Principles of Human Anatomy 2024-2025 PDF

**Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific research** **Middle Technical University.** **Institute of Medical Technology /Baghdad.** **Department of Community Health Technology** **Principles of Human Anatomy** **For** **Students of first class** How to Care for Your Muscles and Bones \| A...

**Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific research** **Middle Technical University.** **Institute of Medical Technology /Baghdad.** **Department of Community Health Technology** **Principles of Human Anatomy** **For** **Students of first class** How to Care for Your Muscles and Bones \| Advanced Bone & Joint **2024-2025** **General View about Human Anatomy Lec 1** **a-Definition of Anatomy:** Anatomy describes the structure and location of the different components of an organism , from molecules to bones. [T]he term \'anatomy\' derives from the ancient Greek meaning \'to dissect\'. The study of anatomy is distinct from the study of physiology, although the two are often paired. While anatomy deals with the structure of an organism, physiology deals with the way the parts function together. For example, an anatomist may study the types of cells in the cardiac conduction system and how those cells are connected , while a physiologist would look at why and how the heart beats. Thus, anatomy and physiology are separate, but complimentary, studies of how an organism works. **[b-Types of anatomy: ]** **1-Macroscopic** **anatomy**; is the study of anatomical structures(organs, muscles , bones) that can be seen by the naked eye. **2-Microscopic anatomy;** is the study of tiny anatomical structures such as tissues and cells. -**Histology**, the study of the organization and details of biological tissues **-Cytology ;**study of the cell structure and their organization**.** **3- Comparative anatomy ;**to find the similarities and differences among other orders or species of animals. **4- Embryology**; study the structure changes and their development relationship that occur during the time interval from gestation until birth. **5-Radiographic anatomy**: structure that may be visualized by specific scanning procedures(X-ray, MRI ) **6-Pathological anatomy** all anatomic changes resulting from disease. **\ ** The **human body** is the entire structure of a [human being](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human). It is composed of many different types of **[cells](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_(biology)) **that together create [**tissues**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tissue_(biology)) and subsequently [**organ systems**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organ_systems) They ensure [homeostasis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeostasis) and [viability](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life) of human body. It comprises a [head](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_head), neck, trunk (which includes the [thorax](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thorax) and [abdomen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdomen)), (arms, hands),and( [legs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_leg), [feet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foot)). **Anatomical position**: when the body lie on back as in standing position and the palm in front. **[Anatomical Directional Terms:]** **1-Superior** ---  ***cranial, cephalic***\ Above or toward the head end of the body. *For example: the heart is superior to the liver.* **2-Inferior** --- ***caudal, tail***\ Below, away from the head, toward the feet. *For  example: the liver is inferior to the heart.* **3-Anterior** ---  ***ventral, front***\ Toward the front. For example: the heart is ventral to the spinal cord or the heart is anterior to the spinal cord. **4-Posterior** ---  ***dorsal, back***\ Toward the back. *For example: the spinal cord is dorsal to the heart or the spinal cord is posterior to the heart.*\ \ **5-Medial --- towards *midline or adduct***\ Towards the midline of the body; toward the median plane.* For example: the heart is medial to the lungs.*\ \ **6-Lateral**--- away from ***midline or abduct***\ Away from the midline of the body and away from the median plane. *For example: the eyes are lateral to the nose.* **7-Proximal** --- ***nearest or toward origin***\ Toward or nearest the point of origin or attachment. For example: the proximal end of the femur joins with the pelvic bone. **8-Distal** ---  ***farthest or away from origin***\ Away from or farthest the point of origin or attachment. *For example: the hand is at the distal end of the forearm.* **9-Superficial **--- Closer to the body surface. **10-Deep **--- Farther from the body surface.\ For example: The Epidermis is superficial to the hypodermis and the hypodermis is deep to the epidermis, but the skin is superficial to the muscles and the bones are deep to the muscle.  