the CH4 emissions, the methodology proposed by the IPCC was considered. Methane emissions were evaluated considering: Straw Organic fertilizer (compost) Green manure CH4 emissions ↑ with higher application of organic matter and longer flooding. CH4 emissions arrow down with aerations, reduction of flooding, reduction of organic matter application. As regard to ORC system the following 9 environmental impacts were evaluated: 1. Climate change (Global warming potential) 2. Ozone depletion 3. Particulate matter formation 4. Photochemical oxidant formations 5. Human toxicity, cancer effects 6. Acidification 7. Terrestrial eutrophication 8. Freshwater eutrophication 9. Marine eutrophication 10. Freshwater ecotoxicity 11. Mineral, fossil & ren resource depletion FU in this study: 1 ton rice produced WHICH PROCESS IS THE MOST IMPORTANT FOR ENVIROMENTAL IMPACT? HOTSPOTS: For climate change in this case, methane emissions is the most responsible. Emissions due to fertilizers applictaion Seed production Mechanization of field operations Compost production How to use SimaPro 1. Inventario à process à materials à elaborazioni à agriculture à cliccare su NUOVO 2. Inserimento dati, 3. Create 3 subsystem which will be the input of the whole process 4. For the 3 subsystems we have different inputs taken from database and different outputs 5. We insert these data into SimaPro: SUBSYSTEM 1 - in “output noti”, products and coproducts: chopped maize production CHIARA. Functional unit for subsystem one kg, physical quantity mass, quantità fisica: 1 - Input noti: tractors, machinesries (doppio click sull’azzurro, poi “trova” e scrivere for ex tractor). The second line “dove” has to be CURRENT PROJECT AND LIBRARY. Click su trova - Selezionare tractor, 4-wheel, agriculture (GLO) market fir APOS, U à DOPPIO CLICK (o SELEZIONA) - Sempre nell’input, quantità fisica 0.6 (vedi tabelle input) - Aggiungere un altro input: machineries, quantità fisica 2.06 g - Aggiungere un altro input: diesel (GLO), quantità fisica 14.1 g - Aggiungere un altro input: pendimethalin, quantità fisica 0.05 g - Aggiungere un altro input: urea, as N (GLO) market for APOS, U, quantità fisica 4.23*0.46 = 19.95 g - OUTPUTS à emissions into air, water and soil - Emissioni nell’aria: 1) ammonia (quantità fisica 6.93 g) 2) carbon dioxide CO2 (quntità fisica 47.5 g) 3) nitrogen oxide IT (quantità fisica 59 mg) 4) sulphur dioxide (quantità fisica 38.7 mg) 5) heat, waste (quantità fisica 176 kj) - Emissioni in acqua: 6) Phosphate (quantità fisica 8.54 mg) 7) Nitrate (quantità fisica 7.2 mg) 8) BOD5 (quantità fisica 94.1 mg) 9) COD (quantià fisica 94.4 mg) - Emissioni nel suolo: SOTTOCOMPARTIMENTO AGRICULTURAL 10) Pendimethalin (quantità fisica 0.05 mg) VOLUNTARY CARBON CREDITS A credit equals the offset of one tonne of CO2, through the implementation of a development project managed by a third party. 1 tonne of CO2 = 1 Carbon credit. We have two types of tones: 1. CER (Certified Emission Reduction) à type of emission unit (or Carbon credits) issued by the Clean Development Mechanisms (CDM) Executive Board for emission reductions achieved by CDM projects and verified by a DOE (Designated Operational Entity) under the rules of the Kyoto protocol. 2. VER (Verified Emission Reduction) à VER are usually created by projects which have been verified outside of the Kyoto Protocol. 1 Ver is equivalent to 1 tonne od CO2 emissions. Through these schemes, industries and individuals voluntarily compensate for their emissions or provide and additional contribution to mitigating climate change. There are basically 2 ways to create a Carbon credit (Both these solutions are really effective): 1) TECH SOLUTION I use some technologies or new processes to give less impact obtained from the same input à tech solutions are all those improvements that find a solution to a human need with fewer resources than used in the normal scenario. 2 kinds of tech solutions: a. Avoidance of emissions à activities, processes or mechanisms to reduce the emission of GHG from a human activity that is essential for the social development (es wind and solar energy, biogas, thermal efficiency and so on). Those CC are the less valuable on the market b. Carbon sink à activities, processes or mechanisms to remove the emission of GHG through technological means (es Geo-sink, ocean-sink etc.). Problems: eutrophication and thermal unbalance 2) NATURE-BASED SOLUTION 2 kinds of nature-based solutions a. Avoidance of emissions à protect the ecosystem from the human action to preserve biodiversity that in the normal case scenario would be lost (es REDD+, even though is not a very linear process, it a good for biodiversity preservation) b. Carbon sink à regenerative activity that enrich the soil and the biodiversity of an ecosystem storing in the process the CO2 (es Agro-forestry such as hemp, wetland restoration, forest restoration) We have 170 typologies of Carbon credits or methodology that generate CC, such as Renewable energy Industrial efficiency Fleet efficiency REDD+ Agroforestry Waste and plastic efficiency Domestic energy and clean water Blue Carbon How can I produce CC? GENERATION PROJECT PROCESS (riascoltare bene) Baseline and Impact PDD and Project Project Varification and Sell Carbon Stakeholders Monitoring Validation Implementation Credit issuance Credits engament (12 months) Why do we need Carbon Credits? Well, basically bc they are tradable, unique and commodities. Benefits to: - NATIONS: Under Joint implementation, countries with commitments under the Kyoto protocol are eligible to transfer and/or acquire emission reduction units (ERUs) and use them to meet part of their emission reduction target. - COMPANIES: the main objective for acquiring Verified Emission Reduction (VER) credits, is to neutralize the Carbon footprint. Motivated mainly by Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) and public relations. Other reasons are consideration such as certification, reputation and environmental and social benefit. The prize of a CC depends a lot on the impact! - The main Stakeholders are CDM (Clean Development Mechanism) and REGISTRY - CONSUMERS à if I buy smth I have some power on the market - Institutions DNA (Designated National Authority) - Technological and logistic providers - Companies - Research - NGO - Community - Beneficiaries à end user that impact your activities We have 3 policy makers: 1. UNFCCC 2. CDM 3. ISO What do they do? o MEA o Framework setting o International coordination o Negotiations formula o Standard ruling ASSURANCE PROVIDERS à verification and validation bodies Standard setter à choose validation bodies to validate Carbon credits Registry à where you put all your data that cannot be falsified: CC ARE TRADED IN THE REGISTRY Stakeholders’ consultations CC issuance Quality assurance DNA national designated authority, in the COP they validate your job. They enforce decision made in negotiations, set