General Biology 2 - Genetic Engineering PDF

GENERAL BIOLOGY 2 CORAZON ADRALES – CALDERON Teacher II LEARNING COMPETENCIES ( Course Syllabus) 1. Outline the process involved in genetic engineering 2. Discuss the application of recombinant DNA 3. Describe the general features of the history of life on Earth, including generally accept...

GENERAL BIOLOGY 2 CORAZON ADRALES – CALDERON Teacher II LEARNING COMPETENCIES ( Course Syllabus) 1. Outline the process involved in genetic engineering 2. Discuss the application of recombinant DNA 3. Describe the general features of the history of life on Earth, including generally accepted dates and sequence of the geologic time scale characteristics of major groups of organisms present during these time periods 4. Explain the mechanism that produce change in populations from generations to generation. LEARNING COMPETENCIES 5. Show patterns of descent with modification from common ancestors to produce the organismal diversity today 6. Trace the development of evolutionary thought 7. Explain evidences of evolution (biogeography, fossil record, DNA/protein sequences, homology, and embryology) 8. Infer evolutionary relationships among organisms using the evidence of evolution LEARNING COMPETENCIES 9. Explain how the structural and developmental characteristics and relatedness of DNA sequences are used in classifying living things. 10. Identify the unique/ distinctive characteristics of a specific taxon relative to other taxa 11. Describe species diversity and cladistics, including the types of evidence and procedures that can be used to establish evolutionary relationships Genetic Engineering CORAZON ADRALES-CALDERON Teacher II Definition of Terms: 1. Genetic Engineering 6. Genome 2. DNA 7. Gene Mapping 3. Recombinant DNA 8. Biotechnology 4. Plasmids 9. Polymerase Chain Reaction 5. Cloning 10. Gene Therapy BIOTECHNOLOGY  Use of biological technique and engineered organisms to make product or plants and animal that have desired traits RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY  Combination of DNA fragment with the DNA from another source called exogenous DNA GENE CLONING  Production of large numbers of identical recombinant DNA molecules DNA Sequencing  Used to identify the DNA sequence cloned recombinant DNA molecule to further study Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)  Makes copies of specific regions of sequenced DNA Genetic Engineering. artificial manipulation, modification, and recombination of DNA or other nucleic acid molecules in order to modify an organism or population of organisms. referred to various techniques used for the modification or manipulation of organisms through the processes of heredity and reproduction. Genetic Engineering. Changing of characteristics of an organism Genetic Engineering. It allows one gene to be inserted into cell of a different organism Microorganisms can be inserted on other plants and animals  Genetic Engineering. Organisms can be change and cut Genetic Engineering. SELECTIVE BREEDING  SELECTIVE BREEDING  Choosing organism with desirable characteristics, and breeding them to produce more desirable ones  CLONING Creating an organism that is an exact copy genetic copy of another organism  CLONING  Unwanted chromosomes are removed from egg cells (Enucleation)  Donor nucleus is inserted into empty egg cell, gets fertilized  Chemical process + electricity kick start the process  Embryo develops RARELY depending on the chance of compatibility  HYBRIDIZATION Process of crossing plants and animals with different variations of the same trait to create an organism with the most desirable trait  Transgenic Organism Organisms that have been through genetic modification and have foreign genetic material in them  Transgenic Organism Organisms that have been through genetic modification and have foreign genetic material in them  GENE SPLICING Genetic material is cut and inserted from one organism to another Most GMO’s are made through gene splicing, and the process is done during the process of reproduction  GENERAL BIOLOGY 2 CORAZON ADRALES – CALDERON Teacher II EXPLORE: Genetic Title and Content Layout with List Engineering Outline the