Cytology PDF Notes by Dr. Eman Abas

 Cytology By Dr. Eman Abas  HISTOLOGY [histos= tissue, logia= science] Def.: Is the science dealing with microscopical structure of the NORMAL components of humans, animals and plants, which are formed of cells, tissues, organs & correlate structure w...

 Cytology By Dr. Eman Abas  HISTOLOGY [histos= tissue, logia= science] Def.: Is the science dealing with microscopical structure of the NORMAL components of humans, animals and plants, which are formed of cells, tissues, organs & correlate structure with function. Cytology Cell = is the structural and functional unit of living tissues. Cell = Nucleus + Cytoplasm = Cell size =4- 5 150µm Cytoloy Magnification Resolution power power = = Least distance degree of between 2 points to enlargement be seen as 2 not 1 mm= 1000µm µm = 1000 nm nm= 10 Â  TEPES: TRANSMISION SCANING (3S) Magnification 1000---100,000 Magnification 1500 Resolution power =0.2µm Resolution power = 0.2 nm Black& white  Histology department / Faculty of Medicine 8 Cytology / Cairo University  Routine stain H&E Hematoxylin Eosin BASIC BLUE ACIDIC RED BASOPHILIA ACIDOPHILIA NUCLEI CYTOPLASM  Cell = Nucleus + Cytoplasm = 10 Cytoloy Cell = is the structural and functional unit of living tissues. Cell = Nucleus + Cytoplasm = 11 Cytoloy  nucleus Def: largest most imp comp of cells- (RBCS-PL) NO POSITION SHAPE 1= mono Central F 2= bi 3= multi Eccent O Periph Basal 12 R Cytoloy  LM Basophilic ????? pale st= vesicular =open face nucleus (nerve c)????? or Dark st= condensed=????? closed face nucleus ( s lympho) Cytology STRUCTURE OF THE NUCLEUS 1.Nuclear membrane :Nuclear pores 2.Chromatin material. 3. Nucleolus. 4. Nuclear sap. EM = strucure 1. N memb 2. Nucleolus 3. Chromatin 4. sap Histology department / Faculty of Medicine 15 Cytology / Cairo University  1-Nuclear membrane LM single basophilic line EM 2 parallel membranes + peri nuc space + n pores 16 Histology department / Faculty of Medicine / Cairo University Cytology outer nuclear membrane: - faces the cytoplasm - continuous with rER - studded with ribosomes.. Histology department / Faculty of Medicine 17 Cytology / Cairo University INNER nuclear membrane: has peripheral chromatin. nuclear pores= passage ↔ Histology department / Faculty of Medicine 18 Cytology / Cairo University EM = strucure 1. Pars amorpha (Nucleolar organizer)=DNA = code 2. Pars fibrosa= new rRNA 3. Pars granulose 19 =mature rRNA Histology department / Faculty of Medicine Cytology / Cairo University  4- Nuclear sap solution Spases contains enzymes and lipoproteins Histology department / Faculty of Medicine 20 Cytology / Cairo University  1- CHROMATIN 1- Def: double strand DNA +PTN(histones& non) LM Basophilic fill N 21 Cytoloy  EM Hetero chromatic nucleus Euchromatic nucleus Histology department / Faculty of Medicine 22 Cytology / Cairo University  Hetero chromatin Euchromatin Condensed inactive chrom Extended active Inactive genes Active genes In closed face N Open face In inactive cells Acive ( ptn) Histology department / Faculty 23 Cytology of Medicine / Cairo University  Sites of Hetero chromatin 1 1. P chr 3 2. Nucleolus assoc. 2 3. Chr island Histology department / Faculty of Medicine 24 Cytology / Cairo University 2-Nucleolus LM Basophilic ??? DNA+RNA 25 Cytology  Heterochromatic nucleus Histology department / Faculty of Medicine 26 Cytology / Cairo University  Euchromatic nucleus Histology department / Faculty of Medicine 27 Cytology / Cairo University  FN OF nucleus 1. carry Genetic information 2. RNA formation for Ptn synthesis 3. Control cell division & cell fn Histology department / Faculty of Medicine 28 Cytology / Cairo University  Cytoplasm = organelles = inclusions = matrix= Essential Not … Solution Living e.g. fat Cho +lipid+ptn+enz Permenant E.g. mitochondria 29 Cytoloy Membranous organelles Non Contain enz Membranous CM No enz 1-RIBOSOMES MITO ER 2-CYTO SK= GA MT LYSOSO & Filaments 30 Cytoloy  Membranous organelles CM mitoch ER GA lysosom ptn fat Cho= glycogen 31 Cytology  Membranous organelles Definition LM EM FN SITE NO Histology department / Faculty of Medicine 32 Cytology / Cairo University  1- Cell Memb Definition: : A very thin membrane = 7.5 nm thick surround cell as envelop Histology department / Faculty of Medicine 33 Cytology / Cairo University  Cell Memb LM difficult to be seen (7.5 nm) PAS & AG Histology department / Faculty of Medicine 34 