national climate goal and take care of stakeholder committee. In italy there is not. Partners: Field expert Community training Tech producer à Tot: trainer of the trainers Logistic provider: needed to move in a certain country All from a certain field, and they know it very well! 3. LIFE CYCLE IMPACT ASSESSMENT (LCIA) How are the inventory data converted in indicators of environmental impact? Impact categories = categories related to the environmental effect. IMPACT INDICATORS: 1. Climate change 2. Ozone depletion 3. Human toxicity 4. Terrestrial acidification 5. Freshwater/terrestrial/marine eutrophication 6. Mineral, fossil and renewable resource depletion 7. … Calculations of LCIS are done by software but we need to know how to use them! Es. which is the most sustainable product? A or B? They can have different input/output The inventory involves hundreds of inputs and hundreds of outputs. How can all this information be converted in a FEW NUMERICAL ENVIRONMENTAL INDICATORS? The LCIA methods allows to convert the inventory data LCI, (es, kg Methane emission into air) in environmental impact (es global warming). Es Methane à more effective in global warming than CO2 NO2 à more effective in global warming than Methane NO2 > CH4 > CO2 à I HAVE TO TRANSFORM THEM IN CO2 EQUIVALENTS! Depending also on the environmental effect, the impact changes: es NO2 has no effect on acidification of soil. RIASCOLTARE IMPACT CATEGORY = class representing environmental issues of concern to which life cycle inventory analysis results may be assigned. Types of environmental issues that could be caused by the inputs and outputs of the product or process being analyzed: Human health Ecosystems Resources Impact can be at different levels: a. Global level (global warming, ozone depletion, human toxicity) b. Regional level (acidification, eutrophication, human toxicity or water usage) c. Local level (acidification, eutrophication, smog or human toxicity) For each impact category we have impact indicators! - Global warming potential à 25 kg CO2-eq - Acidification potential à 5.4 kg SO2-eq or 274 moles H+-eq - Ozone layer depletion à 4.9 kg CFC-11 eq - Photochemical oxidation (ex. smog) à 1.2 kg C2H4-eq or 10.8 kg O3-eq MIDPOINT IMPACT CATEGORY à potential impact ENDPOINT IMPACT CATEGORY à potential damage Impact categories can be grouped than in damage categories à LCA should be ended at midpoint impact category bc ISO STANDARD say so. 4 steps: CLASSIFICATION, CATEGORIZATION, normalization and weighting 1) CLASSIFICATION Ø Selection of the evaluated environmental impacts/effects Ø Assignment of the results of the inventory phase to the chosen environmental effects If our process involves the emission of NO2, the impact will be evaluated only on Ozone depletion and climate change 2) CHARACTERIZATION Quantify the relation bw the substances of the inventory and the different environmental effects. It is the transformation of the inventory into the environmental effect (or impact categories that represent contribution of the studied process to the environmental effects). Note: no info abt where and when the environmental effects will occur. Indicator of CO2-eq = inventory data (kg) x characterization factor CF x (specific for each indicator) Conversion and aggregation based on: inventory data, characterization factors. Thanks to the CF the different substances of the inventory are converted in one indicator for each impact category. Different substances force different amounts of impacts per unit mass 1 kg NOx forces only 0.7 times the acidification potential as 1 kg SO2. Some emissions have different residence times in the atmosphere over which they force impacts. Mostly applied to global warming potential. As the prices (money/kg) are useful to calculate the expense at the supermarket for our list of products, the CHARACTERIZATION FACTORS are needed to calculate the impact related to the different production factors or emitted substances. Why are the impacts expressed as “equivalent”? Different substances have different relative amounts of forcing Usually results are related to the equivalent release of a particular substance WITH LCA YOU QUANTIFY ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS DUE TO HUMAN ACTIVITY!!! EXAMPLE DIFFERENCE IN ORGANIC AND CONVENTIONAL RICE PRODUCTION IN LOMBARDY 1) To assess the environmental profile of organic rice production (ORP) system in Northern Italy 2) To identify the key processes from an environmental point of view 3) To compare the environmental impact of organic (ORP) and conventional (CRP) rice production systems QUESTIONS: What is the environmental impact for 1 ton of grain (14% moisture) from ORP system? What are the processes most responsible for this impact? Compared to traditional rice production system (characterized by higher yield) which rice system show better environmental performances? In 2014, the rice area dedicated to organic rice was 9,528 ha (4.3% of the overall rice area) with a total production of 57,070 t (3.5% of the rice production). - Respect to CRP, the ORP is characterized by great yield variations and, on average, by yield reductions of about 1⁄3 - 1⁄2. + The application of organic fertilizers instead of the mineral ones can be beneficial for soil - Organic fertilizers are not always easy to find and enhance CH4 emissions in anaerobic conditions + The ban of pesticides - Weed management requires intensive mechanical control In autumn, a mix of vetch and ryegrass is sown; in the following May the biomass is incorporated into the soil. Rice sowing is carried out with a precision seeder (220 kg/ha of seed - depth of 5-6 cm) after tillage operations. Weed control is performed using a spring tine harrow (4 interventions). After it, the rice fields are flooded and no aerations are scheduled. The flooding ends only at the beginning of September. Harvesting operations carried out with self-propelled harvester and rice paddy is transported to the farm. The straw is left into the soil. SYSTEM BOUNDARY The following activities were included in the analysis: Manufacture and use of the agricultural inputs (e.g., fuels, seed, fertilizers and agricultural machines), maintenance and final disposal of machines Emissions related to organic matter decomposition, fertilizer application and fuel combustion (using tractors) Rice cultivation is responsible for considerable emissions of GHG in particular of methane produced during the decomposition of organic matter in anaerobic conditions. As regard to the CH4 emissions, the methodology proposed by the IPCC was considered. Methane emissions were evaluated considering: Straw Organic fertilizer (compost) Green manure CH4 emissions ↑ with higher application of organic matter and longer flooding. CH4 emissions arrow down with aerations, reduction of flooding, reduction of organic matter application. As regard to ORC system the following 9 environmental impacts