Introduction & Coverings of the Body PDF

‫بسم هللا الرحمن الرحيم‬ ‫‪Dr Sayed Mostafa‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬  INTRODUCTION TO ANATOMY Prepared by: Dr Sayed Mostafa Modified by : Dr. Eid Nassar Ali INTRODUCTION  HUMAN ANATOMY What is anatomy? In Greek = to cut. In Latin = to dissect. Levels of studying anatomy:...

‫بسم هللا الرحمن الرحيم‬ ‫‪Dr Sayed Mostafa‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬  INTRODUCTION TO ANATOMY Prepared by: Dr Sayed Mostafa Modified by : Dr. Eid Nassar Ali INTRODUCTION  HUMAN ANATOMY What is anatomy? In Greek = to cut. In Latin = to dissect. Levels of studying anatomy: 1) Macroscopic or gross: Anatomy. 2) Microscopic anatomy: Histology. 3) Radiological anatomy  ANATOMICAL PLANES AND TERMS Anatomical Position (Erect Position) It is standard reference position used for accurate description of different parts and regions of the body. Whole body: standing erect. Eyes: looking forward. Upper limbs: at the sides. Palm of hand: looking forward. Thumbs: looking outwards. Legs: close together. Feet: looking forwards Other Positions of the body Anatomical Terms of Position  Anatomical Planes *Median plane: divides body into Rt. & Lt. divides the body into divides the body into halves. anterior & posterior upper and lower *Paramedian plane: parallel to median parts. parts. Dr Sayed Mostafa 10 Common Anatomical Terms of Movements (1) Common Anatomical Terms of Movements (1) Dr Sayed Mostafa 12 Coverings of the Body 20  The coverings of the body  The coverings of the body includes: 1. The skin. 2. Fascia. Skin  The skin  Functions of the skin 1. It protects the underlying tissues 2. It defenses the body against : microorganisms 3. It regulates the body temperature 4. It can form vitamin D 5. It can absorb certain substances 6. It has sensory nerve endings so gives an idea about the external environment (heat, cold, pain, pressure….) 22  The skin  Structure of the skin 1. Superficial layer (Epidermis). 2. Deep connective layer (Dermis). Deep to the dermis lies the Superficial fascia or the Hypodermis 23  The skin  Structure of the skin 1. Epidermis  Most superficial layer  Formed of 4 to 5 layers (strata) of cell  Its superficial layer is formed of flat cells filled with keratin (Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium)  keratin is a water-insoluble protein  It is devoid of blood vessels  The cells of the deep layer has the capacity for regeneration (by mitotic division) 25  The skin Thickness of the Epidermis: The epidermis is generally thin except in: The palms of the hand. The soles of the feet. Why ? To protect these parts and withstand friction, tear and rubbing that occurs in these regions 19  The skin  Structure of the skin 2. Dermis  Lies deep to the epidermis.  Formed of connective tissue containing blood vessels, lymph vessels, sensory nerve endings, smooth muscles ,hair follicles, sweat & sebaceous glands. 20  Appendages of the skin These are: a. Hairs. b. Sweat glands. c. Sebaceous glands. d. Nails. 21  Appendages of the skin 1. Hairs cover most of the body surfaces except some areas as palms ,soles, red margin of the lip. It can be moved by a band of smooth muscle called arector pili These muscles are supplied by sympathetic nerve fibers 22  Appendages of the skin 2. Sebaceous glands  they lie within the dermis.  Their ducts open into the side of a hair.  They secrets sebum to (lubricate) hair and skin.  There are no sebaceous glands on the palms or soles. 23  Appendages of the skin 3. Sweat glands They are long tubular glands. They extend through the full thickness of the dermis. They present all over the body except the red margins of the lips, the nail beds ,the glans penis and clitoris. 24  Appendages of the skin 4. Nails A nail is a flat horny plate on the dorsal surface of the distal phalanx of the fingers and toes It has: a root, body, nail fold and a bed. 25  Clinical applications Infections of skin: Pathogenic organisms (usually staphylococci) can enter to the tissue through : Nail Folds Hair Follicles Sebaceous Glands If the infection happened between the nail and the nail fold, it is called PARONYCHIA 26  The fascia Definition: is the connective tissue that lies between the skin and the underlying muscles and bones. It is divided into, superficial & deep. 27  The fascia Superficial fascia:  It is found immediately under the skin uniting it to the underlying tissues.  It consists of a layer of loose connective tissue, which contains a variable amount of fat, blood vessels and nerves of the skin.  It is extremely thin in the eyelids, external ear, penis and scrotum. 28  The fascia Function of superficial fascia: 1. It keeps the body temperature. 2. Gives the body a rounded contour especially in females. 3. It stores fat 4. It contains blood vessels, lymphatics and nerves of the skin 5. It allows free mobility of the skin on the underlying structures. 29 It contains muscles: - In the Face: ( muscles of facial expressions) - in the Neck: ( platysma) 30  The fascia Deep fascia: Definition: It is a dense, inelastic fibrous membrane which separates the superficial fascia from the deeper structures. It covers most of the body. However, it absent in certain regions e.g. in the face, scalp and anterior abdominal wall. 31  Functions of deep fascia: 1. It invests the muscles to separate the different muscle groups. 2.. In the distal joints, it is thickened for protection forming retinaculae and in the palm of the hand and sole of the foot forming aponeuroses. 3. It serves as pulleys around which the tendons can move. 4. It surrounds blood vessels and nerves forming sheath as carotid sheath in the neck 32 pulleys carotid sheath Retinacula aponeurosis 33