Cytology / Cairo University  EM Tri lamellar = unit membrane Histology department / Faculty of Medicine 35 Cytology / Cairo University  molecular strucure 3 x2 Lipid 30% phl: head + tail ( DD) cholesterol (between tails) Ptn 60% extrinsic = periph= 4s intrinsic = small & large (transm ptn& transport Cho 10% Gly ptn & Gly lipids = cell coat = gyl. calyx Histology department / Faculty of Medicine Cytology / Cairo Uiversity  Gl lipid Gl ptn Ph lipid Choles S L INT ptn EXT ptn  Histology department / Faculty of Medicine 38 Cytology / Cairo University  FUNCTIONS OF CELL MEM (6) A- Transoprt: 1- Simple transport =diffusion with conc -( passive & facillitated by carrier) 2- Active = against- by energy 3- Bulk = for large mol. exocyto = leave endo= enter (phago & pinocyto & receptor mediated ) Cytology  Simple active passive facilitated  Bulk EXO ENDO Bind- Invaginate Fuse&sep receptor Clathrin Coated pits Phagosome P.Histology vesicle 41 department / Faculty of Medicine c. vesicle Cytology / Cairo University  EXOcytosis Histology department / Faculty of Medicine 42 Cytology / Cairo University  FUNCTIONS B-Conduction of excitation waves (N& Ms) Cytology  FUNCTIONS C- cell coat fn: form receptors for immunity, protection Recognition adhesion Cytology  FUNCTIONS D- Cell membrane modifications Cilia move particles in one direction Microvilli increase SA Stereocilia non-motile and long MV Flagella form tails of spermatozoa Cytology  2- MITO CHONDRIA Definition: membranous organelles, responsible for CELL respiration & energy production = Power-house of the cell Resp enz Food+ o2 Ca++ Mg++ co2+ h2o+E ATP 46 Cytology  2- MITO CHONDRIA NO: activity ( liver- Ms) LM: sp stains: granules Sh&mcq 1 - iron Hx : dark blue 2- Janus green: green Histology department / Faculty of Medicine 47 Cytology / Cairo University  EM: round –oval 2 membranes: Outer: smooth Inner: cristae IMS Matrix: Enz ATP (Krebs cycle) Ca++ + Mg DNA + RNA (divide)(self replication). 48 Cytology  function Cell respiration & ATP production = power house of the cell through oxidation of fatty acids &glucose. ATP Histology department / Faculty of Medicine 50 Cytology / Cairo University  Histology department / Faculty of Medicine 51 Cytology / Cairo University  Def: Memb org communicating T &V reticulum Smooth Rough Histology department / Faculty of Medicine 52 Cytology / Cairo University  RER SITE: Concerned with ptn synthesis?????? Excessive in protein forming cells……. LM: H&E: basophilic (ribosomes=rRNA). Histology department / Faculty of Medicine 53 Cytology / Cairo University  EM parallel flat communicating T(cisternae) &V reticulum Their membranes studded with ribosomes  TV SV Histology department / Faculty of Medicine 55 Cytology / Cairo University  ptn RER FUNC (gppps) 1. accumulation 2. Segregation 3. Initial glycozylation 4. Packing ‫ تعبئة‬TV 5. Pathway(intracellular) 6. Protection(Lyso enz) 56 Cytology  sER SITE: fat & steroid Hr forming cells: Liver, endocrine LM: cannot be demonstrated acidophilia EM : -branching and anastomosing T&V in an irregular manner -NO polyribosomes. 57 Cytology  Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Histology department / Faculty of Medicine 58 Cytology / Cairo University  SER FUNC 1. steroid hr synthesis cortisone 2. Ca++ pump&store in MS cont&relax = sarc ret 3. Drug detoxification IN LIVER 4. Glycogen s&store in liver&MS 59 Cytology  Rough & smooth endoplasmic reticulum Histology department / Faculty of Medicine 60 Cytology / Cairo University  Histology department / Faculty of Medicine 61 Cytology / Cairo University  Histology department / Faculty of Medicine 67 Cytology / Cairo University  ‫هناك مثل قديم يقول ‪:‬‬ ‫(الناجحون ال يتراجعون والمتراجعون ال ينجحون)‬ ‫فإنك لم تفشل إال إذا توقفت عن المحاولة ‪...‬‬ ‫فمفتاح النجاح ببساطة هو ‪..‬‬ ‫ال‪..‬تيأس‬ ‫واآلن إليك هذا هذا السؤال ‪:‬‬ ‫كم من المرات كان لديك أحالم وتخليت عنها بسبب الظروف ؟‬ ‫ألم يحن الوقت لتطلق سراح القوى الكامنة المحبوسة داخلك؟‬ ‫ألم يحن الوقت لكي تعيش أحالمك واقعا ملموسا من صنع التزامك وإصرار‬ ‫عليها؟‬ ‫د ‪.‬ابراهيم الفقي‬  Membranous organelles CM mitoch ER GA lysosom ptn fat Cho= glycogen Histology department / Faculty of Medicine 69 Cytology Cytology / Cairo University  GA = SECRETORY A. Histology department / Faculty of Medicine 70 Cytology / Cairo University  Histology department / Faculty of Medicine 71 Cytology / Cairo University  Def: Memb org = secretory apperatus Well-developed in secretory cells.  