were evaluated: 1. Climate change (Global warming potential) 2. Ozone depletion 3. Particulate matter formation 4. Photochemical oxidant formations 5. Human toxicity, cancer effects 6. Acidification 7. Terrestrial eutrophication 8. Freshwater eutrophication 9. Marine eutrophication 10. Freshwater ecotoxicity 11. Mineral, fossil & ren resource depletion FU in this study: 1 ton rice produced WHICH PROCESS IS THE MOST IMPORTANT FOR ENVIROMENTAL IMPACT? HOTSPOTS: For climate change in this case, methane emissions is the most responsible. Emissions due to fertilizers applictaion Seed production Mechanization of field operations Compost production Potential impacts: various limitations lead to the necessity to call environmental impacts identified in LCA “potentials” Underlying simplifications Underlying assumptions → assumptions and simplifications need to be reviewed after study Lack of resolution: Pollutant release of a certain quantity into a small stream may be worse than a large river Large release of substance in a short period of time would have different impacts than over a long time period Release of nitrogen into a phosphorus-limited environment will not contribute significantly to eutrophication Phosphorus-limited means there is already an abundance of nitrogen present, but little phosphorus Linear models for characterization Imperfect characterization factors (above all for toxicity-related impact categories) Impacts caused by human activity: anthropogenic vs natural resources Natural sources of environmental impacts exist Volcanos emit SO2 (contributes to acidification) Respiration of organisms emits CO2 Forests emit volatile organic compounds (can contribute to smog formation) Life cycle assessment is not meant to quantify natural sources, but rather to guide process and product production that add additional emissions. Therefore, only anthropogenic emissions are included in LCA. All impacts are “potential” Only anthropogenic sources are included Different substances have different relative amounts of forcing Usually, results are related to the equivalent release of a particular substance Different impact categories have different scales of impacts Global, regional, local Comparison with economic analysis: Inventory data → Software for LCA → Total cost and impact results Step 2: LCI Step 3: LCIA Step 4: interpretation The software needs as an input the specific cost (€/kg) for the different items of the list and the specific impact (called characterisation factors, kg of unit of impact/kg) for the different items of the list. PROJECT MANAGEMENT Innovation management à PM2 methodology Standard methodology launched by European Commission, is recognized internationally Knowledge of EU research funding mechanism Assessment of the innovation degree of an idea Technical writing of project proposal Management techniques of a research project Budgeting and research investment lines Esame à 9 multiple choice (only one option is correct) and 1 open question à I pass with 6 correct questions Boundaries of innovation management INNOVATION MANAGEMENT EUROPEAN INNOVATION SCOREBOARD: it is an annual report, produced by the EC, focused on measure innovation across the member states. The idea is to assess researcher innovation performances of the European member states and select strength and weakness of research and innovation system. It distinguishes 4 main types of activity that describe innovation, each of which has 3 innovation dimensions (12 in total) and globally there are 32 total indicators: 1) Framework conditions Human resource Digitalization Attractive research system 2) Investments Financing and support Use of information technologies Firm investments 3) Innovation activities Innovators Linkages Intellectual assets à capacity to protect an idea 4) Impacts. Employment impacts Environmental sustainability (optimize raw material sources considering their impact on environment) Sales impacts (on environment for ex) In 2021 EU scoreboard measure level of innovation according to 27 indicators across Europe and it resulted that it has increased 12.5% since 2014, despite COVID (huge result!) à some sectors increase more than other (biotech is the leading one sector increasing more es vaccines, renewable fuels and so on). The level of innovation is not equal across the member states. - Innovation leaders = above 125% of EU average - Strong innovators = 100-125% of EU average - Moderate innovators = 70%-100% of the EU average - Emerging innovators = below 70% of the EU average We want to discover factors affecting innovation and invest in thing that can increase this level. Capacity to generate innovation is strictly related to funds (needed go move from lab to market) à countries that invest in innovation are also the ones with the higher levels of it. Money is necessary to create pilot scale project and then further grow to put it on the market. Funds are not enough though à products don’t reach the market. “VALLEY OF DEATH” OF AN IDEA Company producing an idea try to put it on the market, but it is a log process which requires lots of investments à there are 5 steps in idea life: 1. Pre seed à we only have the owner of the idea; it starts making new discoveries and evaluating opportunity to move forward to business approach. 2. Seed à the owner starts building a company à move to piloting services always test in in labs. Still no revenues obtained. At the end of seed phase product is ready in small quantities. 3. Funding gap à more money needed à owner makes money selling the product 4. Early stage à company had validated idea in large scale and put in in real environment, a commercially quantity is made and succeed in overcoming valley of death, Revenues are produced 5. Growth à company continuously produce and sell product and is innovated Funding gap can be overcome with public or private fundings. European funds are an instrument of EU to assign contributions (money) to private and public entities belonging to member states. But also countries not belonging to EC can get money from Europe (such as China, Japan, South America, Africa, etc.). They represent the main financial means by which the EU pursues the objective of economic and social integration within it à every member state has a different level of capacity to generate wealth. In other words, the level of GDP is not equal in Europe, there are regions that have less capacities of generating high levels of GDP. Gross Domestic Products = the overall wealth that a region/country can generate by leveraging existing infrastructures, equipment’s, jobs, productivity access GPD in ita = PIL). How are funds raised? Custom duties on imports from non-EU countries Tax à a small amount of value added tax (VAT) applied in member states Regions provide it according to capacity of generating wealth (richest contribute more) = aim is to reduce inequalities bw countries Taxes on agricultural production THE EUROPEAN FOUNDS ARE STRUCTURED IN SEVEN YEARS CYCLE à Brussels takes all the money for funding and then gives it back proportionally. Money needs to be used wisely to increase GDP and reduce disparities à IF NOT YOU PAY PENALITIES They need to give money back and will get less money in the next cycle!! How do European founds work? How many fund types are there? 