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Questions and Answers
What was the symbol associated with Hygeia, the Goddess of health?
What was the symbol associated with Hygeia, the Goddess of health?
- A caduceus with wings
- A sun surrounded by stars
- A bowl with flowers
- A serpent drinking from a bowl (correct)
What does the 'Rx' symbol commonly signify in pharmacy?
What does the 'Rx' symbol commonly signify in pharmacy?
- Approved by the FDA
- A warning label
- A type of medicine
- Take thou (correct)
Which tools are considered traditional pharmacy tools?
Which tools are considered traditional pharmacy tools?
- Test tubes and pipettes
- Beakers and thermometers
- Mortar and pestle (correct)
- Scissors and needles
What historical evidence suggests that Neanderthals had knowledge of medicinal plants?
What historical evidence suggests that Neanderthals had knowledge of medicinal plants?
What role did shamans serve in relation to disease and treatment?
What role did shamans serve in relation to disease and treatment?
How did ancient civilizations contribute to the development of pharmacy?
How did ancient civilizations contribute to the development of pharmacy?
What significant concept is associated with the healing properties discovered by early humans?
What significant concept is associated with the healing properties discovered by early humans?
Which of the following best describes the nature of disease and treatment in ancient cultures?
Which of the following best describes the nature of disease and treatment in ancient cultures?
Who is considered the Father of American Pharmacy?
Who is considered the Father of American Pharmacy?
What was THERIACA primarily used for?
What was THERIACA primarily used for?
What significant event took place at Carpenter's Hall in 1821?
What significant event took place at Carpenter's Hall in 1821?
What was the purpose of the American Pharmaceutical Association (APhA) when it was established?
What was the purpose of the American Pharmaceutical Association (APhA) when it was established?
Who was recognized as the royal toxicologist and known for his antidotal formulas?
Who was recognized as the royal toxicologist and known for his antidotal formulas?
Which of the following ingredients was NOT typically found in THERIACA?
Which of the following ingredients was NOT typically found in THERIACA?
When were patents for new drugs first granted in the United States?
When were patents for new drugs first granted in the United States?
Which individual started the first hospital pharmacy internship program?
Which individual started the first hospital pharmacy internship program?
What significant contribution did Hunain ibn-Ishāq make?
What significant contribution did Hunain ibn-Ishāq make?
What is the title of the work written by Pedanios Dioscorides?
What is the title of the work written by Pedanios Dioscorides?
What was a key contribution of John Morgan to the pharmacy profession?
What was a key contribution of John Morgan to the pharmacy profession?
What aspect of medicine did Sābūr ibn-Sahl focus on?
What aspect of medicine did Sābūr ibn-Sahl focus on?
In what period did druggists begin compounding and preparing medicines directly for patients?
In what period did druggists begin compounding and preparing medicines directly for patients?
What notable change did Jack Eckerd bring to pharmacies after World War II?
What notable change did Jack Eckerd bring to pharmacies after World War II?
During which century did Pedanios Dioscorides practice medicine?
During which century did Pedanios Dioscorides practice medicine?
What was the primary focus of Mithridatum, formulated by Mithridates VI?
What was the primary focus of Mithridatum, formulated by Mithridates VI?
What was the significant contribution of Avicenna in the field of medicine?
What was the significant contribution of Avicenna in the field of medicine?
Which claim is attributed to Paracelsus regarding poisons?
Which claim is attributed to Paracelsus regarding poisons?
How did Avicenna and Rhazes change perceptions about medicinal flavors?
How did Avicenna and Rhazes change perceptions about medicinal flavors?
What significant step did Frederick II take in the 13th century regarding medicine?
What significant step did Frederick II take in the 13th century regarding medicine?
What was the impact of the translations of Greek writings into Arabic?
What was the impact of the translations of Greek writings into Arabic?
What practice did the pharmaceutical sciences adopt during the Renaissance?
What practice did the pharmaceutical sciences adopt during the Renaissance?
What was the chemical process introduced by Paracelsus that influenced pharmacy?
What was the chemical process introduced by Paracelsus that influenced pharmacy?
What notable discovery was made in 1820 that contributed to medical treatment?
What notable discovery was made in 1820 that contributed to medical treatment?
What is required for a foreign pharmacist to practice in the Philippines?
What is required for a foreign pharmacist to practice in the Philippines?
What was the purpose of establishing the school of 'Practicantes de Medicina y Farmacia'?