processes involved in genetic engineering  GENETIC ENGINEERING LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Title and Content Layout with List Outline the processes involved in genetic 1. Outline the processes involved in genetic engineering engineering (STEM_BIO11/12-IIIa-b-6) 2. Give some applications of recombinant DNA in the society. (STEM_BIO11/12-IIIa-b-7) EXPLORE: Genetic Title and Content Layout with List Engineering artificial manipulation, modification, and recombination of DNA or other nucleic acid Outline the processes involved in genetic engineering molecules in order to modify an organism or population of organisms. referred to various techniques used for the modification or manipulation of organisms through the processes of heredity and reproduction. EXPLAIN: Genetic Engineering Title and Content Layout with List The modification in Genetic Engineering may involve the following: Outline the processes involved in genetic engineering a. Introduction of new traits b. Enhancement of a present trait by increasing the expression of the desired gene C. Enhancement of a present trait by disrupting the inhibition of the desired genes expression ELABORATE: General Title and Content Layout with List Outline: Outline the processes involved in genetic engineering ELABORATE: General Title and Content Layout with List Outline: Outline the processes involved in genetic engineering ELABORATE: General Title and Content Layout with List Outline: Outline the processes involved in genetic engineering ELABORATE: General Title and Content Layout with List Outline: Recombinant DNA is created by the following steps: Outline the processes involved in genetic engineering 1. Cutting or cleavage of DNA by restriction enzymes (REs). Restriction enzymes are called ‘molecular scissors’ cutting the DNA at specific target sequences leaving a single-stranded overhang at the site of the cleavage ELABORATE: General Title and Content Layout with List Outline: Recombinant DNA is created by the following steps: 2. Selection Outline the processes involved in genetic engineering  selection an appropriate vector or vehicle which would propagate the recombinant DNA. (e.g. circular plasmid in bacteria with a foreign gene of interest) ELABORATE: General Title and Content Layout with List Outline: Recombinant DNA is created by the following steps: 3. Ligation Outline the processes involved in genetic engineering  join together of the gene of interest (eg. From animal) with the vector (cut bacterial plasmid)  The resulting molecule is called recombinant DNA. It is recombinant in the sense that it is composed of DNA from two different sources. ELABORATE: General Title and Content Layout with List Outline: Recombinant DNA is created by the following steps: 4. Transfer Outline the processes involved in genetic engineering  Transfer of the recombinant plasmid into a host cell (that would carry out replication to make huge copies of the recombined plasmid). ELABORATE: General Title and Content Layout with List Outline: Recombinant DNA is created by the following steps: 5. Selection process Outline the processes involved in genetic engineering  Selection process to screen which cells actually contain the gene of interest ELABORATE: General Title and Content Layout with List Outline: Recombinant DNA is created by the following steps: 6. Sequencing of gene Outline the processes involved in genetic engineering  Sequencing of the gene to find out the primary structure of protein It is the blueprint that contains the instructions for building an organism, and no understanding of genetic function or evolution could be complete without obtaining this information. ELABORATE: HOW DO Title and Content Layout with List WE INTRODUCE?  These are some ways in which these plasmids may be introduced into host organisms Outline the processes involved in genetic engineering 1. BIOLISTICS / GENE GUN a “gene gun” is used to fire DNA-coated pellets on plant tissues. ELABORATE: HOW DO Title and Content Layout with List WE INTRODUCE? 1. BIOLISTICS / GENE GUN Outline the processes involved in genetic engineering ELABORATE: HOW DO Title and Content Layout with List WE INTRODUCE? 