1. Direct management à directly managed from EU Commission, after gathering money, they are available for everybody who wants to apply. Funding opportunity (= call for proposal) has restrictions for topics, eligible activity, quantity of investments provides by commission, rules that need to be respected. Programs are set and everybody can apply. Commission defines the problems and the companies that apply need to provide a solution to a certain problem. After a negotiation phase the money are given to a certain project in order to have a beneficial effect on one of the problems defined by the EU commission. For every sector there is a specific category. 2. Indirect management à funds managed by the regions and not by EC! Problems are the ones defined by EU Commission (negatively affect increase of GDP like pollution or lack of infrastructure, become energy independently). Those funds have mixed sources (the ones coming from the region come from taxes mainly). POLICY OBJECTIVES A smarter Europe (innovative and smart economic transformation) A greener, low Carbon Europe (including energy transition, the circular economy, climate adaptation and risk management) A more connected Europe (mobility and ICT) A more social Europe (the European Pillar of Social) A Europe closer to citizens (sustainable development of urban, rural and coastal areas and local initiatives) Programs covering 7 years plan 1) Richest one is the European regional development fund (ERDF) à finance lots of bioeconomy programs, deals with innovation and research. 2) Cohesion funds (FC): provide money in transport and environmental protection sector (es counteract pollution) in the Member States 3) European social fund (ESF): employment, education and social inclusion 4) Maritime and fisheries fund (EMFF), for a common fisheries policy 5) Asylum and migration funds 6) Internal security 7) Border management and visa instrument 4 different types of FOUNDS: 1. Grants: money from public authority (EU Commission) that gives support to a third part. To apply you need to write a proposal (with specific requirements). They are founding for projects mainly awarded through calls for proposal 2. Loans, guarantees and equity: money is lent to owner, but they need to be given back with interest. Regions can provide mix of grants and loans. EU Commission provides loans but without interests! 3. Subsidies: Public money from EU Commission used for specific kinds of applicants (es city damages or to support farmers). They are managed by EU national government (es subsidies to support farmers) 4. Prizes: reward for winners of a contest How to get funds? 1. Finding the right funding opportunity according to skills and capability 2. Find a partner, need a Consortium (people that work together for a unique idea) 3. Application process à you present project in a proposal that is submitted to public authority 4. Eligibility and admissibility: Review (reviewers are not known) 5. Evaluation EU Commission select if activity has been performed in correct way, eventually extra grants can be provided 6. Signing an agreement and receiving a grant 7. Managing a project Funds are received at the beginning and every 18 months HORIZON EUROPE STRUCTURE Largest European program fundings all kind of domains (majority of opportunities belong to this program). Three main pillars (we cover every step of research): Excellent science: it supports frontier projects and provides grants for basic research es post doc. i) European research council for basic research areas ii) Marie Sklodowoska à funding for student to study abroad. iii) Research infrastructure à money to build large building for research Global challenges and European industrial competitiveness: i) Health ii) Culture, creativity and inclusive society iii) Civil security for society iv) Climate, energy and mobility v) Food, bioeconomy, natural resources, agriculture and environment Innovative Europe à especially for companies, closest to the market and overcome valley of death! It helps companies on gathering money for moving from pilot scale to real environment. According to the stage in which an innovator is, there are specific grants! Who is eligible for funding? - People from member countries (member states), including their outermost regions - Overseas countries linked to member states - NON-EU COUNTRIES: Associated to horizons Europe (AC) Low- and middle-income countries Other countries when announced in the call or exceptionally if their participation is essential - SPECIFIC CASES (affiliated entities established in countries eligible for founding and some International Organizations (IOs) Associated countries: not belong to European unions but co-financing is possible! Must negotiate admission first à for the purposes of the eligibility conditions, applicants established in Horizon 2020 Associated Countries or in other third countries negotiating association to Horizon Europe will be treated as entities established in an Associated Country, if the Horizon Europe association agreement with the third country concerned applies at the time of signature of the grant agreement. Consortium composition (collaborative projects): 3 independent legal entities coming from member states, you can participate also only if you have a gender equality plan: There must be at least one independent legal entity established in a member State and at least other two independent legal entities each established either in a different Member State or an Associated Country. How many types of funding are eligible? 1) RIA = Research and Innovation Action: test pilot scale new idea, build infrastructure. Basic and applied research = Activities to produce plans and arrangements or designs for new, altered or improved products, processes or services. 2) IA = Innovation Action: buy and design new improve products, process, services. ACTION THE CLOSEST TO THE MARKET = industrial scale-up, better if you want to have a large-scale production (RIA is more pilot scale). 3) CSA = Coordination and Support Actions 4) Cofunds = Program, and co-fund actions: a program of activities established or implemented by legal entities managing or funding R&I programs, other than EU funding bodies. 