LM: H&E :doesn’t appear In deeply basophilic cytoplasm : unstained area(negative Golgi image). as plasma cell Ag stain: brown fibrils& granules. Apical = Supra nuclear (secretory cells) Or Plasma cell perinuclear (nerve cells) 73 Cytology Golgi Apparatus in nerve cells (perinuclear) Golgi Apparatus in epididymis (supranuclear)  EM: Flattened curved saccules with narrow lumen & expanded end -interconnected 2 faces: Immature= cis-face=convex (which receives tv) mature= trans-face= concave (release secretory vesicles or lysosomes)  Histology department / Faculty of Medicine 77 Cytology / Cairo University  Histology department / Faculty of Medicine 78 Cytology / Cairo University  GA fn (SECRETORY) 1. Chem modifications(+CHO& sulfates) 2. Concentration& packing of ptn 3. Secretory v. formation 4. Lysosomes formation 5. Cell memb maintenance& renewal Histology department / Faculty of Medicine 79 Cytology / Cairo University  LYSOSMES (Digestive) Histology department / Faculty of Medicine 80 Cytology / Cairo University  Def: membranous organelles, containing hydrolytic enzymes, cosidered as digestive app = degrade nutrients, foreign or dead materials. Histology department / Faculty of Medicine 81 Cytology / Cairo University  origin rER hydrolytic enzymes TV GA concentration & packing 1ry lys digesion 2ry lys 82 Cytology  site +++++++ phagocytic cells as macrophages 83 Cytology  LM demonstrated by histochemical test : detect the enzymes they contain e.g: acid phosphatase. Histology department / Faculty of Medicine 84 Cytology / Cairo University  EM: = (Types) imp Histology department / Faculty of Medicine 85 Cytology / Cairo University  Bulk EXO ENDO Coated pits c. vesicle Clathrin Histology department / Faculty of Medicine 86 Cytology / Cairo University  4 1 2 1ry 3 87 Cytology  Primary Lysosomes = Newly released= not Rounded homogenous vesicle, surrounded by single memb. 88 Cytology  Secondary Lysosomes = FUSE = Heterogenous 1 Phagolysosomes + phagocytic V( SOLID) bact or food Histology department / Faculty of Medicine 89 Cytology / Cairo University  2 Multivesicular body +Pinocytic v. Histology department / Faculty of Medicine 90 Cytology / Cairo University  3 Autolysosome= autophagy Fuse + autophagicvacuole =contain old organelle Histology department / Faculty of Medicine 91 Cytology / Cairo University  4 residual bodies 4- =2RY lysosome contain indigestibles material Exocytosis Accumulate Inside= lipofuscin pig Nerve &cardiac cells Histology department / Faculty of Medicine 92 Cytology / Cairo University Functions&fate of Lysosomes  Fn of LYSOSMES (DIGESTIVE) 1. Digest (nutrients)& bact, viruses = Defensive 2. Digest old organelles= maintain cell health 3. Digest whole dead cell (post mortem autolysis) 94 Cytoloy 4- ferilization : help sperm to penetrate ovum 5- Thyroid: activation of thyroid Hr 95 thyroglobulin thyroglobulin Cytoloy B)Non Membranous Organelles 1.Ribosomes Definition: Non-membranous rounded/ oval rRNA + proteins. Formed in nucleolus ----cytoplasm through pores in N. memb Site of protein synthesis. No: protein synthesizing cells. LM: When abundant------ Cytoplasmic basophilia due to acidic content (RNA) they may be: 1.Diffuse: In embryonic cells. 2.Localized: In pancreatic cells (at the base). 3.Spotty or focal: In nerve cells (Nissl’s granules). 16 EM: Small electron dense granules of 2 subunits, small & large unite when ribosome attaches to mRNA. Large subunit exhibits a groove containing polypeptide chain. They are either: 1.Free scattered 2.Polysomes link by mRNA rosettes/spiral 3.Attached to surface of rER at ribophorins (glycoprotein R.) tRNA pick a.a.----polypeptide chain According to code of mRNA Growing chain---------rER Function: Protein synthesis 1.for local use by the cell (growth & regeneration) (free ribosomes) 2.for export outside the cell (hormones&enzymes) (attached ribosomes). 16 2.Centrioles Def.: non-memb.organelles near nucleus in centrosome. LM: 2 dark bodies surrounded by pale area of cytoplasm called centrosome EM: 2 cylinders at right angles to each other. Cylinder wall formed of 9 bundles (triplets) (9X3)=27 (MT). A MT at the center is a complete cylinder, B and C are sharing a wall. Function: 1.Cell division: Duplicate, migrate to cell poles----MTOC→mitotic spindle. 2.Formation of cilia and flagella.  Histology department / Faculty of Medicine 110 Cytology / Cairo University