2. Plasmid insertion by Heat Shock Treatment o Heat Shock Treatment is a process used to transfer Outline the processes involved in genetic engineering plasmid DNA into bacteria. oThe bacteria are given a heat shock, which "encourages" them to take up a plasmid. oMost bacteria do not take up a plasmid, but some do. Plasmids used in cloning contain an antibiotic resistance gene. ELABORATE: HOW DO Title and Content Layout with List WE INTRODUCE? 2. Plasmid insertion by Heat Shock Treatment Outline the processes involved in genetic engineering ELABORATE: Title and Content Layout with List  Hypothetically, you are given the chance to enhance/modify a trait of certain plant/crop. These are the things that you will Outline the processes involved in genetic consider to make a genetically modified organism (GMO) engineering a. Identify special trait. b. Identify a source organism c. Identify a target organism d. Identify the modified/ added trait e. What benefit/s would the recombinant organism provide to society? ELABORATE: Title and Content Layout with List Refer from the table below for this activity. See example below. Outline the processes involved in genetic engineering Sample Case: The Bt Corn Normal Corn Corn is a major crop in agricultural countries. Bt Corn 50 Sample Case:Case: Sample The BtThe Corn Bt Corn Normal Corn Corn is infested by corn borers of genus Ostrinia. Bt Corn 51 Sample Case:Case: Sample The BtThe Corn Bt Corn Normal Corn Infestations lead to major crop damage. Bt Corn 52 Sample Case:Case: Sample The BtThe Corn Bt Corn Normal Corn Through rDNA technology... Bt Corn 53 Sample Case:Case: Sample The BtThe Corn Bt Corn Normal Corn The Bt toxin gene from Through rDNA Bacillus thuringiensis is technology... introduced to corn. Bt Corn 54 Sample Case:Case: Sample The BtThe Corn Bt Corn Normal Corn This makes Bt corn resistant against corn borers. Bt Corn 55 ELABORATE: PROS of Genetic Engineering Title and Content Layout with List 1. According to DOST, growth and reproduction of a particular species can be boosted Outline the processes involved in genetic engineering 2. It can decrease the use of pesticides 3. It can improve growth and reproduction rate of specific animals 4. Can transfer desirable trait to other organism for new adaptation 5. Increase various crops and create its own insecticide ELABORATE: CONS of Genetic Engineering Title and Content Layout with List 1. Unwanted side effects in vaccine Outline the processes involved in genetic 2. Reduced nutritional value engineering 3. It can pose health hazards to humans 4. Development of antibiotic resistance of disease causing organism 5. Pathogens can adopt to environment full of disease resistance organism ELABORATE: HEALTH Title and Content Layout with List BELIEFS Key figures of the coronavirus (COVID-19) in the Philippines as of May 3, 2023 (in 1,000s) Outline the processes involved in genetic engineering ELABORATE: HEALTH Title and Content Layout with List BELIEFS 2. Vaccination rollout in the Philippines Outline the processes involved in genetic engineering Principles of rDNA Technology DNA as the Proteins as blueprint of phenotypic life determiners rDNA Introduction Technology Identification of foreign of a gene of genes interest Identification of a host organism 61  RECAP: Genetic Engineering PLASMID 1. ________________ 2. Gene of ________________ interest ________________ 3. Recombinant __________________ DNA __________________ EXPLORE: Refer from the table below for this activity. Title and Content Layout with List Special Trait Source organism Target Organism Modified trait or Application added trait Ex: LargeOutline - sized fruit involved the processes Jackfruit in genetic Aratilis Lanka-sized aratilis Bigger sized of fruits engineering can supply greater food demand 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. EXTEND: 3D GMO MODEL Title and Content Layout with List What you need: Recyclable materials, art materials, glue, scissors Outline the processes involved in genetic engineering What you have to do: 1. Create a 3D model of your GMO using the available materials (recyclable) 2. Write a short description of your product which contains the