5) IMDA = Innovation and Market Deployment Actions à accelerate innovation from large scale to market, last part of the project where u patent an innovation 6) TMA = Training and Mobility Actions (Sklodowoska) 7) PCP = Pre-Commercial Procurement actions 8) PPI = Public Procurement and Innovative solutions actions: to improve performance of surveys Different project = different stage of innovation = different types of funds!! RIA: 100% IA: 70% bc company very close to generate money from selling of product (except for no profit organization) Grants: you get them after positive evaluation of your submission Tender: call for service (GARA DI APPALTO) Single stage model: you send your proposal and then result Double stage: first you submit an abstract and then the whole proposal Expected outcome= IMPACT, CAPACITY OF GENERATING LONG LASTING BENEFIT OR IMPACT THROUGH OBTAINED RESULTS!! Scope: results to obtain = OBLIGATION STEP BY STEP APPLICATION: Go to funding and tender portal. This is the single point of entry for all EU funding and tenders Calls are divided into topics: topic = Part of a call with one opening and closing date. The proposals submitted to the topic will be evaluated together and compete against each other. A topic is considered open until the deadline for submission has passed (single-stage, two-stage, or multiple cut-off) Types of action à designate funding schemes Calls in the field of innovation (close to market) often use the notion of TRL (Technology Readiness Level) how close to market is a product, 1-3 more research level, level 9 in the highest level = product on the market, real commercialization à1-5 NOT ELEGIBLE PROJECT, ONLY FROM 6 TO 9 YOU CAN GET FOUNDS SCARICA WORK PROGRAM All funding opportunity (ariel). Structural funds = indirect Proposal submission preparatory checklist 1. Decide on the funding opportunity that you want to apply for Funding Opportunities are categorised as Calls, Topics and Types of Actions. 2. Select your Participants. Most calls require a consortium. 3. Register as a user in the European Commission Authentication Service (EU Login 4. All organizations participating in a proposal must register in the Participant register through the Funding and Tenders Portal and receive a Participant Identification Code (PIC). Additional information is available in the Participant register Manual. Quick steps to the online submission process à The following basic tasks summarize in the online submission process. 1. Log into the Funding & Tenders Portal and select your topic. 2. Create a draft for your proposal. 3. Manage Participants, (es proposal Consortium). The participants will be invited to the process by the system. 4. Edit the proposal draft form, download templates and complete all required information. Engage the other participants to maintain their organization contacts and the details in the corresponding sections of the proposal form Part A. 5. Upload Part B and the rest of annex files and submit your proposal. 6. Following submission, you can update, download or withdraw your proposal until closure date is reached. Budget of the Horizon Europe: 100 billion euros split in: PILLAR 1 à OPEN/EXCELLENCE SCIENCE PILLAR Reinforcing and extending the excellence of the Union’s science base o European research council: frontier research by the best researchers and their teams à Commission proposal = 16.6 billion. It supports scientific excellence and enhance the dynamism and creativity of frontier European research, supporting the work of the best researchers in all scientific, technical and academic fields. o Marie Sklodowoska-Curie Actions: equipping researchers with new knowledge and skills through mobility and training à Commission proposal = 6.8 billion. It supports research of excellence under various aspects, rewarding the profile of the researcher, collaborations and the exchange of knowledge, but also the quality and methodology of research. They are based on the principle of physical mobility: the researchers who receive the funding must move from one country to another to develop their research career by acquiring new knowledge and skills. o Research Infrastructures: integrated and interconnected world-class research infrastructures à Commission proposal = 2.4 billion. t has the general objective of equipping Europe with infrastructure research projects that are globally sustainable, open and increasingly accessible to all researchers both at European and extra-European level, with the aim of exploiting its full potential of scientific progress and innovation. 1. Reducing the fragmentation of research and innovation ecosystems, avoiding duplications and overlaps between research infrastructures 2. Efficient coordination aimed at the development and best use of research infrastructures 3. Support for researchers to have open access to research infrastructures 4. The increase in access to digital research resources PILLAR 2 à GLOBAL CHALLENGES AND EUROPEAN INDUSTRIAL COMPETITIVENESS Boosting key technology and solutions underpinning EU policies and sustainable development goals à Commission proposal = 52.7 billion. It consists in 6 main clusters: every class has a specific work program with multiple calls. The work program of our interest is “food, bioeconomy, natural resources, agriculture, environment”, which has 7 different destinations, calls for funding (budget 9 milion): 1) Biodiversity and ecosystem services 2) Fair, healthy and environmentally friendly food systems from primary production to consumption 3) Circular economy and bioeconomy sectors 4) Clean environment and zero pollution 5) Land, oceans and water for climate change 6) Resilient, inclusive, healthy and green rural, coastal and urban communities 7) Innovative governance, environmental observations and digital PILLAR 3 à OPEN INNOVATION Stimulating market-creating breakthroughs and ecosystems conducive to innovation POINTS TO CONSIDER WHEN WRITING A PROPOSAL IN HORIZON EUROPE: Ø Your proposal work must be within the SCOPE of a WORK PROGRAMME topic Ø You need to demonstrate your idea is AMBITIOUS and goes BEYOND THE STATE OF ART Ø Your scientific methodology must take into account INTERDISCIPLINARY, GENDER DIMENSION (your result could be useful for both men and women) and OPEN SPACE (public source, platforms) practices in order to generate new knowledge for everybody Ø You should show how your project could contribute to the OUTCOMES AND IMPACTS described in the WORK PROGRAMME (the pathway to impact!) Ø You should describe the planned measures to MAXIMISE THE IMPACT OF YOUR PROJECT (plan for the dissemination and exploitation including communication activities in order to guarantee the sustainability of a project = keep working even when the funds are over) Ø You should demonstrate the QUALITY OF YOUR WORK PLAN, resources and participants TRL Calls in the field of innovation (close to market) often use the notion of TRL to specify also the level of technology readiness that is expected 1-2-3 refer to basic research – discovery phase, very preliminary experimental proof of concept 4-5 pilot scale not demonstrated on an industrial environment yet (we are talking abt kilos) 6-7-8 improving to industrial scale (from grams/kilos to tones of product) 9 = commercialization à the project owner refines the marketing, the commercial strategies and gathers other funds normally by private recourses to go to the market STIDY OF CALL DOCUMENTS: HORIZONE EUROPE WORK PROGRAMME STRUCTURE 1. INTRODUCTION. It defines the policy context on which the Work program depends, the consistency with the "Missions" and explicit the expectations of the projects to the major societal challenges. 