1_Introduction.docx

 - Importance of clinical biochemistry - Sample collection and processing in the clinical chemistry laboratory - Liver function tests - Kidney function tests - Blood glucose test - Lipid profile - Uric acid - Importance of...

 - Importance of clinical biochemistry - Sample collection and processing in the clinical chemistry laboratory - Liver function tests - Kidney function tests - Blood glucose test - Lipid profile - Uric acid - Importance of clinical microbiology - Sample collection and processing in the clinical microbiology - Sample culture - Bacteria/fungi isolation and identification - Antimicrobial sensitivity tests What Is Biochemistry? ===================== - **Hundreds of Biochemical reactions** and **Biochemical processes** - Occurring in **sub cellular** - Biochemistry is a branch of life science: ----------------------------------------- - Which deals with the **Study of Biochemical Reactions and Processes** - Occurring **in living cells of organisms.** - **Medical Biochemistry-**Deals with - **Clinical Biochemistry-**Deals with clinical **diseases/pathological conditions of human body.** - **Clinical Biochemistry supports:** - **Diagnosis, Therapy and Research** of Medical field.  Historical Developments ----------------------- - Biochemistry emerged in the **late 18th and early 19th century.** - The **term Biochemistry** was first introduced by the **German Chemist Carl Neuberg in 1903.** - In the **1940s Clinical Biochemistry evolved, as an autonomous field.** 1. Berzilus Enzymes Catalysis 2. Edward Buchner Enzyme Extraction 3. Louis Pasteur Fermentation Process 4. Lohmann 5. Hans Kreb 6. Banting and Macleod Insulin 7. Fiske and Subbarow Role of ATPs +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | | Watson and Crick | | +=======================+=======================+=======================+ | | Landsteiner | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | | Peter Mitchell | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | | Nirenberg | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | | Paul Berg | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | | Karry Mullis | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | | Khorana | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+  - To know the various Biomolecules composed in Human body: -------------------------------------------------------- - **Chemistry/Structure** - **Occurrence/Location** - **Functions/Role** - **Determination of mode of action of Biomolecules** is by: - **Isolation and Structural elucidation** of Biomolecules. - **Understand completely all the organized Biochemical processes** - Occurring in **living cells at the molecular/sub cellular level**. - **Identification of disease mechanisms:** - Study of **Inborn Errors of metabolism.** - Study of **Oncogenes in cancer cells.** ### Syllabus Of Biochemistry - **Medical or Human Biochemistry** is a branch of Biochemistry which deals with: - **Biochemical constituents of human body** - **Their interactions in body cells** - **To maintain normal health, growth and reproduction** and **related diseases.** - Study of **various Biochemical constituents of cell:** - **Study of Food and its constituents** - **Dietary Nutrients builds human body and maintain health**  - Major **prerequisite for the maintenance of health** is that - There should be **optimal dietary intake** of constituents with **good quality** and **appropriate** - Biochemical research has impact on **Nutrition** & **Preventive Medicine.**  ### Metabolism of Biomolecules - Ingestion - Digestion - Absorption - Transport - Uptake and - Assimilation of food constituents in human body. - **Catabolic and Anabolic pathways related to** - **Energy rich biomolecules** get **catabolized in body cells to liberate chemical form of energy ATP** used for various body activities. - Various biomolecules are **biosynthesized to perform vital functions of human body.** - To maintain **normal health of a human body:** - **Biomolecules in human body work** - **Cooperatively with good coordination**, **Regulation and Interrelationship.** - **Carbohydrates** serves as primary source of energy. - **Lipids** serves as secondary source of energy. - **Proteins** are **structural and functional units** of human body which are of prime importance and survival of human beings. - **Vitamins:** Fat soluble and Water soluble vitamins have specific functions which serve as **accessory growth factors.** - **Minerals:** Inorganic elements major and minor type has important role in **building and functioning of human bodies.** - **Enzymes** are biomolecules which are **Biocatalysts catalyzes specific biochemical reactions** of metabolic pathways and considered as **functional units of metabolism**. - **Hormones** the Endocrine substances, - **They** bring good **coordination and regulate enzyme activities of metabolism**. - Membrane **transport mechanisms and signal transduction** - **Biochemical mechanisms of hormone action-Cellular Homoeostasis** - **Functions of Neurotransmitters** - Oxygen transport, Bioenergetics, **Mitochondrial Respiratory chain** - The **Immune response** - **Right Diagnosing, prognosis, and treating a patient.** The Scope for ============= - **Principal driving force in Clinical Biochemistry.** - **New emerging techniques and methodologies to study new Biomarkers**  - **Lecture and interactions** - **Case studies** - **Group work/presentations** - **Self directed study and discussion** - End-of-semester exam: 60% - Assignment: 10% - Quiz 1: 15% - Quiz 2: 15% - **Attendance -A 100% attendance is required**  ### Tips For Success In Exams - **Attend class always** with **full concentration** and **note the extra lecture points.** - After classes **same day revise lecture points and refer from extra sources**. - Be **Interactive and Communicative to clear your subject doubts**. - **Analyze your own Capacity** - **Do not compare** yourself with others. - **Organize the schedule** - **Truly and sincerely work hard** with **good stamina and determination.**  - **Don't leave options:** try to cover all the matter thought in classes. - **Habit of early to Bed and early to rise.** - If **depressed or have any problem in academics, contact your counselor or lecturer immediately for help.** - Relentlessly work hard to **acquire understanding knowledge.**