What was the purpose of establishing the school of 'Practicantes de Medicina y Farmacia'?
Which hospital was the first built by the Spaniards in the Philippines?
Which hospital was the first built by the Spaniards in the Philippines?
When did the first drugstore, a small apothecary shop, start operating in Manila?
When did the first drugstore, a small apothecary shop, start operating in Manila?
What year was the Board of Pharmaceutical Examiners established in the Philippines?
What year was the Board of Pharmaceutical Examiners established in the Philippines?
What is one of the roles of the Board of Pharmaceutical Examiners?
What is one of the roles of the Board of Pharmaceutical Examiners?
Who was the notable pharmacist associated with the Botica de Santa Cruz?
Who was the notable pharmacist associated with the Botica de Santa Cruz?
What significant event occurred in 1904 related to pharmaceutical training?
What significant event occurred in 1904 related to pharmaceutical training?
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Study Notes
Mythological Origins of Pharmacy
- Hygeia, daughter of Aesculapius, symbolizes health and is represented by a serpent drinking from a bowl.
- The “Rx” symbol, derived from the Latin "recipe" meaning "take thou," is widely used in prescriptions and as a pharmacy symbol.
History of Healing Practices
- Humans have a longstanding tradition of treating physical and mental ailments with medicinal substances.
- Early humans utilized trial and error to understand the healing properties of natural substances.
- Archaeological evidence, such as Neanderthal burials in Shanidar Cave, indicates early use of flowers and herbs for medicinal purposes.
Shamanism and Healing
- Shamans acted as faith healers, mediating between the physical and spiritual realms to treat diseases.
- Healing practices included oral and manual rites to control spirits connected to ailments.
Development of Pharmacy in Antiquity
- Ancient civilizations shaped their medicinal practices, incorporating existing cultures' beliefs and treatment methods.
- Theriaca, a complex antidote, contained numerous herbal ingredients and was regarded as a universal antidote for various poisons.
Key Figures in Ancient Pharmacy
- Mithridates VI of Pontus was a royal toxicologist known for developing antidotes and testing them on himself and prisoners.
- Pedanios Dioscorides authored "De Materia Medica," a comprehensive encyclopedia of herbal medicines that influenced practices for over 1,500 years.
Contributions of Islamic Scholars
- Translations of Greek medical texts into Arabic led to the advancement of pharmaceutical knowledge in the Islamic Golden Age.
- Hunain ibn-Ishāq translated key medical works while Sābūr ibn-Sahl compiled an organized formulary for medications called "al-Aqrābādhīn al-Kabīr."
Avicenna's Innovations
- Avicenna (Ibn-Sina) unified medical knowledge in "Canon medicinae," covering poisons and medicinal preparations.
- Rhazes and Avicenna rejected traditional notions regarding unpleasant-tasting medicines, promoting more palatable forms.
The Renaissance and Modern Pharmacy
- The transition away from rigid scholasticism during the Renaissance allowed for the integration of chemical processes in medicine.
- Paracelsus introduced a chemical approach to treatment, impacting the evolution of pharmacy as a science.
Key Developments in Drug Discovery
- Quinine was discovered in 1820 as a treatment for malaria, marking significant progress in pharmaceutical therapies.
- The first patents for drugs were granted in the U.S. in 1790, protecting secret formulas for 17 years.
Establishment of Pharmacy Education
- The Philadelphia College of Pharmacy, established in 1821, was the first pharmacy school in the U.S., improving standards in the profession.
- William Proctor Jr. is recognized as the Father of American Pharmacy, advocating for quality and communication in pharmaceutical practice.
Pharmacy Practices in Hospitals
- The first hospital pharmacy was established at Pennsylvania Hospital in 1752 by Benjamin Franklin.
- The separation of medicine and pharmacy was championed by professionals like John Morgan in the early 20th century.
Development of Pharmacy in the Philippines
- Foreign pharmacists were required to obtain approval from the rector to practice in the Philippines, and examination normalizations occurred.
- Schools like "Practicantes de Medicina y Farmacia" were established to produce trained practitioners for healthcare.
Spanish Era Hospitals and Pharmacies
- Early hospitals, like the Military Hospital in Cebu, were founded during Spanish rule, contributing to the development of healthcare.
- The first apothecary shop in the Philippines, established in 1830, marked the beginning of organized pharmacy practice in Manila.
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