2. DESTINATIONS. It groups the calls for proposal for topics and established the expected impacts 3. CALLS. It groups the topics by thematic area and common conditions 4. CONDITIONS FOR THE CALL. It describes the admissibility conditions 5. TOPIC. It is described by - Acronym and title - Type of action: RIA, IA, CSA etc - Expected outcomes: the long-term benefits required by each project candidate for funding - Scope: it specifies the need to be satisfied or the challenge to be faced by listing the various gaps that the proposal must face in order to be considered eligible for the grant Terminology: CRITICAL RISK It is a plausible event or issue that could have a high adverse impact on the ability of the project to achieve its objectives. à negative event that can affect your project resulting in a delay or in a failure. The delay could be prevented/counteracted (delay = postponement of some deadline that you can recover but you have not to pay back money to EC), a failure means that you have to pay back the money you had not used properly. You should calculate this risk bf starting a new project in order to prevent and avoid it. Level of likelihood to occur (Low/medium/high): The likelihood is the estimated probability that the risk will materialize even after taking account of the mitigating measures put in place. Level of severity (Low/medium/high): The relative seriousness of the risk and the significance of its effect. DELIVERABLE It is a report in which you have to summarize all activities of a given period of time. You have to submit it to Eu Commission, they have to evaluate it in relation to financial aspects and scientific proof, and if they approved it, you can proceed working, otherwise the project will be stopped until you will able to change the quality of your work. IMPACTS It is a wider very long-term list of effects on society (including the environment). It refers to the specific contribution of the project to the work program expected impacts described in the destination. Impacts generally occur sometime after the end of the project. MILESTONE Control points in the project that help to chart progress. It is not a report. You must respect it in order to be on time. A milestone may be a critical decision point in the project where, for example, the Consortium must decide which of several technologies to adopt for further development. The achievement of a milestone should be verifiable. OBJECTIVES They are NOT results neither outcome. They are excepted effects, over the medium term of project supported under a given topic in order to create new knowledge and ensuring the long lasting benefits. OUTCOMES The expected effects, over the medium term, of projects supported under a given topic. They are not results, but effects! RESULTS They are the tangible outputs à what is generated during the project implementation. They are not outcomes. THE CRITERIA FOR ASSESSING THE QUALITY OF THE PROJECT: eligibility checklist 1. Meet scope and EC policy RELEVANT à the project meets demonstrated and high-priority needs Your proposal needs to meet the expectation of the work program (destination and call for proposal) and provide a solution to overcame a certain challenge (described in the call) = SOLUTION NEED TO BE RELEVANT, ABLE TO SOLVE/OVERCOME CHALLENGE DESCRIBED IN THE CALL + meet also needs of target audience (stakeholder) / people that will benefits from results 2. Define achievable activities in the established timeframe FEASIBLE à the project is well-designed and will deliver sustainable benefits to target groups Be consistent with time frame limits à PROJECT MUST BE FEASIBLE, you will successfully reach results at the end of the project, if not you will give the money granted you back 3. Guarantee ambitious results within the budget limit EFFECTIVE AND WELL MANAGED à the project is delivering the anticipated benefits and is being well- managed = be ambitious considering budget limitations (described in work program) EXERCISE: Innovative solutions to over-packaging and single-use plastics, and related microplastic pollution Relevance of the problem: Environmental impact of packaging waste: - The amount of materials used for packaging is growing continuously and in 2017 packaging waste in Europe reached a record – 173 kg per inhabitant, the highest level ever - Big environmental footprint bc of primarily fossil-based feedstock for their production - The amount of single use plastics that overburdens our waste and water management system - Microplastic pollution from disintegrating material à heath impacts on animals and humas - Leading to pollution in countries receiving aid but without the capacity to manage the waste. Technological solutions - Reduction of (over)packaging and packaging waste, - Design for reuse and recyclability of packaging, - Reduction of material complexity including the number of materials used (including diverse polymers), - The restriction of intentionally added microplastics, - increasing the uptake of alternatives decreasing the dependency on fossil fuels and the related pollution - Measures to prevent the release of microplastics at all relevant stages of the product life cycle Knowledge gasp: increase the biodegradability of single use plastic with some sophisticates technologies Types of eligible activities à demonstrate at large scale and validate innovative solutions that are quantitatively relevant and replicable under diverse economic, geographical and social conditions, and across sectors, including humanitarian response - better design - alternative materials (biobased and biodegradable) - business models promoting reuse, recycling and upcycling - deposit systems - smart labelling - sensor-based sorting Outcomes described in DESTINATION: - lowering the environmental footprint - enabling climate-neutrality and higher resource efficiency Relevant outcomes: Increased deployment and market uptake of innovative solutions, through better design, alternative materials, business models promoting reuse, deposit systems, smart labelling in support of and complying with the current relevant legal framework and, when scope would cover the food chain, the future EU framework for sustainability labelling, etc. Increased reuse, recyclability and upcycling of packaging and single-use plastics Significant reduction in over-packaging and single-use plastics in consumer goods, food packaging and humanitarian relief items Significant reduction in packaging waste and single-use plastic