following; a. Name of your GMO (combination of the source organism and the target organism) b. Benefits that your GMO could provide in your locality and to the society as well. HISTORY OF LIFE ON EARTH Most Essential Learning Competency Describe general features of the history of life on Earth, including generally accepted dates and sequence of the geologic time scale and characteristics of major groups of organisms present during these time periods (STEM_BIO11/12-IIIc-g-8) Guide Questions: 1. What are the four ways to determine the age of the Earth mentioned in the film? 2. Why is it hard to create a timeline of events chronicling Earth’s history? 3. What are the divisions of the geologic time scale? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tkxWmh-tFGs ENGAGE: EXPLORE: GEOLOGIC TIME SCALE o a record of life forms and geologic events in Earth’s history EXPLORE: FOSSILS remnants, impression, or trace of an animal or plant of a past geologic age that has been preserved in Earth’s crust. FOSSIL RECORD. Is the primary source of information about the history of life on Earth EXPLAIN: GEOLOGIC TIME SCALE o a record of life forms and geologic events in Earth’s history 4.6 BILLION YEARS AGO PRESENT TIME EONS ERAS PERIODS EPOCHS EXPLAIN: GEOLOGIC TIME SCALE EON. o the largest division of geologic time scale; half billion – nearly 2 billions of years  Note that the geologic time scale above is not scaled to time and mostly represents the Phanerozoic Eon. Mosts of geologic history (88%) happened during the Precambrian, which is represented by Hadean, Archean, and Proterozoic eons. https://earthathome.org/geologic-time-scale/ EXPLAIN: GEOLOGIC TIME SCALE https://earthathome.org/geologic-time-scale/ EXPLAIN: PRECAMBRIAN 4.5 million years; about 88% of the Earth’s history https://earthathome.org/geologic-time-scale/ EXPLAIN: PHANEROZOIC EON It is the current geological eon. It began approximately 541.0 million years ago.  It is predated by the Precambrian eons. The Phanerozoic began with the Cambrian Explosion, which was the massive biodiversification of multicellular organisms that developed in the late Precambrian EXPLAIN: PHANEROZOIC EON ERA Division that span time periods of tens to hundreds of millions of years Paleozoic Era Mesozoic Era Cenozoic Era EXPLAIN: PALEOZOIC ERA -”ancient or old life”; started more than 540 million years ago Many organisms that have emerged during this time were invertebrates EXPLAIN: PALEOZOIC ERA PERIODS  a division in geologic history with spans of no more than 100 million years EXPLAIN: PALEOZOIC ERA PERIODS Cambrian Explosion  The era began with a spectacular burst of new life. This is called the Cambrian explosion. EXPLAIN: PALEOZOIC ERA Cambrian Period  Following the Precambrian mass extinction, there was an explosion of new kind of organism.  Many types of primitive animals called sponges evolved  Small ocean invertebrates called triobites were very abundant EXPLAIN: PALEOZOIC ERA Ordovician Period o The oceans were filled with invertebrates of many types o The first fish were evolved o Plants colonized the land for the first time, but animals still remained in the water EXPLAIN: PALEOZOIC ERA Silurian Period  In the oceans, corals appears and fish continued to evolved.  Vascular plants appeared. With special tissues to circulate water and other materials. They could grow larger than earlier, non vascular plants EXPLAIN: PALEOZOIC ERA Devonian Period  The first seed plants evolved. Seeds have a protective coat and stored food to help them survive. Seed plants eventually became the most common type of land plants  Fish with lobes, fins evolved. They could breath air when they raised their heads above water. Breathing would be necessary for animals to eventually colonized the land EXPLAIN: PALEOZOIC ERA Carboniferous Period o Widespread forest of huge plants left massive deposits of carbon that turned into coal o The first amphibians evolved to colonized land, but they need to return to water to reproduce o After amphibians, the first reptiles evolved. They were the first animals that could reproduce on dry land EXPLAIN: PALEOZOIC ERA Permian Period  All the major land collided to form a supercontinent call Pangaea  Temperature were extreme, and the climate was dry  Plants and animals evolved adaptations to dryness  The Permian period were ended with a mass extinction EXPLAIN: PALEOZOIC ERA Permian Period EXPLAIN: MESOZOIC ERA “middle life”, started more than 280 million years ago EXPLAIN: MESOZOIC ERA EXPLAIN: MESOZOIC ERA “age of reptiles” EXPLAIN: MESOZOIC ERA EXPLAIN: MESOZOIC ERA EXPLAIN: MESOZOIC ERA Triassic Period  The first dinosaurs branched off from the reptiles and colonized the land, air and water.  