Picture **[Planes of Division:]** 1-The sagittal plane: from front to back, dividing the body into left and right parts 2- The frontal plane: from left to right, dividing the body into anterior and posterior parts. 3-The transverse plane: horizontally, dividing the body into an upper(superior)part and a lower(inferior)part.  **[Vertical planes and lines]** 1**-Median plane**: A vertical plane along the midline of the body dividing the body into right and left halves. Also called *midsagittal plane***.** **2-Anterior Median Line** **3-Posterior Median Line** 4-**Mid Clavicular Line** ,a line running vertically down the surface of the body passing through the midpoint of the [clavicle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clavicle) **5-Median line of the Arm** **6-Median line of the lower Limb** 7-**Axillary Lines** ,The **midaxillary line**, a line running vertically down the surface of the body passing through the apex of the [axilla](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axilla) (armpit). Parallel are the **anterior axillary line**, which passes through the anterior axillary skin fold, and the **posterior axillary line**, which passes through the posterior axillary skinfold https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9c/Axillary\_lines.png **[Horizontal Planes]** 1-**Transpyloric Plane**; the horizontal plane passing, midway between the supra-sternal notch and the symphysis pubis, through the pyloric (L1) 2-**Subcostal Plane**; the horizontal plane at the lowest level of the ribs, corresponding to the level of L3 3-**Inter-tubercular Plane**; the horizontal plane passing,at the level of the iliac crest, through the body of L5  **[Terms of Movement:]** To describe movements of the limbs and other parts of the body. **1**- **[Flexion]**: Is a movement that takes place in a sagittal plane, e.g flexion of elbow joint, knee joint. **2**- **[Extension]**: Straightening the joint usually posteriorly. **3**- **[Abduction]**: Is a movement of a limb away from the midline of the body in the coronal plane. **4**- **[Adduction]**: Is a movement of a limb toward the midline of the body in the coronal plane. **5**- **[Rotation]**: Movement of part of body along its long axis. **6-** **[Medial rotation]**: Is the movement that results in the anterior surface of the part facing medially. **7-** **[Lateral rotation]**: Is the movement that results in the anterior surface of the part facing laterally. **[Pronation of the Fore-arm:]** Is a medial rotation of the fore-arm so the palm of the hand faces posteriorly. **[Supination of the fore-arm:]** Is a lateral rotation from the pronated position so that the palm of the hand comes to face anteriorly.  **[Protraction]**: Is to move forward. **[Retraction]**: Is to move back ward. (The jaw at the temporo-mandibular joint. **[Inversion]**: Is the movement of the foot so that the sole, faces in a medial direction. **[Eversion]**: Is the movement of the foot so that the sole, faces in a lateral direction. C:\\Users\\ahmed\\Downloads\\image0 (27).jpeg **[Body Cavities:]** **1-Dorsal :** The dorsal body cavity protects organs of the nervous system and has two subdivisions.The **cranial cavity** is the area within the skull and encloses the brain. The **spinal (vertebral) cavity** encases the vertebral column and spinal cord **2-Ventral:** The ventral cavity has two subdivisions**, the superior division** is called the **thoracic cavity**. The thoracic cavity is surrounded by the ribs and muscles in the chest. It's further subdivided into lateral **pleural cavities** (each pleural cavity envelopes a lung) and the **mediastinum**. Within The **pericardial cavity** lies within the mediastinum. It encloses the heart and remaining thoracic organs (trachea, esophagus, ect.). **The inferior division** of the ventral body cavity is called the "**abdominopelvic cavity**" and is separated from the thoracic cavity by the diaphragm. The abdominopelvic cavity is also separated into two subdivisions, the "**abdominal cavity**" and "**pelvic cavity**". The abdominal cavity contains the stomach, spleen, liver, intestines, and a few other organs. The pelvic cavity (inferior) contains the urinary bladder, rectum, and some reproductive organs  **[Regions in the Abdominal Cavity:]** Because the abdominal cavity is so large, it is helpful to divide it into nine regions: 1-epigastric region: which contain(stomach, duodenum, pancreas, transverse colon, part of liver 2-Umbilical region: That contain(small intestine). 3-Left hypochondriac region(left subcostal region),that contain spleen and part of descending colon 4-Right hypochondriac region(right subcostal region),that contain)liver ,gall bladder, part of ascending colon. 5-Left lumber region, that contain (Descending colon and left kidney). 6-Right lumber region, that contain(Ascending colon, right kidney). 7-Left iliac region, that contain part of Descending colon, part of sigmoid colon 8-Right iliac region that contain part of Ascending colon, Appendix. 9-Supra pubic region, which contain(Sigmoid colon, rectum, urinary bladder, uterus(female), or prostate (male) صورة ذات صلة **Regions of the Abdominal cavity** [ ]