waste Significant reduction in management costs for the respective waste streams Significant reduction in the release of microplastics from packaging and single-use plastics into the environment SOLUTION à BACTERIAL CELLULOSE (TRL 5) INNOVATIVE MANAGEMENT METHODOLOGIES TO TURN IDEAS INTO PROJECTS STAKEHOLDERS: it is a general term to describe individuals and organizations who are actively involved in the project, or whose interests may be positively or negatively influenced by the execution of the project or the successful completion of the project. A basic premise behind stakeholder analysis is that different groups have different concerns, capacities and interests, and that these need to be explicitly understood and recognized in the process of problem identification, objective setting and strategy selection. SH could change their interest during the project lifetime resulting in a possible reshaping in the impacts of your activity. The public authority (the European Commission, which is also the financial constitution) has sufficiency confidence that the money will be spent efficiently, and it could receive appropriate updates regularly during the project duration. The end-users, people that can be interested in using the results, they want to be sure that your solution can meet the expectation or needs. SH can actively participate in the development in a project or simply use the result of a given project. The outcomes you produce must be useful for as many SH as possible. There are many techniques in order to classify SHs, mainly according to 2 measure categories: - Interest of Stakeholders - Influence/power of stakeholders The interest of SHs is investigated by asking them some questions like “what are your expectations regarding the project? How does the successful complementation of the projects benefit for you? Which SH do you think conflict with your interests?”. Stakeholders are then divided in 4 main categories: 1. MEET THEIR NEEDS à they are end-users à people or organization (es university) that can finally use the results they are not directly involved in the deployment of the activities (as the key players), but they are the first people that you have to satisfy in term of producing tangible results. You can engage them in communication, dissemination, you can consult them, request opinions to meet their needs and to be sure to have them always on board bc they have a strong power since they can confirm or not the final results. You should aim to include them as much as possible in order to be sure that all kind of products can be useful for them. 2. KEY PLAYERS à they actively carry on the project as for example public financers. They are the beneficiaries, the applicants, the team members inside the Consortium (some time the European Commission is a key player). 3. LEAST IMPORTANT à normal general public (individuals, organization, citizens, students). They do not have interest and neither the power to be involved in the project. 4. SHOW CONSIDERATION à general public authorities, municipalities and so on. People very interested but not directly involved (so they do not have power in the decisions). They can contribute on keep high the level of outcomes and the relevance of the solutions. Es industries involved in fossil-based plastic show consideration to biobased plastic à moved to blue box to yellow box. PROBLEM SOLVING APPREACH AND TOOLS You have to justify that your idea meets all aspects of the problem. In particular, you have to define the boundaries of the problem bc it’s quite impossible to solve or take all conditions that belongs to that area. In order to show the relevance of your solutions, you have to perform a PROBLEM ANALYSIS this is a requirements): - Define the problem à make a list of every relationship bw causes and effects. Problem is usually defined in destination of proposal, but you have to explain how your idea will solve the problem (boundaries of the project), relevance of solution toward problem (written in the proposal to submit) and show how to measure qualitative and quantitatively your project. In the first step you need to assess also potential knowledge gaps you might encounter (evaluate state of the art of the solution). - Then make a list of possible alternative approaches à just one solution could not be solving for the problem. In this step you have to consider long-term outcomes or benefits. - Evaluate the options à you have to demonstrate the innovative side of your idea and the usefulness of your approach + impact on key stakeholders. - Select an option à in this last step you should consider time ad budget constrains (implementation feasibility) and define what idea will solve the problem the most effectively. Time usually 4/5 years, no more than that. Many ways of dealing with problem: PARETO PRINCIPLE OR 80/20 RULE The 80/20 law is best known for its application in time management. A correct setting of your time it is possible to carry out 80% of the work in 20% of the time taken. In general management, 80% of the results come from 20% of effort. It is a way to prioritize the cause-effect consequences! You must select the most appropriate approach according to its efficiency (es in time). At the very beginning of the proposal template have to justify how many impacts you want to obtain. These impacts must be measured by a quantitative or a qualitative way. Then, Pareto principle can help you to go through overall analysis of the process; you can define some criteria able to measure meta-, real and actual measurements of the benefit you want to obtain. IT IS A WAY TO PRIORITIZE SOLUTIONS! ISHIKAWA DIAGRAM OR FISHBONE DIAGRAM Ishikawa is a Japanese who invented the quality control system. A fishbone diagram sorts possible causes into various categories that branch off from the original problem. Also called a cause-and-effect or Ishikawa diagram, a fishbone diagram may have multiple sub-causes branching off of each identified category. At the top of the skeleton, you have the problem. Along the skeleton you can split the process in sub-ranches in which each element of the process itself is described. Uses of the Ishikawa diagram include using it as a methodology for creating product designs that solve practical problems. It can also be used in quality defect prevention to identify potential factors causing an overall effect. Each cause or reason for imperfection is a source of variation. Causes are usually grouped into major categories to identify and classify these sources of variation. For every big classes you can define some points that influence in the overall effects. Process to make an ishikawa diagram: 1. The group should agree on a problem statement (effect). 2. Write the problem statement at the center right of the flipchart or whiteboard, box it and draw a horizontal arrow running to it. 3. Brainstorm the primary categories of causes forthe problem. For instance, it might make sense to start with these generic headings: methods, machines (equipment), people (manpower), materials, measurement, and environment. 