Huge seed ferns and conifers dominated the forest and modern corals, fish and insects evolved EXPLAIN: MESOZOIC ERA Triassic Period  The supercontinent Pangea started to separate into Laurasia and Gondwanaland The Triassic period ended with a mass extinction EXPLAIN: MESOZOIC ERA Jurassic Period “The Golden Age of Dinosaurs”, earliest birds evolved from reptile ancestors Archaeopteryx EXPLAIN: MESOZOIC ERA Jurassic Period All major groups of mammals evolved, through individual mammals were still small in size Flowering plants appeared for the first time and new insects also evolved to pollinate the flowers Continents continued to move apart, and volcanic activity was intense EXPLAIN: MESOZOIC ERA Cretaceous Period Dinosaurs reached their peak in size and distribution By the end of cretaceous, the continents were close to their present locations. This period ended with dramatic extinction of the dinosaurs EXPLAIN: CENOZOIC ERA “ recent life”, started 65 million years ago and continues up to the present “Age of Mammals” EXPLAIN: CENOZOIC ERA Tertiary Period  65-1.8 million years ago  Earth’s climate was generally warm and humid  Mammals evolved to fill virtually all niches vacated by dinosaurs. Many mammals increased in size.  Mammals called primates evolved, including human ancestors  Modern rainforest and grasslands appeared  Flowering plants and insects were numerous and widespread EXPLAIN: CENOZOIC ERA Quarternary Period 1.8 million years ago – present Earth’s climate cooled leading to a series of ice age. It created land and bridges between continents allowing land animals to move to new areas Some mammals like wooly mammoths, adapted to the cold by evolving very large size and thick fur. EXPLAIN: EPOCH  Smallest division of the geologic time scale EXPLAIN: EPOCH Pleistocene  The hominid line continues to evolve during this period. https://www.finduniversity.ph/ EXPLAIN: EPOCH Holocene  The Holocene Epoch is known as the ''Age of Man'',  During this period, the climate has seen some warming and cooling, including the Little Ice Age,  large mammals have gone extinct, and humans have possibly caused the Holocene extinction event and added to global warming. https://www.finduniversity.ph/ EXPLORE: TYPES OF FOSSILS 1. Molds  Cavity in rock formed in organism  Organism dissolve away, leaving imprint  Ex. shells EXPLORE: TYPES OF FOSSILS 2. Casts  Sediments fill in mold and harden into rock  Look like original, but loses internal shape and becomes rock  Ex. Bones and teeth EXPLORE: TYPES OF FOSSILS 3. Permineralized or Petrified  Organic mineral can be converted into stones  Hard/ rocklike parts replaced by minerals  Most real dinosaur bone, petrified woods EXPLORE: TYPES OF FOSSILS 4. Original remains  Actual organism or part preserved  Mammoth freeze dried remains of a woolly mammoth  Ex. Woolly mammoth EXPLORE: TYPES OF FOSSILS  All life contains carbon 5. Carbonaceous Films 1. Dead organism are buried 2. Add heat and pressure 3. Leaves carbon film, forming an outline of organism – process called carbonization  Carbon impression in sedimentary rock  Ex. Leaf impression on the rock EXPLORE: TYPES OF FOSSILS 6. Ichnofossils / Trace  Record the movements and behaviors of the organism  Imprints left rock / mud by living animal  Trails and burrow made by worms and other animals EXTEND: BIO-TASKS OUR JOURNEY: (Groupings) Create a timeline of events that happened to you in your Junior High School up to the present time. Choose only 10 events that you think are the most important. Be ready to present your timeline next meeting. (xxxxxxx) Submit it on Friday January 24, 2025 (Franklin and Marsden) January 23, 2025 (Rutherford)