4. Write the categories of causes as branches from the main arrow. 5. Brainstorm possible causes. Ask: “Why does this happen?” As each idea is given, the facilitator writes it as a branch from the appropriate category. Causes can be written in several places, if they relate to several categories. 6. Ask the question “why does this happen?” again. Write sub–causes branching off the causes. Continue to ask “Why?” and generate deeper levels of causes. Layers of branches indicate causal relationships. 7. When the group runs out of ideas, focus attention to areas in the chart where ideas are thin. Ex bad coffee: during the process there are many factors that can affect the bad qualities: I can group them in 4 categories: people, procedures, material and equipment. Each category is influenced in a different way by some other things grouped together (es in procedures we have too much water or too many ground; in material we have bad cream or bad sugar and so on). They do not work on the same time and with the same amount of severity. The factors of equipment are the ones which affect the most the bad quality of the final product, since they are the closest to the head of the fish. This diagram o is a way to prioritize the affectabulity of different effects on a product or on a process. PROBLEM TREE OR “HIERARCHY OF PROBLEMS” It is a standard tool used in innovation management: the aim is to support problem analysis and definition of solution + understanding cause-effect relationship in order to define which specific solution will be more effective than others. Problem analysis identifies the negative aspects of an existing situation and establishes the “cause and effect” relationships between the identified problems. It involves three main steps: 1. Definition of the framework and subject analysis 8probelm of the call for proposal is at the top of the tree) 2. Identification of the major problems faced by target groups and beneficiaries 3. Visualization of the problems in form of a diagram, called a “problem tree” or “hierarchy of problems” to help analyze and clarify cause-effect relationships. HOW TO MANAGE THE PROPOSAL WRITING IN A SYSTEMATIC WAY: OBJECTIVES TREE To solve the problem, I turn the problem tree in a solution tree by substituting the problem box with their own solution (relevant) Describe the situation in the future once identified problems have been remedied, with the participation of representatives Verify the hierarchy of objectives Illustrate the means-ends relationships in a diagram The negative situations of the problem tree are converted into solutions, expressed as positive achievements. Problem tree helps you prioritize which solution is better than one another so to have a real and feasible impact. These positive achievements are in fact objectives and are presented in a diagram of objectives showing a means/ends hierarchy. THE PLANNING STAGE - Achieving the purpose is necessary but not sufficient to attain the overall objective - Producing the project results is necessary but may not be sufficient to achieve the purpose - Carrying out project activities should be necessary and sufficient to achieve results - Inputs should be necessary and sufficient to deliver the results To manage proposal writing in a systemic way I can use the logical framework approach! Objectives statements in the Logframe matrix should be kept as clear and concise as possible. LFA = Logical Framework Approach à LFA is an analytical process and a set of tools used to support project planning and management. It should be thought of as an “aid to thinking” and allows information to be analyses and organized in a structured way. It is an analytical process involving stakeholder analysis, problem analysis, objective setting and strategy selection. YOUR IDEA NEEDS TO BE MEASURABLE à if u can’t measure it, you can’t determine the impact of your project! LOGICAL FRAMEWORK MATRIX (LFM) While requiring further analysis of objectives, how they will be achieved and potential risks) also provides the documented product of the analytical process. LFA: TWO MAIN STAGES 1° phase à ANALYSIS PHASE 2° phase à PLANNING PHASE Stakeholder analysis The results of analysis are transcribed into a Ø Identifying and characterize potential stakeholders practical, operational plan ready to be Ø Assess their capacity implemented. Problem analysis Developing Logical Framework matrix Identifying: Ø Defining project structure - Key problems Ø Testing logic and risks - Constraints Ø Formulating measurable indicators of success - Opportunities Activity Scheduling - Determining cause-effect relationships Ø Determining the sequence and à dependency Objective Analysis of activities Ø Developing solutions from the identified problems Ø Estimating their duration Ø Identifying means to end relationships Ø Assigning responsibility Strategy Analysis Resource Scheduling Ø Identifying different strategies to achieve solutions From the Activity Schedule, developing input Ø Selecting most appropriate strategy schedules and a budget PROJECT DESCRIPTION § OVERALL OBJECTIVE: The broad development impact to which the project contributes – at national or sectorial level (provides the link to the policy and / or sector programme context). IT IS SPECIFIED INSIDE THE CALL OF PROPOSAL § PURPOSE: The development outcome at the end of the project - more specifically the expected benefits to the target group (s). IT DECLRES THE PROJECT IMPACT § RESULTS: tangible products. The direct tangible results (good and services) that the project delivers, ad which are largely under project management control IT ADRESSES THE MAIN CAUSES OF TARGET GROUPS’ PROBLEMS FACED BY PROVIDING A TANGIBLE SOLUTION (PRODUCT/SERVICE/TOOL) § ACTIVITIES: The task (work programme) that need to be carried out to deliver the planned results. HOW THE PROJECT’S GOODS AND SERVICES WILL BE DELIVERED INDICATORS Describe the project’s objectives in operationally measurable terms (quantity, quality time, or QQT). They are formulated in response of the question: “How would we know whether “what has been planned is actually happening or happened? How do we verify success?” à indicators should be measurable in a consistent way at an acceptable cost. SOURCE OF VERIFICATION Source of information and methods used to collect and report it (including who and when/how frequently). It should be considered and specified at the same time as the formulation of indicators. It should specify: § HOW the information should be collected and/or the available documented source § WHO should collected/provide the information § WHEN/HOW REGULARLY it should be provided The main point is to build it on existing system and sources (where possible and appropriate)

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